Sayre's Materia Medica-4

8/14/2019 Sayre's Materia Medica-4

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SAYR E S MATE R IA ME DICA - P a r t IV

R H A MN AC E .-B u c k t h o r n F a m i ly

Shrubs or small trees with simple leaves; branches somewhat spinescent. Flowerssomewha t dioecious. Fruitan indehiscent, fleshy, winged drupe, with a hard, woodyendocarp, or a pod not arilled.

333. FRANGULA.FRANGULA

BUCKTHORN

The dried bark ofR h a m ' n u s f r a n 'g u l a Linn, collected at least one year beforeusing.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.An elegant arborescent shrub, known as the

berry-bearing a lder.Leaves ent ire, with a bout 7 pairs of nea rly opposite pa ra llel veins.Flowers perfect, st yle simple; the fleshy berr y is roun d, red, an d on r ipening becomesblack an d juicy.

HABITAT.Europe and Northern Asia.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Quilled, about 1 mm . (1/25 in.) th ick; out er

surface grayish-brown, or blackish-brown, with numerous small,whitish, transversely-elongated lenticels and occasional patches offoliaceous lichens; inner surface smooth, pale brownish-yellow; fracture

in th e out er layer sh ort , of a pu rplish t int; in t he inn er layer fibrous an dpale yellow; when masticated, coloring the saliva yellow; odor distinct;ta ste sweetish and bitterish.

Medullary rays not converging at the outer ends (distinction from Rhamnus Purshiana); stone cells absent (distinction from RhamnusPurshiana and Rh am nu s Californica ).

Powder.Cha ra cter istic element s: See Par t iv, Cha p. I, B.

CONSTITUENTS.Frangulin, or rhamno-xanthin, C20H 20O10, is a

crystalline, lemon-yellow, odorless, tasteless glucoside; and emodin, areddish principle, exists in the old bark; these develop by age. Twoproducts are obtained from frangulin by hydrolysisemodin, C15H 10O5,

and rhamnose, C6H 12O5, Frangula-emodin differs from the rhubarb-

emodin in melting-point, and in some color reactions. Senna and aloes

Sayr e s M a t e r i a M ed i ca pa r t I V - P age 1


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also contain an isomeric emodin. (See Rhamnus Purshiana.) Ash, notexceeding 6 per cent .

Preparation of Frangulin .Macerate the bark for four days in carbon disulphide.Evaporate; exhaust residue with alcohol; evaporate alcoholic solution to dryness;crystallize from ethereal solution. Forms sublimable yellow crys. tals; becomes purple

when tr eat ed with alka lies. Dyes cott on, silk, wool, etc., yellow.

ACTION AND USES.A mild laxative or cathartic, acting like sennaan d often used in its stea d. Dose: 1/2 to 2 dr . (2 to 8 Gm.).

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.F lu i d e xt r a c t u m F r a n g u la e Dose: 1/3 to 2 fl. dr. (1.3 to 8 mils).



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334. CASCARA SAGRADA.CASCARA SAGRADA

CHITTE M DARK

The dried bar k of th e tru nk a nd bra nches ofR h a m ' n u s p u r s h i a n 'a De Candolle.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Plants of this species of Rhamnus attain aheight of 10 to 20 feet. The leaves are ovoid, 3 to 5 in. in length, and about 1/2 in. intheir greatest width, serrate except at base (? MM ). Flowers are small and white,appearing after the leaves have matured. The fruit is a plain, round, black berryabout 1/4 in. in diameter, and contains three seeds. This species differs from otherspecies of Rham nu s in tha t it is a larger tr ee and bears a lar ger fru it.

SOURCE.Several allied species growing in the cascara district inCalifornia seem to contribute the cascara sagrada bark of the market.The official species grows abundantly in Northern California, Oregon,

and Washington. If the bark comes and is actually collected fromNorthern California, it is presumptive evidence that it is genuine. Theprobabilities of adulteration increase with its southward sources, and ifcollected in, or south of Central California, it is to be looked upon withgreatest suspicion (Rusby).



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DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Curved pieces or quills 1 to 4 mm. to (1/25

to 1/6 in.) thick, and about 100 mm. (4 in.) long. The outer surface is

reddish brown, frequent ly more or less covered with gra yish or whitishlichens, the young bark having numerous rather broad, pale-coloredwarts; sometimes mottled or figured; inner surface smooth and finelystriate, yellowish, turning brown or nearly black on exposure; fracture

short, yellowish, of the inner layer somewhat fibrous and thick. A cross-section shows numerous thin, almost straight, broadening medullaryrays, which run on an average about three-fourths of the distanceacross the bark. Medullary rays in groups converging at their outerends (distinction from Rhamnus Californica); stone cells present(distinction from Rhamnus frangula). If to a small quantity of thepowdered barks an alkaline solution be added, the color developed in



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the Rhamnus Californica is a deep red, while that of R. Purshiana isora nge. Odor dist inct; ta st e bitt er a nd slight ly acrid.

Powder.Cha ra cter istic element s of: See Pa rt iv, Cha p. I, B.

CONSTITUENTS.Emodin and frangulic acid; frangulin andpurshianinthe two latter being glucosides, yielding, on hydrolysis,emodin and sugar. The principle, emodin, is found in many purgativedru gs. Its composition, a nd its r elation to severa l car bon compounds ar esh own in th e following:

C14H10 C14HSO2 C14H6(OH)2O2 C14H4CH 3(OH)3O2Anthracene Anthraquinone Chrysophanic Acid Emodin

Emodin is, therefore, said to be a trioxy-methyl-anthraquinone. It iscontained in rhubarb, senna, aloes, etc. See emodin test under Rhubarb(120). The resins are turned a vivid purple-red by caustic potash. Thefresh bark is active as a purgative, causing much griping. By keepingand properly curing, however, this griping principle is destroyed, andthe bark becomes more accurate in action and less likely to cause thisdiscomfort . Ash, u sually about 8 per cent .



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Purshianin is a glucoside reported by Dohme and Englehardt. Obtained by firstrem oving oil, etc., from t he dr ug by mean s of chloroform , th en extr acting t he r esiduewith alcohol, etc. It crystallizes from acetone and ethylic acetate in dark brown-redneedles, melting at 237. On heating with alcoholic hydrochloric acid it yields sugarand emodin.

ACTION AND USES.A valuable laxative in chronic constipation.Dose: 30 t o 60 gr. (2 to 4 Gm.).

335. RHAMNUS CATHARTICA, N.F.BUCKTHORN. The fruit of R h a m ' n u s

c a t h a r ' t i c a Linn. Habitat: Europe, Northern Asia, and naturalized in NorthAmerica. Small, berry-like fru its a bout th e size of a pea , born e on a r ecepta cle at t heend of a slender st alk; apex tipped with t he st yle remn an ts. Smooth , purplish or blackwhen fresh, in which state they are generally used; wrinkled on drying; four-celled,each containing a single triangular seed, surrounded by a brownish-green pulp; odorunpleasant; taste sweetish, afterward bitter and nauseous. They containrhamnocathartin, rhamnin, sugar, gum, and tannin. A syrup is made from the juice,having strong purgative properties. Dose of syrup: 2 to 5 fl. dr. (8 to 20 mils). Thegreen fruit treated with lime yields a pigment, sap-green.

336. CEANOTHUS .NEW JERSEY TEA. RED ROOT. The root of C e a n o ' t h u sa m e r i c a ' n a Linn.Habitat: North America. About 300 mm. (12 in.) long, and 12 to

25 mm. (1/2 to 1 in.) th ick, cont ort ed an d kn ott y; bar k r eddish br own, th in, inclosing atough, light brown wood, finely rayed; odor none; taste astringent and bitter. Itcontains ceanothine, tannin, mucilage, etc. Astringent and expectorant. Dose: 10 to30 gr. (0.6 to 2 Gm.).

337. GOUANIA.CHEWSTICK. The stems of Go u a 'n i a d o m i n g e n ' s is Linn.Ha bitat: West Indies. Brownish-gra y, wrinkled pieces of the st ems, with a t hin ba rk,an d a yellowish-gra y, fibrous, porous wood. It cont ains a bitt er pr inciple and is used a sa tonic.

A M P E L I D E

Mostly climbing shrubs. Stems and branches nodose; tendrils and flower clustersopposite the leaves. Fruit a two-celled berry. Plants abounding in the Tropics.

338. UVA PASSA.RAlSIN. The dried fruit of Vi' t i s v in i f'e ra Linn. Habitat:Western Asia, Eur ope, and Californ ia; the Valencia r aisins a re t he kind genera lly usedin pharmacy. Shriveled and pressed; brown, slightly translucent; internally pulpy,two-celled, with two seeds in each cell; taste sweet. Chiefly used as an agreeable



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saccha rine addition to prepa ra tions.

339. AMPE LOPSIS QUINQUEFOLIA Michaux.AMERICAN IVY. WOODBINE.(Root-bar k.) Alter at ive, tonic, as tr ingent , an d expectora nt . Dose of fluidextr act: 30 to60 drops (2 to 4 mils).

TI LI ACE.-L i n d en F a m i ly

Most ly tr opical t rees, some of the species of th e genu s Tilia, yielding t ena cious fibersfor cordage. Flowers balsamic, furnishing infusions which are antispasmodic anddiaphoretic.

340. TILIA AMERICANA Linn.LINDEN FLOWERS. BASSWOOD LIME,TREE. Habitat: North America. Flowers yellowish; petals notched at base; odorpleasant ; tast e sweet a nd mu cilaginous. St imulan t, diaph oretic, and lenitive. Dose: 15to 30 gr. (1 to 2 Gm.). The bar k is u sed as a demulcent , emollient an d vulnera ry.

MALVACE .-Ma l low F a m i ly

Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with tough bark and palmately-veined leaves;sta mens m ona delphous, in a column , and un ited with th e short claws of th e petals;pistils several, th e ovaries u nited in a ring, or form ing a severa l-celled pod.

341. ALTHA .ALTHEA

MARSHMALLOW

The dr ied root ofAlth 'a officina ' lis Linn, depr ived of th e brown corky layer andsmall roots.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves ovate, orslight ly hear t-sha ped, tooth ed, downy. Flowers pale r ose color.

HABITAT.Eu rope, Asia, United St at es, an d Aus tr alia.



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DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Whitish, cylindrical, or conical piecesdeprived of the outer corkylayer, from 75 to 150 mm. (3 to6 in.) long, and about 10 mm.(2/5 in.) or more in diameter;

longitudinally wrinkled, andmarked with numerousbrownish scars; s o m e w h a th a i r y e x t e r n a l l y f r o ml o o sen ed b a s t f i b e r s ; it

breaks with a short mealy fracture, with projecting fiber-ends near theouter edge; odor faint, but characteristic, stronger in infusion; tastesweetish an d m u c i l a g i n o u s . A cross-sect ion shows sma ll wood-bun dlesof scalariform and pitted vessels scattered throughout the prevailingpar enchymat ous t issue, butwith an indistinctly radiate ar ra ngement n ear th e edge. The cells of th e

p a r e n c h y m a c o n t a i n s t a r c h and mucilage, with a few stellaterhaphides. Most of this drug now appears cut into fine pieces orgranules. This often looks beautifully white, but on scrutiny it is foundcoated with lime. (Rusby.)

