Sayre Materia Medica-1

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Sayr e s M a t e r i a M ed i ca - P age 1


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PREF ACE TO THE FOURTH E DITION

The Ninth Revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia, as in no

previous edition, makes it import an t, an d even necessary, tha t a ll work sof a pha rm aceutical char acter be r evised.

The last revision of the Pharmacopoeia has required, on the part of therevisers, very exceptiona l work directed toward th e su bject of stan dar ds;and inasmuch as the United States Pharmacopoeia, as well as theNational Formulary, is mentioned in the statute, known as the Foodan d Dru gs Law, th is revision ha s become of great est importa nce.

Recognizing this, great pains have been taken in the revision of thepresent edition, that the standards, whenever mentioned, shall conformto the legal st an dar d above referr ed to.

Many changes have been made necessary by the fact that the U.S.P. IXhas deleted fifty-three vegetable drugs and has added, or raised toofficial r ecognit ion , but four of well kn own dr ugs.

Among the conspicuous changes in U.S.P. IX, is the adoption of Mil(singular), Mils (plural), for cubic centimeter (cc.). This coined word,Milfor Milliliter, is more accurate than cubic centimeter, (cc.) for thethousandth of a liter, which the cubic centimeter was intended to

express. Throughout this present edition mil and mils have beenused, replacing the less accurate cc.

The Families of plants yielding organic drugs have been rearranged inthe present volume. The order of arrangement adopted is that which isfollowed by all botanists of any note at the present time, commencingwith the Alg, Fungi, and other cryptogamous growths, the order andsequence of such authors as Engler and Prantl have been practicallyfollowed. This ha s required a n en tire t ra nsposition of th e na tu ra l order sof the former edition.

The Chapter on Inorganic Chemicals has been enlarged to meet thedemand of many students. Added to this is a brief Chapter onTherapeutic Action, which is intended as a suggestion to students ofhow to expand their knowledge in this direction by reference to otherworks.



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The chapters relating to histological study of plant tissues have beenentirely omitted in the present edition in order to economize space fornew material, and, secondly, because Professor Stevens, formerlyassociated in this work, has published an entirely satisfactory volume

for class-room work and covered the ground more completely in hisPlan t Ana tomy.

A Chapter on Serotherapy has been incorporated which, in treatment,while it is concise, it is hoped will meet t he pr esent dema nd of stu dent sof Mat eria Medica, who first mu st ha ve studied th e elemen ts of th is veryextensive subject.

The a ut hor desires t o ma ke special m ent ion of valuable service ren deredby his as sociate, Mr. Cha s. M. Sterling, who ha s r evised t ha t port ion of

th e work included in t he var ious chapt ers of Pa rt IV. The au th or r egretsthat he has been obliged to reduce rather than lengthen many articlesin Materia Medica in order that the present volume should not beun duly expan ded.

L. E. S.



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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

The pr esent volume is, in a slight degree, a revision of a work writt en bythe author in 1879, entitled Organic Materia Medica and PharmacalBotany. This work has been out of print a number of years, and untilrecently the author has had no time to rewrite it in such a manner asseemed necessar y to bring it u p to the presen t st an dar d; it ha s also beendeemed advisable to change completely the model of the former work.The task now accomplished presents not so much a revision, as a newtreatise.

Two methods of classification of drugs are here brought into useaclassification according to physical characteristics, and a classificationaccording to botanical relationshipsboth of which are, though,

occupying separate divisions of the book, so brought together by asystem of nu mbering t ha t t he place of th e dru g in ea ch of th e classes isat once appa rent . The a ut hor would here suggest t ha t t hose who ma keuse of the work in connection with a cabinet of specimens, should havethe containers in the cabinet numbered to accord with numbers in thebook, in order that students may readily find specimens forident ificat ion an d st udy.

It is perhaps needless to state that the nomenclature and generalcha ra cter of th e text is ma de to conform with th e present st an dar dThe

United States Pharmacopoeia; but the capitalization of specific namesderived from proper nouns has been discarded, in accordance withpresen t bota nical practice. The descriptive hea ding of each of th e officialdrugs has been in most cases given in the pharmacopoeial language.The unofficial drugs are distinguished in the text by the use of adifferent type and by a different setting of the article from that whichtr eat s of th e official dru gs. In t his conn ection th e aut hor desires to givecredit to Mr. George S. Davis, who has aided in the work by placing atthe author's disposal most excellent material regarding rare unofficialdrugs, and the use of material from his publication, credited under

Bibliography.

The scope of the work, it will be seen, embraces not only the officialdrugs of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, but a vast variety ofunofficial drugs, some of which are of rare occurrence in the market.These have been included because of the greater field this inclusiongives for pharmacal and botanical study; the greater variety of forms



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presented to the student of pharmacognosy, the wider will be his rangeof observat ion. It is hoped th at in th e 624 dru gs ment ioned, th e stu dentor instructor will be able to make a selection which will be ample tosupply material to illustrate the principles of the subject underconsideration. In a work of this size an exhaustive treatment of this

number of drugs could not be given, but by a brief mention of themmaterial for study is indicated. It may be mentioned in this connectionthat wherever metric measurements are given, these are stated inmillimeters; this has been deemed advisable for the purpose ofcomparison.