Powder.Characteristic elements: Microscopical elements of: See Part iv, Chap. I, B.



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CONSTITUENTS.A s p a r a g i n , C4H 8N2O3H 2O, 1 per cent . (a color less,

nearly tasteless, crystalline principle), b asso r i n , C12H 20O10, 25 per

cent. (altha mucilage, a turbid, slimy, non-adhesive mucilage, whichwhen dried forms a very coherent mass), sugar 8 per cent., p ec t i n 10

per cent., ash 5 per cent., sta rch 35 per cent ., a fixed oil, an d a tr ace ofta nn in. Ash, n ot t o exceed 8 per cent.

ACTION AND USES.Used as a demulcent application to inflamedmucous tissues, as in bronchitis. Powdered marshmallow root beingexceedingly absorben t, is u sed a dvant ageously to impa rt consist ency tosoft pill-ma sses. (In Mass. H ydra rg., 15 per cent . In Blau d's Pills a nd Pil.Phosphorus.)

ALTHEA FOLIArecognized by the N.F.

342. ALTH'A RO'SEA Cevanilles.HOLLYHOCK. (Petals.) Indigenous toWestern Asia, but cultivated in gardens for its large, purple, ornamental flowers.Petals broadly obovate, notched above and with a claw at base; odor slight; tastesweetish, mucilaginous, a nd ast ringent. They cont ain ta nn in, mu cilage, and a coloringma tt er. An infusion is occasionally used as a demu lcent.

343. MALVA.MALLOW. The flowers ofMal 'va sylves ' t r i s Linn, an herba ceousplant growing abundantly in Europe. When fresh, of a rose-red or purple color,becoming blue when dried; odor slight ; ta ste sweet ish an d mu cilaginous. Em ollient an ddemulcent.

MALV F OLIArecognized by th e N.F .

344. DERIVATIVES OF THE COTTON PLANT

Bark, Hairs of Seed, and the Oil of Go s s y p ' i u m h e r b a ' c e u m Linn, and otherspecies of Gossypium .

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM.Largeherbs with alternat e leaves, which a re m ore or less pa lmately-lobed. Flowers are lar ge,showy, more or less yellow or r ed; pistils 5, un ited a t t heir base. Stamens numerous,

un ited below an d adh ering to the petals. Capsule roundish, 3- to 9-celled, opening atthe top by as many valves. The numerous seeds ar e glossy, covered with long, woollyha irs, which const itut e th e cott on.

HABITAT.Asia an d Africa; cultivat ed in t he United Sta tes.



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344a. ROOT BARK.Gossyp i i Cor t ex , N.F. COTTON-ROOT BARK.Long ba ndsor curved pieces, sometimes in quills. The outer surface is of a yellowish-brown color,dott ed with a few sma ll black spots, and, from th e abra sion of th e th in cork, n um bersof ora nge-brown pa tches; th e inner sur face is whitish an d ha s a silky luster; th e bastfibers ar e long a nd tough, and ma y easily be separa ted int o papery layers; inodorous;ta ste very slightly acrid and a str ingent.



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Powder.Light brown. The microscopical elements are: The simple and compoundstarch grains, the aggregate calcium oxalate crystals, colored resin, and tanninmasses; the numerous long, slender, and thick-walled bast fibers (8 to 15 thick),large cork cells, etc.

CONSTITUENTS.A yellow resin, fixed oil, tannin (small quantity), sugar, starch,and, in the fresh bark, a yellow chromogen, which becomes red and resinous onexposure to the air. To this change is due the red color of old specimens, and oldprepara tions, of the bar k.

ACTION AND USES.Emmenagogue and oxytocic, stimulating uterinecont ra ctions probably by direct action on t he u ter ine cent er in t he spina l cord; said tobe as efficient an d more safe th an ergot. Dose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 Gm.).

344b. HAIRS OF SEED.Gossyp ium P u r i fi ca tu m . PURIFIED COTTON, Fine,white, soft filaments, which, under the microscope, appear as hollow, flattened, andtwisted bands; unacted upon by ordinary solvents. Ordinary raw cotton contains

am ong other impur ities fat ty su bstan ces, which, when removed by chemical mean s,such as alkaline or ether eal solvents, chan ges its char acter so tha t t he fiber, whichformerly was almost impenetrable by aqueous liquids. now becomes so absorbentth at it n o longer float s on wat er, but when placed on th e sur face of tha t liquid willreadily absorb it a nd sink.

CONSTITUENTS.Almost pure cellulose; by the action of nitric acid this isconverted int o soluble gun -cott on.

ACTION AND USES.Employed as a dressing for burns, scalds, and excoriatedsurfaces, and for making antiseptic cottons, such as salicylated cotton, benzoinatedcotton., iodoform cotton, etc.

Pyroxyl inum (Soluble Gu n-cott on), the bas is of the va r ious official collodions.

344c. OIL .OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMIN IS A fixed oil express ed from t he s eeds. Pa leyellowish, odorless, with a bland, nut-like taste; specific gravity 0.920 to 0.930 at15C (59F.), solidifying a t about 0 to 5C. (32 to 23F.); very s pa r ingly soluble inalcohol. Brought into contact with concentrated sulphuric acid, the oil at onceassumes a dark reddish-brown Color. Color reactions with nitric acid and silvernit ra te (see U.S.P. test s) distingu ish this oil from other similar oils. The oil is used as abasis for Linimentu m Amm oniae, Linimentu m Camph or , etc. Pr ocesses have beeninvented for pu rifying the crude oil to abstr act its acrid resin , and so leave it blan d an das pa lata ble as th e olive oil, for which it is oftent imes subst itut ed as a ta ble or salad

oil.

CONSTITUENTS.Palmitin, olein, and a pale-yellow coloring-matter that is non-saponifiable.



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STERCULIACE

Trees or shrubs with soft wood; sometimes climbing. Fruit dry, rarely fleshy(Theobroma, 346); seeds globose or ovoid, with coriaceous or crustaceous testa. Thetwo plants of int erest of the order a re t he one men tioned a nd Cola, 70.

345. COLA N.F .COLA (KOLA). The dr ied ker nel of the seed ofC ola a c u m i n a t a R.Brown (Fam . S terculiace), yielding by assa y 1 per cent . of total a lkaloids. Occurr ingin irr egular somewha t plan o-convex Pieces; cotyledons from 15 t o 30 mm. long an d 5to 10 mm. thick; dark brown or reddish-brown; fracture short, tough; odor faintlyaromatic, taste astringent and somewhat aromatic, The drug contains alkaloidsconsisting mostly of caffeine and theobromine, about 40 per cent. of starch, a littlevolat ile oil, fat, an d ta nn in. The kolanin of Knebel is simply a kolata nn at e of caffeine.Kolatannic acid differs from caffeotannic acid in being free from sugar. Tonic,stimulant, and nervine; used as a beverage by the natives of Africa as is coca by thena tives of South America. Dose: 10 to 30 gr. (0.6 to 2 Gm.).

Bissey nut s ar e th e seed of the Cola na tu ra lized and cultivated in th e West In dies.It sh ould be said with regard t o th e man y prepara tions of Cola th at th ey seem t o lacka certain degree of permanence: the fluidextract of the Cola, for example, is anun sat isfactory prepa ra tion, becau se of th e immen se precipita tion which goes on for along time after th e prepara tion is made.



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346. THEOBROMA.CACAO. CHOCOLATE NUT. The seed of T h e o b r o 'm acaca 'o Linn. Habitat: Mexico; cultivated in the West Indies. About the size of analmond, flatt ened, invested with a th in, longitudinally wrinkled testa , varying fromreddish t o gra yish-brown in color; somewha t ovate in sha pe, the h ilum being situ at edon t he br oader end. The cotyledons a re br own, oily, somewha t r idged. Odor a greeablewhen bruised; taste bitterish, oily. Contains 45 to 53 per cent. of fixed oil (CacaoBut ter ), an d 1.5 per cent . of th eobromine, an alka loid similar to caffeine. Chocolate is



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ma de by roast ing the seed, removing the t esta, t hen powdering the k ernels, form ingth e powder int o cakes with wat er, an d flavoring with van illa or oth er su bstan ces.

THEOBROMINE AND ITS COMPOUNDS.THEOBROMINA, C7H 7-N4O2.3,7dimet hyl-xan thin e, occur s a lso in Kola (Cola, 345), etc., a lso

ma de synth etically, action an d uses sam e as caffeine.

THEOBROMINE SODIUM SALICYLATE (Diuretin).A whitepowder, odorless, soluble in wa ter . Dose: 15 gr. (1 Gm.).

Theobromine Sodium Acetate (Agurin), has great solubility and is welltolera ted by th e st oma ch. Dose: 15 gr. (1 Gm.).

Preparations of Theobromine.Obtained from an infusion of cacao, precipitating itwith lead acetate, removing excess of lead by H 2S, evapora ting, and exhaust ing the

residu e with boiling alcohol. The a lkaloid separa tes on cooling. Sparingly soluble in coldwater, alcohol, and ether.

346a. OLEUM THEOBROMATIS , U. S.CACAO BUTTER. A fixedoil expressed from the seed. A yellowish-white, brittle, fatty solid, oftallow-like consistence, melting at 30 to 33C. (86 to 91.4F.), about thetem pera tu re of th e body; ha s a faint , chocolate-like ta ste a nd a greeableodor. Should respond to the various important official tests (see U.S.P.).Contains palmitin, stearin, laurin, olein (small quantity), theobromine,and glycerides of formic, acetic, and butyric acids. Employed largely in

ma king suppositories.

TER N S TRMI ACE.Tea o r Cam e l li a F am i ly

Trees or shrubs with simple, usually alternate, leaves, often fascicled at the tops ofthe branches.

347. T HE A.TEA. The leaves of Cam el 'l ia th e 'a Link. Habitat: Southern Asia;cultivated. From 25 to 75 mm. (1 to 3 in.) long, petiolate, acute at both ends,irregularly serrate except at base, and with anastomoslng veins near the margin;bluish-green or blackish. The green color of tea is not infrequently intensified by amixture of Prussian-blue and gypsum. Odor peculiar, taste bitter and astringent.Cont ains volatile oil an d a n alka loid, theine, which is an alogous to, if not ident ical with ,caffeine. Much of the caffeine of commerce is made from tea siftings. Astringent,tonic, stimulant, and nervine; one of the most valuable stimulating and restorativeagents.



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G U TTI F ER

Trees or shrubs with opposite or whorled coriaceous leaves; stamens indefinite;stigmas sessile, rad ian t. Ma ny species, like t he ga mboge, yield a yellow juice; the seedsof others a re oily. Among th e ediblefruits of th e order is the m an gosteen, regarded a s

th e most delicious fru it in t he world.

348. CAMBOGIA.GAMBOGE

GAMBOGE



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A gum-resin from Ga r c in i a h a n b u 'r i i Hooker filius.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.The ga mboge tr ee ha s dicious flowers an d afoliage resembling th at of lau rel. Flowers yellow; m ale flowers in axillaryclusters, onshort , one-flowered p edicels. Fema le flowers s essile. Fru it a berr y, about th e size of alarge cher ry, reddish-brown, cont aining a sweet pulp.

HABITAT.Ana m, Cam boja, Siam, and Cochin -Chin a .

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.L u m p s , or cy li n d r i ca l s t i ck s (pipes), 25to 50 mm. (1 to 2 in.) in diameter, and 100 to 200 mm. (4 to 8 in.) inlength, str iated length wise by impr essions from t he ba mboo in which itis collected. Externally, grayish-brown. It has a smooth, conchoidalfracture of a w a x y l u s t e r a n d o r a n g e - r e d i n c o l o r . The powder isbright yellow and sometimes adheres to the drug, giving it a yellow

appearance. Taste at first mild, afterward very acrid; odor irritating,ster nu ta tory. The cak e or lu mp gam boge is sold in m asses weighing twoor th ree pounds. It is less u niform , less britt le, an d is somet imes calledcoarse gamboge. Adulterated specimens are easily recognizcd by theirgeneral inferior appearance, by the grayish or bronze appearance of abroken surface, and by giving a blue or green color with iodine whenstarch is one of the impurities. Pure gamboge is completely soluble bysuccessive tr eat ment with ether or a lcohol an d th en wat er.

CONSTITU ENTS.A bright yellow r e s i n (gambogic acid) 73 per cent.,

soluble in alcohol and ether, turned to a red color by alkalies, andblackbrown by fer r ic chloride; g u m 16 to 26 per cent., which, with theresin and hot water, forms a yellow emulsion; wax 4 per cent. and ashnot m ore th an 2 per cent.

ACTION AND USE S.A dras tic h y d r a g o g u e c a t h a r t i c , but so liableto produce vomiting and griping that its action is usually modified bycombining it with other milder purgatives. Dose: 1/2 to 5 gr. (0.0324 to

0.3 Gm.), genera lly in pill form.

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.P i lu l Ca th ar t i cae Compos i t Dose: 2 to 5 pills.

349. MANGOSTANA.MANGO F RUIT. MANGOSTEEN . The pericar p of th e fru itofGa r c i n ' i a m a n g o s t a ' n a Linn, of Ind ia. Astr ingent ; used in va rious diseases of th emu cous mem bran e, in injections, etc. Mangostin ha s been isolated from t he pericar p.It is golden-yellow in color, cryst allizes in scales , soluble in a lcohol an d eth er. Th e fru ityields a fatty oil, concrete oil of mangosteen, called kokum butter, used in soap-



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ma king. It is well ada pted for pha rm aceut ical prepa ra tions a nd can dle-ma king. Dose:15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 Gm.).

H YP ER I CI N E.-S t . J o h n 's -w o r t F a m i ly

350. HYPERICUM.ST. JOHN'S-WORT. The herb ofH y p e 'r i c u m p e r f or a 't u m Linn.Habitat: Eu rope, Asia, and North America. The dru g as it appear s in ma rket iscomposed of a mixture of oblong-ovate, pellucid-punctate leaves, thread-likebra nches, an d less slender, britt le stems , with occasionally blackdotted flower pet als,the whole having a greenish-brown appearance. Constituents: Resin, tannin, and ared coloring ma tt er. Used as a st imulan t, diuret ic, and ast ringent. Dose: 30 to 60 gr.(2 to 4 Gm.).

D I P T E R O C A R P E

Trees often gigan tic, exuding a r esinous juice; ra rely shr ubs.

351. G U R J U N .GURJUN BALSAM. WOOD-OIL. An oleoresin exuding fromD ip t e r o c a r 'p u s t u r b i n a ' t u s Gaert ner, a nd other species of Dipterocar pus. Ha bitat:India and the East Indies. A t h i c k , v i s c i d b a l s a m wi t h u s e s a n d p r o p e r t i e ss i m i la r t o c o p a i b a . Opaque, and grayish, greenish or brownish in reflected light;tr an spar ent an d reddish-brown or br own in t ra nsm itted light ; odor copaiba-like; tastebitt er. It cont ain s a volat ile oil, 40 t o 70 per cent., which is similar to oil of copaiba incomposition, an d pr oduces a red or violet color wit h a dr op of H2SO4 and HNO3 mixed;also gurjunic acid (crystalline), resin, and a bitter principle. Owing to its closeresem blance to copaiba it ha s been used in consider able qua nt ities for t he pu rpose ofadulterating the latter.

352. BORNEO CAMPHOR .SUMATRA CAMPHOR AND BORNEOL. Astear opten, or camphor, C10H18O, obta ined in solid cryst alline form from fissur es an dcavities in a gigantic forest tree, Dr y o b a ' la n o p s a r o m a 't i c a Colebrook, growing inthe Malay Archipelago. It occurs in masses some pounds in weight. Differs from theordinary camphor in having a higher specific gravity (heavier than water) and inbeing less volat ile, With nit ric acid it yields th e J apa n (laur el) cam phor, C10H16O.

FRANKENIACE

353. FRANKENIA.YERB'A REUM'A. (Herb.) A California plant, F r a n k e n ' i agrandif lo ' ra Chamisso et Schlechtendal. A valuable topical application in catarrhalaffections, an d in diseas es of th e mu cous m embr an es genera lly. Dose of fluidextr act:10 to 30 drops (0.6 to 2 mils), diluted.



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CISTINE.Rock -r ose F a m i ly

354, HELIANTHEMUM, N.F.FROSTWORT. The herb of H e l i a n ' t h e m u mc a n a d e n ' s e Michaux. Habitat: North America. As found in commerce it consists of

broken branches or stems not longer than 1 to 1 1/2 inches, mixed with a few brokenroots, crushed, woolly leaves, and, occasionally, yellow petals; the stems are red-brown, thread-like, slightly pubescent, internally whitish, with a large pith; tasteastringent and bitter. It contains a bitter glucoside, soluble in water, alcohol, andbenzol, and 11 per cent. of tannin, with sugar and gum. Tonic, astringent, andalterative, in the treatment of scrofulous diseases. Dose: 5 to 20 gr. (0.3 to 1.3 Gm.).

BIXINE

Trees and sh ru bs with altern at e simple leaves an d regular, symmet rical flowers. The

fru its of some species are edible, and gu ms a re obtain ed from a few oth ers.

355. GYNOCARDIA.CHAULMOO'GRA. The seed of Gy n o c a r 'd i a o d o r a ' t a R.Brown.Habitat: Malayan P eninsula. Cont ains an acrid, whitish fat , known in ma rketas c h a u lm o o g r a o il, separated from the kernels by expression or by boiling water,then taken up by ether or chloroform, which, when evaporated, leaves the oil almostpur e. Gynocar dic acid, a const itu ent , is somet imes em ployed in m edicine. The oil is avery successful remedy in eczema of the t hir d st age. The oil is esteem ed in In dia forthe treatment of all manner of skin diseases. Its unctuous smoothness has beencompared to that of goose-grease. Dose (Of Oil): 10 to 20 drops (0.6 to 1.3 mils), ingelat in capsu les or in emulsion.

356. ANNATO .A coloring subst an ce obta ined from a tr opical Amer ican tr ee, Bix'aorel la 'na . The seeds steeped in water and allowed to ferment, and this liquidevaporated to a paste, becomes the a n n a ' t o of c o m m e r c e , u s e d a s a c h e e s e a n db u t t e r c o l or . By the natives the fragrant reddish pulp of the seeds is used as anast ringent in diarr hea. It is also used a s a dyestu ff for silks an d oth er fabrics.

CANELLACE

An order furn ishing mostly ar oma tic trees.

357. CANELLA.CANE LLA, N.F. Th e bar k ofCan e l 'l a a l 'ba Murr ay. A native ofFlorida, West Ind ies, etc. In quills or broken p ieces depr ived of th e cork y layer; out ersur face ora nge-red, ma rked with sma ll scar s an d depressions; inner sur face whitish;odor slight , aromat ic; ta ste bitter an d very pungent a nd biting. It cont ains a reddishvolat ile oil (about 2 per cent.), a port ion of which is closely relat ed t o eugenol of oil ofcloves, with resin, ash , ma nn ite, a bitter principle, cellulose, albumen, an d st ar ch.Aromat ic an d stimu lant , used as an adjuvant . The powder is used in ma king hierapicra , Pu lv. aloes et canellae, a t one t ime recognized as a n official prepar at ion.



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358. CINNAMODENDRON .The ba rk ofC in n a m o d e n 'd r o n c or t i c o 's u m Miers.An ar oma tic bark from J am aica, coming in cur ved or qu illed pieces. Odor cinna mon-like; tast e bitter, biting, giving a suggestion of can ella, but th is bark cont ains ta nn in,which can ella does not. Used as an a roma tic stim ula nt . Ent ers comm erce solely fromth e Baham as, where it is known as cinn am on bar k, or a s white wood bark .

VIOLARIE AE.Viole t F a m ily

Her bs with a lter na te or ra dical leaves; corolla of 5 unequ al peta ls, one being spu rr ed;sta men s 5, conn ivent , altern at e with th e petals; fruit a 3-valved capsu le.

359. VIOLA TRICOLO R .PANSY. HEART'S-EASE. The herb of Viola t r icolor Linn. Habitat: Europe, North America, and Northern Asia; cultivated. The drugconsists of the herbaceous upper portion of the plant, including green leaves, straw-colored, broken stems, and the variegated flowers. Odor slight, pleasant; taste

somewhat bitter. It contains salicylic acid 1 per cent., sugar, mucilage, a bitterprin ciple, resin , an d violin (in s ma ll quan tit y). Mucilaginous, emollient; mu ch u sed inEurope as an alterative in skin diseases, especially eczema. Dose: 1/2 to 2 dr. (2 to 8Gm.).

TU RN ERA CE

360. T UR NE R A.DAMIANA, N.F. The leaves of a Mexican plant, T u r n e r aaphrod is iaca (T. diffu 'sa Willdenow). About 8 to 16 mm. (1/3 to 2/3 in.) long, obovat eor lanceolate, with a few-toothed margin; surface smooth or with a few hairs on theun der side along the r ibs. They genera lly have m ixed with t hem pieces of the slender,woody stem, which is reddish-brown and hairy, the branches being terminated byha irs; odor somewha t a roma tic, due t o th e presen ce of about 0.5 per cent . of volat ileoil. Damiana leaves form the basis of a number of the quack aphrodisiacs. It is notknown as a drug in Mexico, but as a general tea-like beverage. Dose: about 1 dr. (4Gm.), in infusion.