The illustrations included in Part I are taken mainly from Bentley'sManual of Botany, to the author of which our thanks are due. Anexception, however, is found in the drawings of the starches, whichwere prepared from original specimens. The remaining illustrations,

with t he exception of th ose in th e Cha pter on Anima l Drugs, have beenprepa red u nder th e direction of C. E. McClung, Ph. G., a gradu at e of th eKansas State University School of Pharmacy, class of '92. All thedra wings of the cross-sections ar e dr awn directly from sections prepa redby him, th e cell cont ent s being first rem oved by th e met hod described inAppendix C. It h as been our a im to present th e element s of each dru g inth eir tr ue pr oport ions.. As often as possible, the cells in th eir exact sha peand relative size have been drawn, and in no case has meaninglessshading been employed. For some of the drawings of the medicinalplants credit is given below in the Bibliography. The illustrator has

kindly furnished a Chapter on Pharmacal Microscopy, which will befoun d in Appen dix C.

The author is much indebted to Professor Vernon Kellogg forinformation concerning animal drugs used in pharmacy; also forAppendix B, in which h e tr eat s of insects at ta cking dru gs. The dr awingsto illustrate the material furnished by Professor Kellogg are herebycredited to Miss Mar y Wellma n, ar tist .

For aid in the preparation of, the text in Part I our thanks are due to

Mr. A. O. Garrett, who, in his university course, has made botany aspecial st udy.

Appen dix B, upon t he syn thet ic rem edies, is the work of Mr. F. B. Da ins,who has made a specialty of organic chemistry and was instructor inth is subject in the University of Kan sas du ring the year 1894. In th issection the new spelling of chemicals has been adopted only in a few



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cases.

To Dr. S. W. Williston, Professor of Physiology and Anatomy, who hasaided in the condensed description of therapeutic action; to Mr. O. H.Pa rk er a nd Mr. William Clark , members of the Sen ior Class of '94, who

ass isted in t he stu dy of cha ra cter istics from cru de specimens of dru gs inth e open m ar ket; to Mr. W. O. Str oth er, of th e sam e class, who supplieda few dr awings of cross-sections; an d t o Mr. W. F. Newt on , of the jun iorClass , who ma ter ially aided not only in t he st udy of dru g cha ra cterist ics,but also in arr an ging the ma terial, our t ha nks a re due.

L. E. S.



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PART IA STUDY OF DRUGS

CLASSIFICATION

Drugs may be arranged in several different ways, to suit the aim andconvenience of the student. The prominent systems of classification incommon u se a re a s follows:

I. T h e r a p e u t i c a l.This system of class ifica tion is especially valua ble toth e stu dent of medicine. Here t he ph ysiological a ction a nd t her apeu ticalapplicat ion ar e ma de most prominent .

II. C h e m i c a l .Class ificat ion of orga nic dru gs is not in frequ ent ly basedupon the character of the constituents. In this way alkaloidal drugs,

glucosidal drugs, drugs containing volatile oil, etc., form the subgroups.Oth er subgroups of chem ical clas sificat ion ar e:

In organic Chem icals.To th e pha rm acist th e chem ical a ction, th ecrystalline form, the solubility, and other physical properties are ofespecial value. For mineral substances, therefore, he adopts theclassification of the chemist. Some therapeutists, seeing a certainrelation between therapeutical action and chemical constitution, adoptth e sam e met hod of grouping a lso for t hese m inera l substa nces.

Synthetical Remedies.This class of remedial agents is mostdifficult to classify in a manner consistent with science, partly because

our materia medica is becoming overloaded with proprietarycombina tions an d m ixtu res of synt het ic medicinal pr oducts with variousadjuvants to modify their action. These latter have oftentimes certainun scient ific na mes, which give litt le or n o idea of their composit ion .

III. P h y s i c a l .According to this method, drugs having allied physicalproperties are brought together. Roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seedsform the principal divisions. Under this head two differentarrangements are present in this volume: (a) Classification intosubgroups based upon such prominent features as odor, taste, etc. By

this means the aromatic, bitter, acrid, sweet, and mucilaginous drugsare brought together. (b) Classification into subgroups based uponstr uctur al cha ra cteristics. Here dru gs having similar st ru ctu re ar e foun dassociated. In the table having this arrangement the official drugs onlyar e foun d. Appended t o each t her e is a physical description in t he fewestpossible terms-such prominent terms as are used in describing thephysical and str uctura l cha ra cteristics.



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Each drug has a number, so that a ready reference to the same drug in the body ofth e work is made easy. Her e a fuller description is foun d.

Instructors in pharmacognosy who use this book are recommended to employ thisconspectu s an d to have th e stu dents u se these n umbers. When labeling th e drug (orits container) for class work, these numbers should be employed. The experience ofthe author in teaching the subject under consideration has been most favorable toth is method. By the u se of th e nu mbers a t first , the st udent quickly grows to learn,not only the drug, but the place in the system to which it belongs. The subject growsin interest un til he is able to recognize th e dru g and t o properly classify it.