P AS S I F LO RE.P ass i o n -fl ow er F a m i ly

361. CARICA P APAYA.MELON-TREE . TRUE P APAW (wholly differen t from t hecommon papaw, Asim ' ina t r i lo 'ba , of our Southern States). Habitat: Tropics;cultivated. Although the inspissated juice (papain) of the unripe fruit has been for a

long time kn own a s a m edicinal agent, ha ving a r eputa tion in its n at ive coun tr y as aremedy for hmoptysis, bleeding piles, and ulcers of urinary passages, and forringworm , etc., it h as only compa ra tively recently at tr acted at tent ion as a digestiveagent . Dymock, in his t rea tise on th e dru gs of Brit ish In dia, says: Its d igest ive actionon m eat wa s probably known in t he West Indies at a very early date. * * * It h as longbeen t he pr actice to render m eat tender by rubbing it with th e juice of the un ripe fru itor by rubbing it with the leaves. Its therapeutic value, in the form of papain, is



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specially commended in aggravated symptoms of dyspepsia. Its constituents arema inly globulin, a lbumin, an d a lbumoses. Dose: 1 to 3 gr. (0.065 to 0.2 Gm.).

362. PASSIFLORA, N.F.PASSION FLOWER. The herb of Pass i f lo ' r ai n c a r n a ' t a Linn; indigenous. Said by eclectic an d h omoeopat hic pra ctitioner s t o be asomnifacient, useful in neuralgia, sleeplessness, dysmenorrha, etc. Dose of asat ur at ed tin ctu re: 15 to 30 drops (1 to 2 Mils).

CACTE.Ca c t u s F a m i ly

363. CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS , N.F. Linn.NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS.

Habitat: Tropical America; cultivated as an ornamental herb. The fleshy, hexagonalflowering branches are used in the fresh state. Sedative and diuretic; useful indiseases of the heart when there is an irregularity of action. The tincture andfluidextract have of recent years been growing in popularity, but the supply of thedru g seems difficult to obta in, an d for t his r eason, par tly, th e dru g is not official. Dose:5 gr. (0.3 Gm.) .



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364. ANHALONIUM LEWINI, Hen ning.A Mexican cactu s, acting p owerfully as acar diac an d respirat ory stimu lant ; it ha s been used to a slight extent in medicine inangina pectoris and asthmatic dyspnea. A source of m e s c a l b u t t o n s . A powerfulhabit-forming narcotic and intoxicant.

TH YMELE ACEA E.Meze r eu m F am i lyShr ubby plan ts, with th e bark cont aining str ong bast fibers, and very bitt er.

365. MEZEREUM.MEZEREUM



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MEZEREON BARK

The dried bark ofD a p h ' n e m e z e ' r e u m Linn, or D a p h n e g u i d iu m Linn or ofDa p h n e La u r e o la .

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A small shrub with smooth, evergreen,lanceolate leaves. Flowers spicate, appearing before the leaves, rose-colored, 4-lobed.Berry bright red, fleshy, 1-seeded.

HABITAT.Moun ta inous regions of Eu rope, Siberia, Ca na da, a nd NewEngland.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.This bark comes to us in t o u g h , p li ab l es t r i p s, from 2 to 4 feet long, 25 MM. (I in.) or less broad, always rolledinto bundles or balls; the very thin periderm is of a g r e e n i s h - o r a n g eo r p u r p l e co lo r , mark ed with tr an sverse scar s an d minut e black dots;

beneath it is a s o f t , g r e e n i s h p a r e n c h y m a t o u s l a y e r , from which itseparates easily. The inner surface is whitish, covered with irregularlayers of w h i t e s i l k y b a s t f i b e r s , tangentially arranged. Fracturetough. Odorless; t a s t e e x c e e d in g l y a c r i d .


CONSTITUENTS.It contains a crystalline glucoside, daphnin,C15H 16O9, which is not the active principle, however, the medical

virt ues depending upon an acrid r esin term ed m e z e r e i n .

ACTION AND USES.Sialagogue, stimulant, and alterative.Externally vesicant, in ointment or applied in the form of a smallsquare, moisten ed. Dose: 1 to 8 gr . (0.065 to 0.6 Gm.).

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.F l u i d e xt r a c t u m S a r s a p a r i ll C om p o s it u m ,

(3 per cent .) Dose: 1/2 to 1 1/2 fl. dr . (2 to 6 mils).

P U N IC AC E .P o m e g r a n a t e F a m i ly

366. GRANATUMPOMEGRANATE

POMEGRANATE

The stem -bark an d root-bark ofP u 'n i c a g r a n a ' t u m Linn, without m ore th an 2 percent . of adh ering wood an d oth er foreign ma tt er.



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BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Tree shrubby, 20 feet in height; brancheserous, somet imes bear ing th orn s. Leaves opposite, entir e, oblong, pointed at each end.Flowers large, rich scarlet, ter mina l. Fruit a berr y about th e size of an oran ge; rindth ick, h aving a reddish-yellow exter ior; pu lp man y-seeded, acidulous.

HABITAT.Mediterranean Basin and various portions of Asia;cultivat ed in all war m clima tes for its orn am ent al flowers.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.The st em ba rk comes occas iona lly in qu ills,more frequently in curved pieces 20 to 80 mm. long, 5 to 20 mm. indiameter; bark 0.5 to 2 mm. thick, outer surface yellowish-brown, withgrayish patches; longitudinally wrinkled; small lenticels. Inner surfacelight yellow or brownish-yellow, finely striate, smooth. Fracture short,smooth, inner layer of bark (phelloderm) dark green, inner bark lightbrown, odor slight; tast e ast ringent, somewha t bitt er.

The root bark has a rough, yellowish-gray to brown outer surface,ma rk ed with m ore or less longitudin al pa tches of cork , green inner layerof bark absent. Medullary rays extending nearly to the outer layer;inner sur face smooth an d yellowish with irr egular brownish blotches.



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Assay of the drug consists in the extraction and separation of thealkaloid from the drug by acidulated water, washing out the aqueoussolution of the salt (after neutralization) with chloroform, againwashing the latter solution with N/10 hydrochloric acid and titrating

final solution in the usual way. No authoritative standard has been

fixed.

STRUCTURE.The tissue consists chiefly of large-celled parenchyma,traversed by one-rowed medullary rays of quadratic cells, each rayaccompanied by a single row of crystal cells. The inner bark steeped inwater and then r u b b e d o n p a p e r p r o d u c e s a y e llo w s t a in , which is



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r e n d e r e d b l u e b y fe r r o u s s u l p h a t e , a n d r o s e-r e d b y n i t r i c a c id ,soon va nish ing. These pr opert ies distingu ish it from th e bar k of th e box-root a nd t he bar berry, with which it is sometimes a dultera ted.


CONSTITUENTS.Mannite, punico-tannic acid, 22 per cent. (resolvedby hydrolysis into sugar and ellagic acid), and the active constituent,p e l l e t i e r i n e , C8H 13NO, with its three allied alkaloids, m e t h y l -

p e l l e t i e r i n e , C9H 17NO, p seu d o - p e l l e t i e r i n e , C9H 15NO, and iso-

p e l l e t i e r i n e . Pelletierine is a liquid alkaloid, readily soluble in water,alcohol, and ether. Several salts of it are made, but the t a n n a t e is theoff icial one. This is yellowish, hygroscopic, and pulverescent, with apungent ast ringent t ast e, soluble in 700 par ts of water an d 80 part s ofalcohol. Ash, not exceeding 16 per cent.

Preparation of Pelletierine.Displace powder with water mixed with lime, exhaustpercolate with chloroform, etc. It is claimed by Tanret to be the anthelminticconst ituen t. Is pr obably a mixtu re of severa l alkaloids.

ACTION AND USES.Astringent, t n i a f u g e . Dose: 1/2 to 1 1/2 dr. (2 to

6 Gm.). The alkaloid pelletierine is a tniafuge in extensive use; it isgiven in th e form of ta nn a te in doses of about 5 gr. (0.3 Gm.).



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PREP ARATION. OF FICIALF lu i d e xt r a c t u m G r a n a t i Dose: 1 to 2 fl. dr. (4 to 8 mils).

367. GRANATI FRUCTUS CORTEX.POMEGRANATE RIND. Irregular

fra gment s, of a yellowish or r eddish-brown color; outer sur face rough from t uber cles;inner surface marked with small depressions; hard; brittle. It contains a greaterproportion of ta nnin tha n t he bark , but h as t he sam e medical propert ies.

MYRTACE

Trees and shr ubs, with out st ipules.Leaves opposite, ent ire, pellucid-pun cta te, usu allywith a vein run ning close to th e mar gin; they are usu ally fra gran t an d pungent , due tovolat ile oil residing chiefly in t he pellucid dots or glands .

368. EUCALYPTUS.EUCALYPTUS

EUCALYPTUS

The dried leaves ofE u c a l yp ' t u s g lo b 'u l u s Labillardier re, collected from th e olderpar ts of th e tree with n ot m ore th an 3 per cent. of th e stems a nd fruit of th e tree oroth er foreign mat ter.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Rapid-growing trees, attaining the height Of200 to 300 feet. Flowers solitary, or in clusters of 2 or 3, axillary; peduncles broad,somewha t h emispherical in sh ape, prolonged into a cone, an d un ited with t he peta lsan d 4- or 5-celled ovar y, mak ing a p eculiar ha rd, br itt le, flora l envelope, which is quitear oma tic. Wood exceedingly ha rd, rem ar ka ble for t oughn ess an d dur ability.

SOURCE.This is an Australian tree, but is cultivated extensively,especially in malarial districts in various subtropical portions of theworld. In Californ ia th e tr ee is abun dan t. At t he St at e Forestry Sta tionat San Monica forty-four species are cultivated. Among these, theGlobulus is the most valuable. The Amygdalina possesses the bestemollient properties. E. rostrata Schlecht (red gum) furnishes an



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inspissa ted juice, which is used for t he sa me pu rpose as kin o.



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It has been stated that the anti-malarial property attributed to thesetrees is probably due to their power of absorbing moisture rather thanfrom ema na tions from t hem . They probably act in a dua l capa city.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Petiolate, s c y t h e - s h a p e d , from 150 to300 mm. (6 to 12 in.) long, 20 to 40 mm. ( 4/5 to 13/5 in.) broad, ta pering

from near the base to the apex; pale grayish-green, smooth, and of aleathery texture; margin entire, with a p a r a l le l v e in a short distancefrom it, running from base to apex of the leaf; odor camphoraceous;ta ste cooling, bitt er, ast ringent, a nd ar oma tic.


CONSTITUENTS.The virtues of the leaves depend upon a volatile oil

(which contains the valuable antiseptic, E u c a l y p t o l ) existing to theextent of 2 to 6 per cent.; the freshly-dried leaves yield the greatestproportion.