IV. B o t a n i c a l .By this arrangement drugs belonging to the samenatural order are brought together. In subdividing these ordersbotanical relationship is emphasized to as large an extent as ispracticable in dealing with drugs from a pharmaceutical standpoint.

From the point of view of the scientist this is the ideal system. Thismet hod ha s been adopted in t he body of th is work .

Geographical .Drugs are rarely classified according to the locality of theiroccurr ence. It is, however, instr uctive to the st uden t t o refer individua l, or classes ofdru gs, to their locality. Dru gs of an cient tim es were obtain ed chiefly from Asia. Man yof these have survived, and are official to-day; notably aloes, myrrh, etc. With thediscovery of the new world many important drugs were made accessible.Geographical classification is therefore of interest from many points of view. Thepresent at ion of this subject is facilita ted by outline maps with t he dr ugs indicat ed inth eir na tu ra l localities. As an example of such a ma p, see Cinchona.

Alph abetical Arrangem ent .In all th e sta nda rd books of reference, such a s t he

Pharmacopoeia and the Dispensatories, a strictly alphabetical arrangement isfollowed, no attention being paid to systems of classification. The arrangement isma de wholly subservient to quick a nd ready r eference.

In th e following order four class ifica tions will be pr esen ted : I. A synopsisof therapeutical agents. 2. Chemical agents. 3. Classification of organicdrugs, as indicated under (a) and (b). 4. Botanical arrangement, wheredru gs will be trea ted a t some length .



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TABLE OF THE RAPE UTICAL AGEN TS

I. INTERNAL REMEDIES

A.Affecting Nutrition :

Ha ema tics (Blood Tonics).Alkalies. Acids.Digestants.Antipyretics.Alteratives.

B.Affecting the Nervous and Muscular Systems:(a) The Bra in

Cerebral Excitan ts.Cerebral Depressants.Narcotics.Hypnotics.

Analgesics.Anesthetics.

(b) The Spina l CordMotor E xcitan ts.Motor Depressant s.

(c) Nerve Center s a nd Ga nglionic System Antispasmodics.Tonics.Antiperiodics.

(d) Heart an d Circulat ory SystemCardiac Stimulant s.Cardiac Sedat ives.Vascular Stimulants.Vascular SedativesVasoconstrictors.Vasodilators.

(e) ExcretoriesDiuretics.Renal Depressants.Vesical Tonics and Sedatives.Urina ry Sedatives.Diaphoret ics a nd Sudorifics.Anhidrotics.

Antilithics.

C.Affecting Special OrgansPartly through the Nervous System :(a) Organs of Respiration

Expectorants.Pulmonary Sedatives.Errhines.Sternutatories.



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(b) Alimentary CanalSialagogues.Emetics.Purgatives.Astringents.Stomachics.

(c) The LiverHepatic Stimulant s.Cholagogues.Hepatic Depressants.

(d) Generative SystemEcbolics or Oxyt ocics.Emmenagogues.Aphrodisiacs.Anaphrodisiacs.

(e) Eyes (Ciliary Muscle)Mydriatics.

Myotics.

II. EXTERNAL REMEDIE S

A.Irritants:Rubefacients.Epispastics.Pustulants.Escharotics.

B.Local S edatives:Demulcents.

Emollients.

III. AGENTS WHICH ACT UPON ORGANISMS WHICH IN FE ST THEHU MAN BODY

Antiseptics.Disinfectants.Antizymotics.Anthelmintics.Antiparasitics.Antiperiodics.

THE RAPEUTICAL AGENTS DEF INE D

HMATICS restore the quality of the blood to normal condition. Theyexert a direct influence on the composition of the blood: e.g.,preparations of iron, of manganese, cod-liver oil, etc.

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ALKALIES act, in the concentrated form, as caustics (escharotics), butwhen diluted, as antacids. Dilute alkalies, if given before meals,however, will stimulate the production of the acid gastric juice. Thecarbonates of potassa and soda and the bicarbonates, also preparations

of the alkaline earths, such as lime-water and mixtures of magnesiumcarbonate, are good examples. Some of the salts of the alkalies have arem ote an ta cid effect, becomin g decomposed in th e blood a nd excret ed inth e urin e, which t hey render less acid.

ACIDS.These have an action opposite to that of the alkalies. Whenmuch diluted, they are administered for the purpose of checkinghyperacidity of the stomach, by stimulating the production of thealka line pan crea tic juice a nd checking t he acid gast ric juice. Exam ples:Dilute hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid.

DIGESTANTS.Agents which effect solution (digestion) of food in thealimenta ry can al. Examples: Pepsin, pancreat in, trypsin, papain, etc.

ANTIPYRETICS.Agents which reduce the temperature of the body,either by reducing the circulation or diminishing tissue change, ormetabolism, or favoring the loss of heat through radiation, conduction,etc. Examples: Quin ine, aconit e, an tipyrin e, an timony, etc.

ALTERATIVES.A ter m u sed to designa te a class of agen ts wh ich a lter

th e cour se of morbid cond itions , modifying th e nut rit ive processes wh ilepromoting waste, by stimulating secretion, absorption, and theelimin at ion of morbid deposits; especially used in th e chr onic diseases ofthe skin. Employed in the treatment of phthisis, syphilis, gout,neuralgia, asthma, etc. Examples: Arsenious acid, mercury, iodine andthe iodides, sarsaparilla, guaiac, colchicum, stillingia, etc.