ACTION AND USES.Used as a febrifuge, stimulant, and astringent.It s pr incipa l action, however, is th at of th e volat ile oil, or r at her its chiefconstituent, eucalyptol, C10H 18O, a n t i s e p t i c . Dose: 1/2 to 2 dr. (2 to 8

Gm.). Dose of eucalyptol cineol: 5 dr ops (0.3 mil)

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.F l u i d e xt r a c t u m E u c a l y p t i Dose: 5 to 60 drops (0.3 to 4 mils)-

368a. OLEUM EUCALYPTI .A colorless or yellowish volatile oil,distilled from the fresh leaves. It has a spicy, cooling taste, andsomewhat camphoraceous odor. Consists of two hydrocarbons (cymene,C10H 14, and eucalyptene, C10H 16), a terpene, and E u c a l y p t o l ,

C10H 18O, upon which its value depends; it is obtained as one of the

fractions in th e dist illat ion of the oil, comin g over bet ween 170 to 178C.It should cont ain not less th an 70 per cent . of Eu calyptol when a ssa yedby th e official pr ocess. Sh ould be kep t protected from light in cool place.It is a nearly colorless liquid, with a strong, aromatic, camphoraceousodor ; slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in alcohol, carbondisulphide, and glacial acetic acid. Dose: 5 to 10 drops (0.3 to 0.6 mil).Ant iseptic. Used frequ ent ly as a n inh alan t in respir at ory diseases eith erwith a tomizer or with st eam. Dose of the oil: 5 to 10 drops (0.3 to 1 Mil)



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368b. EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA Schlecht .RED Gu m. The resin or inspissatedjuice. Synonyms: CREEK GUM, MURRAY RED Gum, RED GUM KINO,EU CALYPTI GU MMI.Habitat: Austr alia. Small, angu lar , ruby-red, shinin g pieces; inthin layers transparent. Resembles kino, but has a brighter appearance and is lessast rin gent . The ta st e is bitt er. Almost en tir ely dissolved by alcohol. Properties : A goodast ringent, similar t o kino. Preparations: Fluid an d lozenges. Uses: Checks the pu rgingof mercurial pills administered for syphilis. Has been recommended for seasickness.Dose: 5 to 20 Minims of th e fluid.

369. MYRCIA.BAY LEAVES. WAX MYRTLE. WILD CLOVE LEAVES. Theleaves ofMyr 'c ia ac ' r i s De Candolle, a West In dian t ree. These leaves are a romat icand spicy, containing a volatile oil, which, when distilled, forms the Oleum Myrci,

and when distilled over with r um, forms bay ru m.

369a. OLEUM MYRCI (1890).OIL OF BAY. A volatile oil distilledfrom bay leaves. It is a brownish-yellow, slightly acid liquid, having anagreeable, somewhat clove-like odor, and a warm, spicy taste; sp. gr.0.96 to 0.98. It consists of a light and a heavy oilthe light a



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hydrocarbon identical with that of cloves and allspice, the heavycomposed chiefly ofe u g e n o l .

PREPARATION.Spi r i tus Myrc i (U.S.P. 1890) (8 per cent ., with th e oils of ora nge-peel

an d pimen ta ). Art ificial Bay Rum.

370. CHEKAN.CHEKEN. The leaves of a Chilian evergreen shrub, E u g e 'n i ac h e ' k a n Molina. Tonic, expectorant, with some diuretic action. Dose of thefluidextr act: 30 to 60 dr ops (2 to 4 mils) .

371. CARYOPHYLLUS.CLOVES

CLOVES

The dried flower buds ofE u g e 'n i a a r o m a ' t i c a O. Kuntze (Iambosa caryophyllus(Sprengel) Niedenzu) with not more than 5 per cent. of peduncles, stems and otherforeign mat ter .

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A shrubby evergreen, with hard wood,covered with a smooth, gray bark. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous.Petals 4, globular in bud, afterwar d sprea ding, whitish, ar oma tic. Ovary 2-celled;fruita large, elliptical berry.

SOURCE.The original habitat of the clove tree was the MoluccaIslands, but t hey have been introduced int o oth er E ast Indian Islands,into Zanzibar (which now forms the principal source), and into

Cayenne. They are picked singly while green and are dried in the sun.Commercial: There are several varieties, as Molucco, Sumatra, andSout h Amer ican , th e lat ter being rat her inferior.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Cloves are about 15 mm . (3/5 in.) long, of a

dar k brown or r eddish-brown a ppear an ce; th e calyx tu be is long, near lycylindrical, crowned with the four stiff teeth (clasping the unexpandedcorolla); co r o l l a of four lighter colored, u n e x p a n d e d p e t a l s, fo r m i n ga h o llo w b a l l o n t h e t o p o f t h e ca l yx -t u b e , inclosing th e n um erouscurved stamens and the single style; the ovary is inferior, situated nearthe top of the calyx-tube, and consists of two cells, each containingma ny ovules. A cross - sec t ion of the lower part of the calyx-tube underth e microscope shows a t hin outer layer sur roundin g a dar ker zone; thisouter layer contains a double ring of oil cells; the inner darker zonecontains an outside circle of about thirty fibrovascular bundles, with alarger bundle running through the center. O d o r highly aromatic,



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especially when scratched; t a s t e pungent and aromatic, followed byslight nu mbness.

Powder.Cha ra cter istic elements: See Pa rt iv, Chap. 1, B.

CONSTITUENTS.Abou t 18 pe r cen t . o f vo la t i le o i l, 17 per cent . oftannin, a little fixed oil, gum, resin, etc. Two crystalline principles havebeen separated, caryophyllin, C10H 16O, white, odorless, and tasteless,

resinous, and eugenin, C10H 12O2, isomeric with eugenol of the volatile

oil, soluble in boiling alcohol and ether, as is also caryophyllin, butdiffering from the latter in turning red with nitric acid. Water extracts



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the volatile oil with scarcely any of the pungency of taste. Ash, notexceeding 8 per cent .

Preparation of Caryophyllin .Treat ethereal extract of cloves with water, collectprecipita te, and pu rify with am monia.

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant and carminative, used mostly as asy n e r g i s t . Dose: 5 to 10 gr . (0.3 to 0.6 Gm.).

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.T in c t u r a L a v a n d u l C om p o s it a

(0.5 per cent .) Dose: 1/2 to 2 fl. dr . (2 to 8 mils).T in c t u r a R h e i Ar o m a t i ca .

371a. CAROP HILLI FRUCTUS.-The r ipe fruit , or Mother Cloves, resem bles clovesin appearance, but is thicker and somewhat lighter in color and less aromatic; the

corolla is a bsent, bu t th e calyx-teeth still adher e.

371b. OLEUM CARYOPHYLLI .OIL OF CLOVES. A pale yellowish -brown, thin liquid, becoming reddish-brown on exposure. It has aspecific gravity of 1.060 and boils at about 250C.; slightly acid; tastearomatic and hot; odor characteristic, aromatic. Oil of cloves consists oftwo oils-one lighter than water, the other heavier; the light oil,caryophyllene, C15H 24, sp. gr. 0.91, is a pure hydrocarbon, and is

thought to be inactive; the heavy oil is a phenol-like liquid termede u g e n o l , or eugenic acid, C10H 12O2, sp. gr . 1.064 to 1.070

ACTION AND USES.Used for the same purposes as cloves, morecommonly, however, for introduction into an ach i n g , c a r i o u s t o o t h .Dose: 1 to 5 drops (0.065 to 0.3 mil)

372. PIMENTA, N.F.PIMENTA

ALLSPICE

The nea rly ripe dried fru it ofP imen ' t a o f fic ina ' l is Lindley, includin g not more t ha n 5per cent . of stem s an d foreign ma tt er.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.An elegant tr ee about 30 feet h igh, evergr een.Leaves pellucid-pun cta te, petiolat e. Flowers in r acemes, white. Calyx andpetals 4-fold,th e lat ter greenish-white. Fruita berry, covered by the r oun dish, persistent base ofth e calyx. After ripening, they lose th eir ar oma tic war mt h a nd a cquire a somewha tjun iper-like tast e; hence they are gath ered in the u nr ipe sta te.



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SOURCE.West Indies, Mexico, and South America, the principal source beingJ am aica-from which it ha s received th e na me of J am aica pepper.

DESCRIP TION OF DRUG.Globular , about t he size of a la rge pea; picked wh ile yetgreen, becoming wr inkled an d brownish on dr ying, with t he four calyx-teeth an d t heshort style still adherent to the apex, or a raised ring marking the position of thecalyx-teeth; it is divided into two cells, each of which contains a single, brownish,plan o-convex seed. The per icar p is finely tuber . cula ted wit h n um erous oil tu bercles.



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Od o r spicy and a greeably pun gent; t a s t e clove-like.

Powder.Reddish-brown. Characteristic elements: Parenchyma of endosperm, withsta rch an d resin; parenchyma of pericar p, with sta rch, resin, and calcium oxalate inaggregat e cryst als a bout 10, in diam .; scleren chyma with st one cells, ha ving simple,bra nching pores; trichomes, sh ort , one-celled; lar ge oil and r esin du cts; sta rch gra ins,spherical, 10 simple or compound. See F ig. 301

CONSTITUENTS.The properties depend upon a volatile oil and a green, acridf ixed oi l, existing to the extent of 10 per cent. and 8 per cent. respectively in thepericarp, and in considerably less quantities in the embryo. The yield of total ashshould not exceed: 6 per cent. of which the amount soluble in dilute HCl should notexceed 0.5 per cent .

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant and carminative, as an adjuvant to tonic andpur gat ive mixtur es. Dose: 5 to 30 gr. (0.3 to 2 Gm.).

372a. OLEUM PIMENT (U.S.P. IX).A colorless, or pale yellow,volatile oil, becoming thick and reddish-brown by age. Specific gravity1.02 to 1.05, It closely resembles oil of cloves (q.v.), but has a morepleasant and less pungent odor; taste aromatic. Consists, like oil ofcloves, of a light and a heavy oil, the heavy oil being identical witheugenol.

ACTION AND USE S.Sam e as t he other stimu lant ar oma tic oils. Dose:1 to 5 drops (0.065 to 0.3 mil).

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.Spi r i tus Myrc iae (U.S.P. 1890) (0.05 per cent.).

373. J AMBUL .JAVA PLUM. A large tree, E u g e n 'i a j a m b o l a 'n a , growing in th eEa st In dies, where its fruit is eaten a s a food. All par ts a re ast ringent, but t he bar k,and especially the seeds, possess, in addition, the peculiar property of arresting theformation of sugar in diabetes, and hence are "likely to prove a valuable remedy inth is disease." Dose: 5 to 10 gr. (0.3 to 0.6 Gm.).

374. OLEUM CAJ UPUTI.OIL OF CAJ UPUT

OIL OF CAJ UPU T

A volat ile oil distilled from the leaves ofMela leu 'ca l eucad en 'd r on Linn.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A tree with crooked stem and scatteredbranches, the branchlets drooping like those of the weeping willow; bark whitish.Leaves lanceolate, deep green, entire, from 3 to 4 inches long. Flowers sma ll, white,inodorous, in a xillary spikes.



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HABITAT.East Indies.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.A light bluish-green (probably due tocopper), limpid liquid having a penetrating, agreeable odor, and awar m, camph ora ceous, bitt er, a fter war d s aline or cooling, ta ste. Specificgra vity 0.912 to 0.925. It h as a slight ly acid rea ction.