CEREBRAL EXCITANTS.Agents which increase the functionalactivity of th e cerebru m, without cau sing an y subsequent depression ofbrain function. Examples: Camphor, valerian, caffeine, cannabis (in

small doses), etc.

CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS have an opposite effect to the preceding,lessening brain activity. Some of the drugs of this class are employed ashypn otics or a s ana lgesics.

NARCOTICS.Agents which lessen the sensibility to pain and cause



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sleep. A narcotic will abolish pain, while an anodyne will frequentlymerely overcome wakefulness. Examples: Opium, cannabis indica,belladonn a, hu mu lus, etc.

HYPNOTICS.Agents which induce sleep and will often abolish pain

and cause neither deliriant nor narcotic effects. Examples: Chloral,su lphonal, tr iona l, th e bromides, etc.

ANALGESICS.Agents which relieve pain by their effect upon thesensory centers; the term is synonymous with anodynes. The generalanodynes, which taken internally, affect the whole organism; localanodynes affect the part to which they are applied. Examples: Opium,belladonn a, hyoscyamu s, aconite, an tipyrine, acetan ilid, aspirin,chloral hydrat e, etc.

ANSTHETICS.Agents which suspend consciousness andtem pora rily destr oy sensa tion. The local a n sth etics a ffect only th e par tto which they are applied. Examples: Ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide,etc. Local an st het ics: Cocaine, car bolic acid, ether spr ay, etc.

MOTOR EXCITANTS.Agent s wh ich increase t he fun ctiona l activity ofthe spinal cord and the motor apparatus, invigorating the action of thehea rt an d lungs. Exam ples: Nu x vomica, st rychn ine, etc.

MOTOR DEPRESSANTS have an opposite effect to the motor excitants,

lowering th e fun ctiona l activity of th e spina l cord a nd m otor appar at us.Exam ples: Alcohol, opium, aconite, conium , belladonna , etc.

ANTISPASMODICS.Agents acting on the nervous system in variousways. They prevent or allay irregular action or spasm of voluntary andinvoluntary muscles. This is accomplished frequently by a sedativeinfluence upon the nerve centers, while a few others exert theirinfluence by stimulating the nerve centers employed to relieve spasms.Examples: Alcohol, ether, valerian, camphor, asafoetida, musk, thebromides , hydr ocyan ic acid, etc.

TONICS.Agents which increase the vigor and tone of the system byimproving th e appet ite, favoring digestion a nd assim ilat ion, an d add ingstrength to the circulatory system. Examples: Gentian, columbo,quinine, etc.

ANTIPERIODICS.Agents which prevent or check the return of



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diseases which recur periodically, possibly by a toxic action upon themicrobes in th e blood, which a re su pposed to cau se th e disease; but littleis known of their mode of action. The typical antiperiodic, quinine, has,however, a decided effect upon the heart and brain, as well as otherpar ts of th e nervous system .

CARDIAC STIMULANTS, as the name implies, are agents whichincrease the heart's action, the force and frequency of the pulse.Examples:Ether , alcohol, at ropine, spar teine, nitr oglycerine, etc.

CARDIAC SEDATIVES allay and control palpitation and overaction ofth e heart . Examples: Aconit e, verat ru m viride, digita lis, ant imony, etc.

VASCULAR STIMULANTS.Agents which dilat e t he periphera l vesselsand increase the peripheral circulation. Members of this class also

strengthen the heart's action, and are advantageously employed indebilitated conditions of the central organs of the circulation. Examples:Alcohol, preparations of ammonia, caffeine, digitalis, strophanthus,epinefrin, etc.

VASCULAR SEDATIVES.Agents which lessen the capillarycirculation and raise the blood pressure by stimulating the vasomotorcenter or its mechanism and the walls of the vessels. Examples: Ergot,digita lis, opium , salt s of iron, etc.

DIURETICS.Agents which increase the secretion of urine, actingeither directly upon the secreting cells of the kidneys or by raising thegeneral or local arterial tension. Employed in acute congestion andinflammation of the kidneys and in dropsies. Examples: Squill,scopar ius, tr iticum , and organ ic salt s of th e alka lies.

RENAL DEPRESSANTS.Agents which lower the activity of the renalcells, thereby lessening the urinary secretion. Examples: Morphine,quin ine, ergot, et c.

VESICAL TONICS AND SEDATIVES.Agents acting upon thebladder, in the one case increasing the tone of the muscular fibers andin the other lessening the irritability of that organ. Examples: Tonics-strychnine, cantharis, belladonna, etc.; sedatives-opium, buchu, uvaur si, par eira, etc.

RENAL SEDATIVES.Agents which exert a sedative action upon the



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whole ur ina ry tr act. Examples: Copa iba, cubebs, etc.

DIAPHORETICS AND SUDORIFICS.Agents which increase theaction of the skin an d pr omote perspirat ion. E xamples: Dover's powder,

jabora ndi, cam phor, sweet spirits of nit er, etc,

ANHIDROTICS.Agents which check perspiration. Examples: Acidcam phoric, at ropine, zinc salts , acids, a lum, et c.