CONSTITUENTS.The principal constituent is the hydrate of thehydrocarbon, cajuputene, C10H 16 (C a j u p u t o l, C10H 16H 2O said to be

ident ical with eucalyptol, or cineol, from eucalyptu s. The comm ercial oiloften contains a trace of copper, not in large enough quantities to bedan gerous, however.



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ACTION AND USES.Highly stimulant, carminative, and acoun ter irr ita nt in rheu ma tism . Dose: 1 to 10 drops (0.065 to 0.65 mil).

CO MBRETA CE

375. MYROBOLANUS .MYROBOLANS. The fruit ofT e r m i n a ' li a c h e b u ' la , andof other species of Terminalia growing in the East Indies. Oblong, pyriform, orroun dish-oval, from 30 to 50 m m. (11/5 to 2 in.) in length , dar k br own or oran ge color.Several var ieties of th e fru it ar e used occasiona lly as a mild laxative and a str ingent ,but now principally in th e ar ts for t an ning, etc.

O N AG R AC E .E v e n i n g P r i m r o s e F a m i ly

376. E P I L OB I UM.WILLOW-HERB. The herb of Epi lo 'b ium angus t i fo ' l ium Linn. Habitat: Northern Hemisphere. It has a smooth, reddish stem, branching

above, ar ising from a long, yellowish-white r oot, a nd bear ing th e pur plish-pink flowersin a ra ceme r esembling th ose of the willow; hence the n am e willow-herb. Demu lcentan d ast ringent . Dose: 30 to 60 gr. (2 to 4 Gm.).

377. NOTHERA BIENNIS Linn.EVENING PRIMROSE. Habitat: NorthAmer ica. Astr ingent, alter at ive.

ARALIACE.-Gin sen g -F a m i ly

378. PANAX.GINSENG. (Official, 1840-1880). The root of P a ' n a xq u i n q u e f o ' l i u m Willdenow. Cultivat ed in Ohio, West Virginia , Minn esota, an d quiteextensively and pr ofita bly in Michigan , and export ed to China , where, from it s fanciedresemblance to the human figure, it is supposed to possess miraculous powers inpreventing and cur ing diseases, and wher e at one t ime it was valued at its weight ingold. It h as, h owever, little medicinal pr operties except a s a demulcent an d a romat icstim ula nt ; not u sed exten sively in medicine. It is a soft, yellowish-white, fusiform r oot,about th e th ickness of the finger, with two or th ree equa l bran ches below. A c r o s s -sec t ion shows a h ar d cent ra l port ion, sur rounded by a th ick, soft, white inner cort icallayer; with th in bar k, conta ining nu mer ous reddish r esin-cells; wood-wedges nar row;medu llary r ays br oad; odor feeble; ta ste sweet , slightly ar oma tic. The sweet p rin cipleis p a n a q u i l o n , C12H25O9.Preparation of Pan aqu ilon .Concentrate the cold infusion to a syrup, precipitate byconcentra ted solut ion of sodium sulpha te, wash th e precipitat e th oroughly with th esaline solution, then treat with alcohol, which dissolves the principle; evaporate todryness.



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379. ARALIA NUDICAULIS Linn .FALSE SARSAPARILLA. WILD LICORICE.Habitat: Nort h Amer ica. (Rhizome.) Horizont al, often 300 mm . (12 in.) in lengt h, a ndabout the thickness of the little finger; it has a yellowish-brown, wrinkled, andannulate bark, inclosing a yellow wood and spongy pith; somewhat aromatic; tastewarm, aromatic, and sweetish. The rhizome of Ara ' l i a r acemo 'sa , N.F. Linn(American Spiken ar d) is short an d from 25 to 50 mm . (1 to 2 in.) thick, mar ked a boveby prominent stem-scars and beset below with long, branching rootlets; externallypale brown, internally whitish; more aromatic and spicy than A. nu dicau'lis. Bothrhizomes are used extensively in domestic practice as stimulant, diaphoretic, andaltera tive. Dose: 30 to 60 gr. (2 to 4 Gm.), in infusion.

380. ARALIA HISPIDA Ventenat.DWARF ELDER. Habitat: United States.(Rhizome.) Diur etic; used in dropsy, etc. Dose of fluidext ra ct: 1 to 2 fl. dr. (4 to 8 mils).

U MBELLI F ER. - P a r s l ey F am i l y

Herbs with hollow stems. The umbellate inflorescencethe general character of the

order-gives rise to its name. The fruit, called a cremocarp (from cremao, to support ,and karpos, fruit), is perhaps the most marked characteristic of the order; itoriginates from one ovary surmounted by 2 styles and often crowned by the limb ofth e calyx, and h as 2 cells a nd 2 seeds. The en tire fruit is usu ally ellipsoidal, but in t hecase of the coriander it is spherical; it divides itself into two mericarps (half-fruits)sus pended by th eir sum mit s from a s lender a xis (car pophore) , usu ally 2 -fork ed; eachmericarp has 5 to 10 more or less prominent ridges (juga), in the furrows or groovesbetween which a re s everal oil-tu bes (vitt ), usu ally -visible in cross-section; in an isethere are usually 15, in coriander 2. The roots contain an abundance of aromaticresin.



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381. ANISUM.ANISE

ANISE

The r ipe fru it ofP impin e l 'l a an ' i sum Linn, with not more t ha n 3 per cent . of foreignseeds an d oth er vegetable mat ter.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Stem about 1 foot high. Umbels on longsta lks wit hout involucre; flowers small, whit e; calyx obsolete; car pets 5, with filiformridges.

HABITAT.Levant and Egypt; extensively cultivated in Europe.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Two or th ree var ieties h ave been pr oducedby cultivat ion, th e Span ish being th e sma llest, an d usu ally preferred. Ingeneral appearance a n i s e r e s e m b l e s c o n i u m v e r y m u c h , but it is

distinguished from the latter in being usually longer and more ovate,the mericarps, which usually adhere together, having their five ribsmore or less hairy and not jagged, and having about 15 oil tubes, ofwhich conium has none; odor fragrant; taste aromatic, sweetish. Thefru it is often accompa nied with its adh ering sh ort peduncle.


CONSTITU ENTS.Volat ile oil (11/2 to 3 per cent .). Ash , not exceeding 9

per cent .

ACTION AND USE S.Stim ulan t an d a romat ic car mina tive. Dose: 8 to30 gr . (0.5 to 3 Gm.).

381a. OLEUM ANISI , U.S.A colorless or pale yellow volatile oil,having the aromatic odor and taste of the fruit; neutral in reaction; sp.gr. 0.98 to 0.99, depending upon age. Dose: 5 drops (0.3 mil)



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CONSTITUEN TS.It cont ains a s light qua nt ity of a light hydrocar bonoil, but principally a n e t h o l, C10H 12O, which is present in both liquid

(liquid anethol) and solid form (anise camphor); by oxidation thisanethol is converted into an i s i c a c i d ; anethol is the principalconstituent also of fennel and star anise, the most of the commercialanise oil being derived from the last-named fruit. Anethol is recognizedin th e Nat ional F ormu lary.

Preparation of Anethol.Obta ined by fra ctional dist illat ion; by oxidation is convert edinto anisic acid.

OFF ICIAL P REPARATIONS.Aqu a Anis i (0.2 per cent .) Dose: 4 fl. dr . (16 mils).Spir i tu s Anis i (10 per cent .) 90 drops (6 mils).Spi r i tus Aur an t i i Compos i tus (0.5 per cent .),T in c t u r a Op i i C a m p h o r a t a (0.4 per cen t.), 2 fl. dr . (8 mils).

382. FNICULUM.FENNEL

FENNEL

The dried nea rly ripe fru it ofF n i c 'u l u m v u l ga ' r e Miller with not m ore t ha n 4 percent. of foreign matter.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Stem somewhat furrowed, 3 feet high. Leavesmuch compounded, cut into fringe-like segments. Umbels with 6 to 8 rays, without

involucre or in volucel.

HABITAT.Chiefly imported from Germany, although the cultivatedplant s in the gar dens of th is coun tr y* par tially supply the ma rk et.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Varying in size, the longest often being 12mm. (1/2 in.) in length; oblong, terete, a cross-section showing a nearly

circular surface; the mericarps are usually separated, however, andslightly curved, their surface dark brown and smooth, with theexception of the five prominent, filiform, lighter colored ribs, the two

lateral ones rather broader; in each depression is one oil tube, and onthe flat side or commissure there are two. There are two prominentvarieties: Saxon, or German, about 4 mm. (1/6 in.) long, dark brown,

usu ally in ha lf-fru its with out foot-sta lks. The oth er (Roma n) is about 12mm. (1/2 in.) in length, lighter brown, with more prominent ribs, and

often in the whole state and furnished with footstalk. Both, however,Sayr e s M a t e r i a M ed i ca pa r t I V - P age 39


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are about the same in aromatic properties, and have a warm, sweet,ar oma tic ta ste. Bitt er fennel, from a wild plan t of Sout her n F ra nce, is asmall fru it, bitt er a nd spicy. Indian fenn el (6.7 mm . in length), an ise-likeodor used in the preparation of compound infusion of senna (2 percent.).

Powder.Cha ra cter istic elements : See Pa rt iv, Chap. I, B.



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CONSTITUENTS.From 2.5 to 4 per cent. of volatile oil, almostchem ically identical with th at of anise. It cont ains phellandr ene, C10H 16.

Ash , not exceeding 9 per cent .

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant, carminative, stomachic, corrective.Dose: 8 to 30 gr . (0.5 to 2 Gm.), in in fusion or powder .

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.I n fu s u m S e n n C o m p o s it u m Dose: 4 fl. dr. (120 Mils).

382a. OLEUM FNICULI .A colorless or pale yellow volatile oil,having a specific gravity of 0.96. It usually solidifies at from 5 to 10C.(41 to 50F.). It ha s essen tially the sam e const ituen ts as th e oil of anise.Stimulant and carminative, and a corrective of harsh, purgative

prepara tions. Dose: 1 to 5 drops (0.06 to 0.3 mil)

OFF ICIAL PRE PARATIONS.Aq u a F n i c u li (0.2 per cent .) Dose: 1/4 to 1 fl. oz, (8 to 30 mils) .P ulv is Glycyr rh iz Comp os itus (0.4

per cent.) 1/2 to 2 dr . (2 to 8 Gm.).Spi r i tus jun iper i Compos i tus (0.05

per cent .) 1 to 4 fl. dr . (4 to 15 mils).

383. CONIUM.CONIUM

POISON H EMLOCK. Ger. SCHIERLINGSFRCHTE

The full-grown, but u nr ipe fru it ofC on ' iu m m a c u la ' t u m Linn, car efully dried andpreser ved, should yield by assa y, not less t ha n 0.5 per cent . of coniine. It should n otbe kept longer th an two year s.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Gathered when full grown but yet green, the yield ofalkaloid being greatest at this time. Small, roundish-ovate, laterally compressed,grayish-green. The mericarps, which are often separated, have five j agged r ibs bu tno o i l-tu bes ; the flat side or commissure is deeply furrowed, giving to a transverse

cut surface a reniform outline. Al m o s t o d o r l e s s ; t a s t e d i s a g r e e a b l e a n ds om e w h a t a c r i d ; when tr itur at ed with a solution of KOH, conium emits t he peculiar,mouse-like odor characteristic of the volatile alkaloid, coniine, which is liberatedth ereby. The total a lkaloids in th e fru it m ay rea ch a s high a s 3.5 per cent., rapidlydiminishing as it ripens.

Powder.Pa le yellowish-brown. Cha ra cterist ic element s: Pa ren chyma of endosperm ,rather thick-walled with oil globules and aleurone (4 to 7 in diam.); aggregate



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calcium oxalat e (1 to 2 in diam .); oth er pa ren chyma with st ar ch a nd chloroplast ids;sclerenchyma, from fruit and stalk with bast fibers, long and thin-walled, withnumerous pores; collenchymatous cells from mericarp, yellowish, nearlyisodiamet rical, irr egularly th ickened.

CONSTITUE NTS.The liquid alka loid, con i ine, C8H17N (the active constituent),m e t h y l c o n i i n e , C8H16(CH 3)N (also liquid), conhydrine, and its isomer,pseu doconiine. Coniine is a yellowish , oily, volat ile liquid (sp. gr. 0.88), very acrid, an dof a strong, mouse-like odor; it is strongly basic, and is combined in the fruit withconh ydric acid, from wh ich it ma y insta nt ly be freed a nd it s odor developed in t he fru itby rubbing with potassa, as noted above; its action is that of a paralyzant to themotor nervous system. Methyl coniine resembles it inaction. Conhydrine is iniridescent scales, melting at 120.6C.

Preparation of Coniine.Liberated from drug by distilling it with alkali. Methyl

coniine an d conh ydrin e is likely to come over with it .

S eparation of Conh ydrine from Coniine.Reduce the temperature of the oily liquidcontaining the two by a freezing mixture. Recrystallize from ether. Occurs iniridescent scales, less poisonous th an coniine.

ACTION AND USES.Conium is narcotic and sedative; its principal action is as ap a r a l yz a n t t o t h e m o t o r n e r v e s. Dose: 3 to 5 gr. (0.2 to 0.3 Gm.). The alkaloidconiin e is an a ctive poison, th e dose being from 1/4 to 1/2 dr ops (0.0164 to 0.0324 mil);

dose of th e hydr ochlora te is pr obably about 1/6 gr. (0.01 Gm.).

384. CONII FOLIA.HE MLOCK LEAVES. Gr ayish-green, th in, smooth , from 100to 300 mm. (4 to 12 in.) long, twice or thrice decompound, with oblonglanceolate,acute, sharply serrate divisions; petiolate, the petiole hollow; odor mouse-like; tastedisagreeable. They cont ain coniine in very sma ll qua nt ity, and a re less active tha nthe fruit, but used for the same purposes -as an anodyne and antispasmodic forcont rolling man iacal excitement an d spa smodic affections, su ch as whooping-cough ,etc. Dose: about 5 gr. (0.3 Gm.).



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385. CARUM.CARAWAY

CARAWAY

The dried fruit of C a r ' u m c a r ' v i Linn prevented from attacks of insects bychloroform or car bon t etr achloride.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A biennial 2 feet in height, with bipinnateleaves. The umbel rarely involucrate, flowers consist ing of 5 obcorda te, s ma ll, whitepetals; carpels with 5 filiform ridges; stylopodium (the disk-like expansion of thereceptacle) depr essed. Fruitbrownish , oblong, slight ly cur ved.

HABITAT.Asia ; int roduced int o Amer ica .

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.The mericarps,

which a re u sua lly separ at ed, ar e about 4 to 5mm. (1/6 to 1/5 in.) in length, tapering

somewhat at the ends. Surface dark brown,smooth, with the exception of the fivel i g h t e r co l o r ed , filiform r i b s , betweenwhich are the six large, easily visible oil-tu bes. A cross-section shows th e pent an gularseed an d oiltu bes. O d or a n d t a s t e aromatic,agreeable. "Drawn fruits: This name hasbeen applied to a form of adulterated

carawaya partially exhausted fruit,whereby they have been deprived of aportion of the volatile oil. It is said thatDutch seed of fair quality should give over5 per cent. of volatile oil. Exhausted fruits

have been found to contain but 1.5 to 1.9 per cent. of oil. They are ofmuch darker color than the genuine. The American seed is slightlysmaller than the German. The seed cultivated in Northern Germany istoo deficient in essential oil for profitable distillation, but it has a fineappearance.


CONSTITUENTS.Volatile Oil 4 to 5 per cent., consisting of carvoneand carvene, see 385a; readily soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble inwat er. Ash, not more t ha n 8 per cent .



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ACTION AND USES.Stimulant, stomachic, and carminative, and anadjuva nt . Dose: 15 to 30 gr . (1 to 2 Gm.).

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.T in c t u r a C a r d a m o m i Co m p o s it a (1.2

per cent .) Dose: 1 to 4 fl. dr . (4 to 15 mils).

385a. OLEUM CARI , U.S.A limpid, colorless or pale yellow volatileoil, specific gravity 0.92, with an aromatic odor and taste, becomingacrid and of a higher specific gravity when exposed. It consists of twoport ions, a light hydrocar bon, c a r v e n e , ident ical with limonene, an d aheavy oil, c a r v o n e , isomeric with th ymol.

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant, stomachic, carminative, andadjuvant. Dose: 1 to 10 dr ops (0.065 to 0.6 mil).

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.S p ir i t u s J u n i p e r i Co m p o s it u s

(0.05 per cent .) Dose: 2 to 4 fl. dr . (8 to 15 mils).

386. CORIANDRUM.CORIANDER

CORIANDER

The dr ied ripe fru it ofC or i a n 'd r u m s a t i 'v u m Linn with out adm ixtu re of more tha n5 per cent. of oth er fruit , seeds or oth er foreign ma tt er.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.An annual herb about two feet high, with anoffensive, bedbug-like odor, with sm ooth st em a nd bipinna te leaves. Calyx 5-toothed;petals obcorda te (th e exterior ones bifid), white, often with a pin k t inge. Capsules withprimary ridges obsolete, the four secondary ones prominently keeled. Fruitglobose;seed covered with a loose membra ne.

HABITAT.Italy; cult ivated in all par ts of Eu rope an d Unit ed Sta tes.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Almost g lobu la r , about 3 mm . (1/8 in.) in

diameter, slightly pointed at the apex (style) and with the persistentcalyx-teeth around the pedicel-scar at the base. The two concave,hemispherical m e r i c a r p s a r e c l o s e l y u n i t e d a t t h e e d g e by thewoody pericarp; their outer surface is pale yellowish-brown, sometimespurplish-tinted, with five primary ribs merely indicated by wavy,slightly raised lines, and four more prominent secondary ribs. Theinter ior of the fru it is a lenticular cavity. Odor fra gra nt (th e odor of the



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fresh plant and fruit is ftid,resembling bedbugs); t a s t e aromatic.

Powder.Characteristic elements:

See Par t iv, Cha p. I, B.

CONSTITUENTS.V o l a t i l eo il , 1/2 to 1 per cent.,

containing coriandrol,C10H 18O. also dextropinene,

fat, mucilage. Ash, notexceeding 7 per cent. Soluble

ether extr act, 0.5 per cent .

ACTION AND USES.Feeble aromatic and stimulant; mostly used asan aromatic addition to, or a co r r ec t i v e of, purgative preparations.Dose: 8 to 30 gr. (0.5 to 2 Gm.).

386a. OLEUM CORIANDRI .An a lmost color less or yellowish volat ileoil with the characteristic aromatic odor and taste of the fruit; specificgra vity 0.863 to 0.875; neu tr al in r eaction. It is one of th e most st able ofthe volatile oils in its power of resisting oxidation when exposed. Itconsists mainly of d-linalool or coriandrol, C10H 18O. Stimulant and

car min at ive, like the oth er a roma tic oils. Dose: 1 to 5 drops (0.065 to 0.3mil).

OFF ICIAL PRE PARATIONS.Spi r i tus Aur an t i iCompos i tus (2.0 per cent .)

Dose: 1 to 4 fl. dr. (4 to 15 mils) linalool.S yr u p u s S e n n (0.5 per cent .) 1 fl. dr . (4 mils) .

387. ANETHUM .DILL FRUIT OR DILL SEED. The fruit of An e ' t h u mgraveo ' lens Linn, an herb of Levant and Southern Europe. Oval-oblong, usuallysepara ted int o th e two thin m ericar ps; these ha ve a smooth brown su rface, with fiveribs, the two lateral ones expanded into a li gh t e r c olo r e d , m e m b r a n o u s w i n g

s u r r o u n d i n g t h e fr u i t ; oil-tu bes six, two on th e concave inn er face an d one in ea chint erval between t he ribs; odor an d ta st e car awa y-like, dependin g upon the volat ile oil,the heavy portion of which is doubtless carvol. Stimulant, carminative, andst omachic. Dose: 8 to 30 gr. (0.5 to 2 Gm .).

387a. OLEUM ANETH I .Pa le yellow, with t he cha ra cterist ic odor of th e fru it, an da pu ngent, sweetish, acrid tast e. It is official in th e British P ha rm acopia, where it is



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somet imes used t o prepare dill-wat er.

388. APIUM.CELERY FRUIT. From A'p ium. g raveo ' l ens Linn, N.F., thecommon celery of our gardens, native to Levant and Southern Europe. Roundish-ovate, very small, brown cremocarps, generally separated into the two mericarps,which h ave five r ibs an d a bout six oil-tu bes. They cont ain a volat ile oil an d a yellowishliquid pr inciple, apiol, an oleoresinous substance, but somewhat analogous to thefixed oils; this apiol is chiefly extracted for medicinal use from parsley, however; it isused as a n em men agogue in doses of to to 12 drops (0.6 to 1 mil).

Preparation of Ap iol.The simplest process for its separation is to exhaust the fruitwith petroleum-benzene, evaporate the solvent, and treat the residue with strongalcohol. On evaporation, the apiol remains. A process resulting in a pure, almostcolor less a piol is pu blished in Ph ar m. Archiv, Feb ., 1899. Dose: 71/2 to 23 gr. (0.5 to1.5 Gm.).

Celery is stimu lan t, a nt ispasm odic, an d carm ina tive. Dose of fl'ext.: 5 to 15 drops (0.3

to 1 mil)

389. AJ OWAN .The fruit of C a 'r u m a j ow ' a n Bentham and Hooker. Habitat:Sout hern Asia a nd E gypt. Ovate, somewha t compr essed latera lly, about 2 mm - (1/12 in.) long, with a rough, gravish-brown surface; mericarps usually separated,cont ain ing six oil-tu bes. The large fruit s mu ch r esemble th ose of comm on pa rs ley, butar e readily distinguished from t hem an d oth er sm all umbellifer by their odor a ndvery rough surface. Od o r th yme-like; taste pu ngent an d ar oma tic, due to a volatileoil, 5 to 6 per cent ., which consist s of a t erpen e, cymene, an d th e stea ropten , t h y m o l.Ajowan is one of the commercial sources of this stearopten. Oil of ajowan, whenfresh ly distilled, is color. less, but soon a cquir es a slight ly yellow tin ge. It ha s a n a crid,burning taste. Carminative, stomachic, having the same properties as thymol (see

below). Dose: 10 to 30 gr . (0.6 to 0.2 Gm.).