ANTILITHICS.Agents used to prevent the formation of insolubleconcretions or to dissolve concretions when formed in the ducts.Examples: Salts of lithia, potassium, benzoic acid, etc.

EXPECTORANTS.Agents which are employed to facilitate theexpulsion of bronchial secretions and to modify the character of these

when abnormal. Examples: Ammonium chloride, the aromatic balsams,squill, licorice, senega, etc.

PULMONARY SEDATIVES.Agents which allay the irritability of therespiratory center and the nerves of the lungs and bronchial tubes.Exa mples: Belladonn a , opium , hyoscyam us , hydrocyan ic acid, etc.

ERRHINES AND STERNUTATORIES.The latter are agents whichaffect locally the nasal mucous membrane, producing sneezing; theform er pr oduce an increa se of nasa l secret ion an d discha rge. They- also

indirectly stimulate the vasomotor centers and at the same time exciteth e respirat ory cent ers. Examples: Ipecacuanh a, sa nguinar ia, verat rine,etc.

SIALAGOGUES.Agents which promote the secretion and flow ofsaliva from the salivary glands. Examples: Pyrethrum, mezereum, themercurials an d a nt imonials, etc.

EMETICS.Agents which cause vomiting, acting directly upon thenerves of the stomach or acting through the blood upon the vomiting

cent er, or by reflex irr itat ion of the vomiting center . Exam ples: Must ar d,zinc sulpha te, apomorph ine, ipecacuan ha , tar ta r em etic, etc.

PURGATIVES produce evacuation of the contents of the intestinalcanal by increasing secretion along the tract, by exciting peristalticaction, etc. Examples: Podophyllum, colocynth, jalap, croton oil,ma gnesium su lphat e, etc.



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ASTRINGENTS.Agents which produce contraction of muscular fiber,which coagulate albumen and lessen secretion from mucousmembranes, arresting discharges. Examples: Tannic and gallic acids,alum , lead acetat e, persulpha te of iron, etc.

STOMACHICS.Agents which increase the appetite and promotegastr ic digestion. Th ey also check ferm ent at ion an d dispel accum ulat ionof flatus . Exam ples: Pepper min t, carda mom, ginger, capsicum , etc.

HE PATIC STIMU LANTS (Cholagogues).Agent s wh ich excite th e liverand increase the functional activity of that organ so that the amount ofbile is augmented, etc. Hepatic stimulants increase the activity of theliver-cells, while cholagogues remove the bile from the duodenum.Examples: Podophyllum, aloes, jalap, colocynth, mercurous chloride, etc.

HEPATIC DEPRESSANTS.Agents which reduce the functionalactivity of the liver, having the opposite effect of the foregoing, that ofdiminishing the formation of the bile, urea, and glycogen. Examples:Opium, quinine, a rsen ic, an timony, etc.

ECBOLICS, OR OXYTOCICS.Agents which stimulate the pregnantut eru s and pr oduce cont ra ction of th at organ , eith er by direct irrita tionof the muscles of the womb, or indirectly by affecting the uterine centerof the cord . Examples: Ergot , cot ton-root ba rk, savin, cimicifuga, etc.

EMMENAGOGUES.Agents which stimulate the uterine muscularfibers and restore the normal menstrual function. Examples: Ergot,apiol, iron, etc.

APHRODISIACS.Agents used to excite the function of the genitalorgans when they are morbidly depressed. Examples: Phosphorus, zincphosph ide, salt s of iron, gold, or a rs enic, etc.

ANAPHRODISIACS.Agents which diminish the sexual desire.

Examples: The bromides, cam phor, etc.

MYDRIATICS.Agents which cause dilatation of the pupil; used totemporarily destroy accommodation by causing paralysis of the ciliarymu scle. Examples: Atr opine an d homat ropine.

MYOTICS.Agents acting in a manner contrary to that of the above,



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producing cont ra ction of th e pupil by stimu lating t he circular mu scularfibers of the iris and at the same time contracting the ciliary muscle.Examples: Pilocar pine, eser ine, etc.

IRRITANTS.Agents which are applied locally to the skin to produce

certain effects, as rubefacients (simply reddening the skin); epispastics(blistering); pustulants (causing blebs in which is found pus);escharotics, or caustics (actually destroying the tissue). Examples:Mustard (rubefacient); cantharides (epispastic); croton oil (pustulant);cau st ic pota ssa , car bolic acid, an d st rong minera l acids (escha rotics).

LOCAL SEDATIVES.Agents which diminish irritation in the part towhich applied, relieving local inflammation. Examples: Acetate of lead,opium , belladonna , etc.

DEMULCENTS.Bland remedies used to allay and mechanicallyprotect in flamed sur faces. They ar e used a lso inter na lly for t his pu rpose,as in acut e inflamm at ion of th e aliment ar y can al. Exam ples: Mucilagesof acacia, flaxseed, Icelan d and Irish moss, elm, etc.

EMOLLIENTS resemble the above; are used externally to soften andsoothe the irritated and abraded skin. Examples: Lard, olive oil,cacaobut ter , etc.

ANTISEPTICS.Agents which arrest putrefaction, either by

preventing the growth of micro-organisms causing putrefactivedecomposition or by destroying these micro-organisms. Examples:Car bolic acid, corr osive su blima te, et c.

DISINFE CTANTS.Some a ut horities limit t he u se of th is term to thoseagents which destroy the micro-organisms. The terms antiseptic anddisinfectant are frequently used interchangeably. Examples: Corrosivesu blimate, carbolic acid, iodoform , zinc chloride, eucalyptol, etc.

ANTIZYMOTICS.A term applied to agent s wh ich ar rest ferm ent at ion.

Exa mples: See above.

ANTHELMINTICS.Agents which destroy such parasitic worms asinfest th e a limen ta ry cana l. Tniafuges destroy tape-worm s; verm ifugesexpel these intestinal parasites. Examples: Santonin, spigelia,chen opodium, etc. Tn iafuges: Filix mas, pelletierin , cusso, etc.



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ANTIPARASITICS.Agents which destroy those parasites which infestthe human body externally. Examples: Mercurial preparations,chrysa robin, car bolic acid, cocculus , et c.

ANTIP ERIODICS.See above.

Thu s far we have only very briefly called att ent ion t o th era peut ical andphysiological action of drugs, giving but a few examples. We willtemporarily leave the further consideration of this, and for the timerefer to the th erapeu tical agents t hemselves. 1

1 Sayre, in order to be comprehensive, briefly defines all chemicals, synthetic or organic, then used in

medicine. I have deleted much of this as the primary value and the preponderance of the text isplant a nd a nimal drugs,MM



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PART II

DRUG DESCRIPTION

SECTION I.ORGANIC DRUGS FROM TH E VEGE TABLEKINGDOM, DESCRIBED AND ARRANGE D ACCORDING TO

FAMILIES.

CRYPTOGAMS(PLANTS PRODUCING SP ORES)

ALG

Structure very various, growing for the most part in water, mostly instagnant water in warm climates, but some on moist rocks or ground,etc. En tirely cellular , producing fronds.

I. CHONDRUS.-IRISH MOSS

CARRAGEEN

The dried plan t C h o n ' d r u s c r i s'p u s Lyngbye. (Pa m. Gigar tina ce.)

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Thallus fleshy, cartilaginous, compressed,dividing int o short , moniliform filam ent s.Antheridia or oogonia in superficial spots.Chondrus crispus has four vessels or capsules imbedded in the frond. Gigartinamamillosa (Chond rus m am illosa) ha s an oval one ra ised upon a short st alk, and its

frond is slightly cha nn eled toward th e base.

SOURCE.These plants inhabit the rocks on the American andEu ropean shores of th e Atlan tic Ocean . In t he spring t hey ar e collectedon the coast of New England and Ireland, the Massachusetts coastyielding about 15,000 bar rels an nu ally.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.Yellowish or white, horny, translucent;ma ny t imes fork ed; when soften ed in wa ter , car tilaginous; sha pe of th esegments varying from wedge-shaped to linear; at the apex emarginate

or 2-lobed. It has a slight seaweed-like odor, and a mucilaginous,somewhat saline, ta ste.

TEST.When one pa rt of Chondru s is boiled for a bout ten minu tes withthirty parts of water replacing water lost by evaporation, the solutionsh ould form a thick jelly upon cooling.



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When softened in cold water chondrus should become gelatinous andtransparent the thallus remaining nearly smooth and uniform and notswollen except a t t he t ips.

A solution made by boiling 0.3 Gm. in 100 mils of water and filtering

gives no precipitate on the addition of tannic acid T.S. (gelatin), anddoes not give a blue color when cold upon addition of iodine T.S.(starch).

CONSTITUENTS.The principal constituent (go per cent.) ism u c i l a g e , which is precipitated by lead acetate; traces of iodine andbromine have also been detected. There seems to be no starch present,but the cell-walls acquire a dark blue color in contact with iodine(Flckiger). Literature rather contradictory as to the nature of itsvarious const ituent s.

ACTION AND USES.Demulcent and slightly nutritious. A dietetic is

specially prepared from the powder, made in the form of jelly withwat er. Dose: 6 dr . (24 m ils) in decoction.

2. FUCUS VESICULOSUS, N.F .BLADDER-WRACK. The whole plant, F u ' c u svesiculo 'sus Linn, growing on m uddy r ocks a nd float ing to the sh ores of th e NorthAtlant ic an d Nort h P acific Ocean s, consist s of long, flat ten ed, bra nched fronds, uponwhich are dispersed blackish air-vessels (tubercles) in pairs, one on each side of the



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midrib. These cavities cont ain t hin, gelat inous m at ter, an d bear on th eir inner wa lls,when young, hair or tr an spar ent filiform . cells. Odor mar ine-like; ta ste m ucilaginousand saline. Wracks or rock weeds of other species are also collected, such as Fucusnodosus. 2a. The medicina l propert ies probably lie in th e inorga nic ma tt er, th e ash ofthe plant containing chlorides, bromides, iodides, phosphates, and sulphates; theorgan ic ma tt er is m ainly mucilage. The medicinal value of th e dru g as a n a lterat ive

has been questioned; it is used in obesity. The fl'ext. and extract are irrational,prepa ra tions, t he only form in which to obta in t he effects of the plan t being t he r ecentdecoction (Shoemaker).