390. THYMOL

THYMOL

A phenol, C10H13OH, obtained by fractional distillation of oils from T h y m u svulgar is , C a r u m a jo w a n , and M on a r d a p u n c t a t a . That portion coming over at392F. (260C.) is separately collected and subjected to freezing, when thymolcryst allizes out ; or by distilling off a great er pa rt of the light oils or hydr ocarbons a ndobtaining t he t hymol from t he r emaining h eavier liquid by the u se of cau stic soda a nd

HCl.

DESCRIPTION.Small, colorless scales or large, translucent crystals ofthe hexagonal system having a thyme-like odor arid pungent taste,somewhat caustic to the lips. It melts at about 50C. (122F.), but doesnot crystallize again until a much lower temperature is reached.Sparingly soluble in water (1:1200), but dissolves in less than its own



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weight of alcohol, ether, or chloroform. The crystals have a specificgravity of 1.069, but th e melted liquid is lighter th an wat er. Chemically,th ymol is cons idered as isopropyl-met a-cresol (C6H 3.CH3.OH.C3H 7), and

is closely related to carvacrol, which is regarded as isopropyl-ortho-cresol. the two differing in the relative position of the hydroxyl group.When 2 Gm. are volatilized on waterbath not more than 0.05 per cent.of residue sh ould r ema in. It should m elt from 48 to 51C.

As a solid it is h eavier th an wat er bu t when liquefied by fusion is lighterthan water.

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant and p o w e r fu l a n t i se p t i c , generallyapplied exter na lly in oint men t or lotion, or in a spray, considered almostas a specific in Hookworm disease. Aris to l .A name applied to thymoliodide (q.v.). In ter na l dose: 1 to 2 gr . (0.065 to 0.13 Gm.).

391. PETROSELINI RADIX, N.F.PARSLEY. The root of P e t r o s e l i ' n u msa t i 'vum Hoffma n, n at ive t o Sout hern Eu rope, but cultivated extensively as a comion ga rden plan t. A ta perin g root from 100 to 200 mm. (4 to 8 in.) long, an d a bout 12mm. (1/2 in.) th ick extern ally yellowish or light br own, ma rk ed with close an nu lar r ingsabove and longitudina l wrinkles at th e lower end; fra ctu re sh ort , showing a t hick bar kdotted with resin cells, and a porous, pale yellow wood, with very irregular, whitemedullar y rays. When fresh, it ha s a str ong, aromat ic odor, but is only faint ly so whendry; taste sweetish, slightly aromatic. It is the chief source of apiol (also found incelery), a yellowish liquid somewhat analogous to the fixed oils, given as anemm ena gogue in doses of 10 to 15 drops (0. 6 to 1 mil). The r oot is given in in fusion a s

a carminative, and as a laxative and diuretic in nephritic and dropsical affections.Dose: 30 to 60 gr. (2 to 4 Gm.).

391a. P E T R OS E L I NUM , U.S.P. IX, applies this term to the fruit which is ovate,about 2 mm. (1/12 in.) long, with a greenish or brownish-gray surface, the mericarpsusu ally separa ted. It cont ains t he sa me pr incipal ingredients, an d is used for a boutth e sam e pur poses as t he r oot. Dose: 8 to 30 gr. (0.5 to 2 Gm.). See Apiol 391b.

Powder.Microscopical element s of: See Pa rt iv, Cha p. I, B.

Official Preparation .Oleoresina Petroselini.

391b. APIOL (L. apinum , par sley, + ol), an oleoresin ous liquid, heavier t ha n wa ter , ofa persistent odor, distinct from the plant, and an acrid, pungent taste; from certainum belliferous fruit s, chiefly par sley "seed" (fru it). A crystallin e compoun d, C12H14O4,a pu rified apiol (par sley cam phor) is obtain able. Dill oil yields a liquid apiol which ha sthe same composition as the crystallizable apiol from the parsley. (See also 388.)



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392. PHELLANDRIUM .WATER DROPWORT. FIVE-LEAVED WATERHEMLOCK. The fruit of a European aquatic plant, n a n 't h e p h e l la n 'd r i u m Lamarck. From 2 to 3 mm. (1/12 to 1/8 in.) in length , teret e, oblong, na rr owed at oneend, and crowned with the stylopodium; yellowish-brown or blackishbrown in color;taste aromatic, slightly acrid; odor strong, somewhat carawaylike, but disagreeable.Its aromatic properties depend upon a volatile oil, but there are indications of anarcotic alkaloid, poss ib ly con i ine , as the characteristic mouse-like odor isdeveloped when the powdered seeds are rubbed with a solution of potassa. Slightlynarcotic, stimulant, but more particularly used in chronic affections of the air-passages, as bronchitis, etc. Dose of powder about 5 gr. (0.3 Gm.), cautiouslyincreased.

393. CUMINUMCUMIN SEED. The fruit of C u m i ' n u m c y m ' i n u m Linn.Habitat: Egypt; cultivated in Southern Europe. Resembles caraway, but may bedistin guished by its ent irely differen t, peculiar, hea vy odor, and in being whole fru itsan d not ha lf-fru its, as in t he lat ter ; sur face brown, rough , and h air y; ribs 18, oil-tu bes6; taste aromatic, bitterish, disagreeable. It contains a volatile oil, often used as a

carminative, which consists of three different oils (two hydrocarbons and cuminol).Cumin is mu ch st ronger as a st imulan t t ha n t he oth er um belliferous fru its. Dose: 8 to30 gr. (0.5 to 2 Gm.).

394. CAROTA.CARROT FRUIT. From wild plants of Da u ' c u s c a r o ' t a Linn.Habitat: United States and Europe. Light, oval-oblong fruits, dorsally compressed;mericarps u sua lly united, brownish, each with five hairy prima ry ribs an d four moreprominent secondary ones b e s e t w i t h l o n g , wh i t e b r i s t l e s; odor aromatic; tastewar m, bitt erish . Aroma tic stimu lan t, diur etic. Dose: 8 to 30 gr. (0.5 to 2 Gm.).

395. ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA.AMERICAN ANGELICA. (Root.) Thishighly ar oma tic root wa s official in t he U.S.P., 1860-70. It is similar t o

396. ANGELICA, A.OFFICINALIS.EUROPEAN ORGARDEN ANGELICA. (Root.) Thearoma is due to a fragrant volatile oil.Also contains an ge l ic ac id (also foun din sum bul), which h as a n a ction on th enerves. Description : Rootstock 5 to 10cm. (2 to 4 in .) long, 2.5 to 5 cm. (1/2 in.)thick, crowned with remnants of leaf-bases, rather thick bark, curved

yellowish, porous wood-wedges, awhit ish pit h, spongy, especially in root-bran ches, ra diating lines of large resin-ducts in the bar k, bast ra ys destitut e ofbast fibers. Aromatic stimulant,stomachic, and carminative. Dose: 30to 60 gr. (2 to 4 Gm.).



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Angelica Fr uctu s, th e ripe fru its of Angelica Archa ngelica, Linn , an d Angelica Ra dix,th e rh izome a nd r oots of Angelica Atropur pur ea, Linn, ar e recognized in t he Na tionalFormulary.

397. ASAFTIDA.ASAFETIDAASAFETIDA

A gum -resin obta ined by incisingth e rh izomes a nd r oots ofF e r u l aasa foe t ida , Linn, of F e r u ' l afoe ' t ida Regel, and some otherspecies of Fer ula .

BOTANICALCHARACTERISTICS.A

gigantic herbaceous plant, 10feet high, with radical leaves 18inches long, bipinnate; calyxnearly obsolete, consisting of 5minute points. Fruit broadlyelliptical, thin, foliaceous, withdilated border; vitt incons-picuous.

SOURCE.This plant, andother species from which

commercial asafetida isprocured, grows in WesternThibet, Kashmir, Persia,Turkestan, and Afghan-ista n. The plan t is cut off atth e root, a nd th e milky juiceexuding is allowed toharden, the sun being

excluded by branches and leaves thrown over the cut surface; when ithas solidified it is scraped off, and another slice of the root is cut off to

expose a fresh surface, this operation being continued until the root isexhausted.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Masses composed of white tears of variousshapes and sizes, imbedded in a brown, sticky mass, along withvegeta ble tra sh a nd ear th y impu rities. These masses ar e at first soft, butharden on exposure, the tears breaking with a conchoidal fracture, at



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first milk-white, but gradually turning pink, and at last brown. Itresembles galbanum very much in appearance, but is easily.distinguished by its s t r o n g , d i sag r eeab le , a ll ia ceo u s o d o r , due to asulphuretted volatile oil present to the extent Of 3 to 9 per cent. Onadding ammonia to a decoction of the sublimated resin, a blue

fluorescence is exhibited. Tast e a crid, bitt er, a nd alliaceous.

When assayed by the official process asaftida should contain not lessth an 60 per cent . of alcohol soluble cons tit uen ts .

VARIETIES.Besides the above-described variety, the amygdaloid,which is the most common, there are other forms in which it enters themarket :

- Liquid asafoetida is a perm an ent, syrupy liquid, white, tu rn ing

brown on exposu re.

- Asafoetida in t ears is th e purest variety.

- St ony asa ft ida, never u sed med icina lly, cons ists of pieces of gypsumor other ear th y mat erial coat ed with a t hin layer of th e milkjuice.

CONSTITUEN TS.The grea ter par t of asafoetida consist s of a gum (20to 30 per cent .) an d r esin (50 to 70 per cent .). These, with t he volat ile oil(3 to 9 per cent.), form with water a milky emulsion. The resin is

regar ded by Tschir ch as th e feru lic ester of asar esino-ta nn ol, C24H 35O5,which, by sublimation, yields umbelliferone. There is also contained inthe drug vanillin 0.06 per cent., ferulic acid, C10H 10O4, 1.28 per cent.

The resin, when fused with KOH, yields resorcin and protocatechuicacid. The mineral impurities often amount to 40%, especially in thatimported from Herat, where it is adulterated with red clay. Ash (ofResin), not to exceed 15 per cent .; (Powder), not t o exceed 30 per cent .

For an exha ust ive tr eatise on Gum Resins, etc., the st udent is referred t o Ana l ysisof Resins, Balsams a nd Gum Resins, Their Chem istry a nd P ha rm acognosis, by Carl

Dietr ich (Scott , Greenwood & Co., London).

ACTION AND USES.Asafoetida combines the properties of astimulating a n t i s p a s m o d i c with those of an efficient expectorant,making it a valuable remedy in spasmodic affections of the respiratorytract, as whooping-cough, asthma, etc. It is also

Sayre's Materia Medica-4

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