Fu cus, N.F., const itut es th e dried th allus of th e above plant , yielding not m ore t ha n20 per cent. of ash .

3. LAMINARIA.SEA-GIRDLES or TANGLES. From L a m i n a ' r i a d i g i t a ' t a Lamouroux. A dark-spored seaweed having a ribless expansion resembling a leaf-blade. The stipita te port ion h as been u sed in gynecology as a subst itu te for sponge inmaking sponge tents for dilating the cervical canal. Contains salts, mucilage, and

ma nn ite; the lat ter principle is especially prominent in a nother speciesLaminariasaccharinalike the above, abun dan t on th e sea-coast .

4. AGAR OR AGAR-AGAR U.S.P. IX.The dried mu cilaginous su bsta nce extr actedfrom Gra cilaria (Sphoercocus ) lichen oides.

Gracilaria and other marine Alg, growing along the eastern coast of Asia,pa rt icula rly several species of Gelidium or Gloiopelt is (clas s Rhodophyce). Most ly inbundles 4 to 6 dm. in length, th in t ra nslucent , membra nous, agglutina ted pieces from4 to 8 mm. in width ; extern ally yellowish-white, shiny; tough wh en da mp, brit tle whendry; odor, slight ; tas te, m ucilaginous. Test s sh ow it to be insoluble in cold but slowlysoluble in hot water. No gelatin or no starch, etc. TEST.Practically the same as

th at for chondru s. Ash, n ot m ore t ha n 5 per cent . Average dose, 10 Gm. (2 1/2 dr.).

ACTION AND USES.Agar-agar is practically never used in medicine.It possesses dem ulcent an d emu lsifying pr opert ies in comm on with oth erspecies of Algae. It is principally used at present in bacteriologicallabora tories as a cultur e medium for m icro-organisms.

Agar-agar in the dry state passes through the stomach undigested andon r eaching the bowels tak es up wa ter an d swells considera bly, ther ebyincreasing the volume of the evacuations; it is therefore considered alaxative.

FUNGI

Spore-bearin g plant s dest itut e of chlorophyll an d r eproduced by meansof spores, not by tr ue s eeds.



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5. ERGOTA.ERGOT

ERGOT. (Ergot of Rye)

The carefully dried sclerotium of fungus C l a v ' i c e p s p u r p u ' r e a Tulasne (Pam.Hypocrea ce), replacing th e gra ins of rye, S e c a le c e r e a l e Linn (Gramineae), withnot more tha n 5 per cent. of ha rm less seeds, fru its an d oth er foreign mat ter.

DEVELOPME NT.Selerotium described: The ea rly sta ge of the fun gus consist s of aprofuse growth ofmycelium in t he t issues an d upon t he su rface of th e youn g ovary. Inthe sphacelia stage, as it is called, a multitude ofconidia (non-sexual spores) areproduced on t he en ds of th e hyph; after th e conidial sta ge the mycelium at t he baseof the ovary becomes greatly increased and assumes a hard and compact form. Itgrows with considerable ra pidity, and car ries upon its su mmit th e old sphacelia a ndthe remains of the now destroyed ovary. The compact, horn-shaped, dark-coloredbody which r esu lts (an d is official) is called t he sclerotium , which occupies t he p osition

of the displaced ovary. This sclerotium rema ins dorman t in winter, an d in t he spr ingproduces spores, as follows: sta lked r ecepta cles (Fig. 3) grow up from t he t issue of theergot, in which are developed a number ofperithecia (Fig. 4). These perithecia aresomewha t flask -sha ped cavities (Pig. 5) filled with asci (Fig. 5), the latter containinglong, slender spores ter med ascospores (Fig. 6), which a gain, by germ ina tin g on t he r yeand other grasses, give rise to a new growth, and to the development of Claviceps.Ergot, in short consists in its earliest stage of a mass of mycelium (threads orfilamen ts of fungi) in a nd u pon th e growing ovar y. Conidia ar e produced (non-sexualspores) in great abun dan ce which quickly germina te.

Following the conidial stage th e mycelium at th e base of th e ovary assu mes a ha rdand compact form, increases in size, becoming a horn-shaped and darkcolored body,the so-called ergot. Such a compact mass of hyphae (the vegetative threads orfilaments of the fungi) is called a sclerotium .

The official fungu s grows on r ye, but th e ergot also grows on other gra sses a nd s omeof these ergots from oth er gra sses ha ve been foun d to be str onger t ha n t ha t of rye.The different grades a re Russian , German,Austrian, Spanish and Swedish .

PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION.Ergot should be driedwithout artificial heat kept in tin or glass containers free from light. Afew drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride should be added fromtime to time to prevent development of insects. The powdered drugshould not be kept longer than one year. Suggestion forpreservationkeep over slaked lime. Dip into ethereal solution of toluan d keep in s toppered bott les. Also by removing th e oil from t he dr ug.



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DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.The official ergot of rye is from 10 to 30

mm. (2/5 to 1 1/5 in.) long a nd from 2 t o 6 mm. (1/12 to 1/4 in.) in diam eter.

On other grasses it is usually of less size. Triangular, slightly curved,tapering toward, but obtuse at, the ends; externally purplish-black,

inter na lly whitish with pinkish lines; fra ctu re sh ort (not very brittle). Ifa portion be macerated in water containing hydrate of potassium orsodium, then carefully crushed under the blade of a spatula, thefragments of mycelium threads are plainly discernible under themicroscope. Odor (especially in powder or when treated with an alkali)heavy and un pleasa nt ; taste oily and disagreeable.

When more than one year old, it is unfit for use. Old ergot, whichbreaks with a sharp snap, is almost devoid of pinkish tinge upon thefracture, is hard and brittle between the teeth, and is comparativelyodorless a nd ta steless, should be rejected.

CONSTITUENTS.The a ctive const ituen ts of ergot ar e st ill somewha tin doubt due probably to the amorphous condition in which they exist.Barger and Carr have extracted a substance called ergotoxine(noncrystalline) to which the dangerously poisonous character of ergotis due including the power to produce gangrene. Barger and Dale haveshown it to contain amines derived from amino acids. Two of especialphysiological activity are:

- 1. p. Hydroxyphenylethylamine or (Tryam ine) ha s action of sam etype as active constituents of suprarenal glands and substance

chiefly concerned in standardization of ergot by rise in bloodpressure.

- 2. b. Iminoazolethylamine (Er gamine) ha s an action of peculiarint ensity on pla in mu scle especially on u ter ine mu scle.

Ergotine an alkaloid thought by some to be identical with ergotonine.Ecboline same as cornutine. Others say ergotine and ecboline areident ical. Differen t sa mples of ergot ma y cont a in very differen t a moun tsof the t hr ee ma in const ituen ts. Th e yield of ash should not exceed 5 percent.

Assay of Ergot.The physiological test for ergot, originated by E. M. Houghton,consists in feeding the pr epara tion or dru g to roosters, a nd n oting t he blackened a ndgangrenous appea ra nce produced in t he comb a nd wa tt les. The ra pidity with whichthis change takes place and the depth of color produced denote the strength of thedrug. An assay of the drug can be made by estimating the proportion of cornutinepresen t, wh ich, a ccordin g to Becku rt s, is as follows: 25 Gm. of the d ru g ar e freed fromoil by percolat ion with petr oleum spir its, th en dr ied and well sha ken wit h 100 Gm. ofether an d 1 Gm. of magnesia, the latt er ha ving been su spended in 20 mils of water .



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After repeat ed agitat ion t he mixtur e is allowed to stan d for t hr ee or four hours. Then60 Gm. of th e clear eth erea l solut ion (to 15 Gm. of ergot) are sh ak en four successivetimes with 25, 10, 10, and 10 mils of dilute HCl (0.5 per cent.), the united solutionsrendered alkaline by NH4OH, and the alkaloid shaken out with three successive

portions of ether. On evaporation, drying, and weighing the somewhat crystallineyellowish-white cornutine the assay is completed. The results of such assay areun sat isfactory, but ha ve proved of value as a check in qualita tive estima tions.

Preparation of Ergotin (Wiggers).Treat ergot with eth er t o depr ive it of fixed oil, thenextra ct with hot a lcohol, evaporat e, and pur ify. It res embles cinchonic red, is solublein alcohol, but insoluble in eth er a nd wa ter . Bonjeau 's ergotin corr esponds to a pur ifiedextra ct of ergot (aqueous extr act, pr ecipitat ed by alcohol, filtered, a nd evaporat ed); issoluble in a lcohol and wat er.

ACTION AND USES.Produces vascular contraction, especially of thear ter ies, all over the body. This pr opert y is sa id to be due to its action onth e vasomotor center s in t he cord. Becau se it cont ra cts th e ar ter ioles it ishemostatic. The flow of urine is also diminished. It is ecb o l i c an dp a r t u r i e n t , powerfully exciting the pregnant uterus and expelling itscont ent s. Recent ly it ha s been discovered to be of value in t he t rea tm entof insomnia, the sleep produced being more natural than that fromoth er dru gs.

Poisonous symptoms: dimn ess of vision, local a nest hesia, a nd nu mbn essare sometimes produced, even by medicinal doses. Antidotes: evacuants(stomach-pump, emetics, etc.), stimulants, nitrite of amyl, inhalations,fr ict ion , etc. Dose: 20 to 30 gr . (1.3 to 2 Gm.) in freshly prepared powder ,

wine, or fluidext ract ; ergot in solut ion , 1 to 3 gr . 0.65 to 0.2 Gm.)

OFF ICIAL PRE PARATIONS.E x t r a c t u m E r g ot Dose: 3 to 12 gr. (0.2 to 0.8 Gm.)

F l u i d e xt r a c t u m E r g ot , Dose: 1/2 to 2 fl. dr. (2 to 8 mils)

6. USTILAGO .CORN SMUT. A fungous growth upon Z e a m a y s , moreparticularly upon the inflorescence. Consists of blackish, irregular, roundish massesenveloping innu mer able spores; of a disa greeable odor an d ta st e. It cont ain s probablysclerotic acid. Used as a par tu rien t a nd em men agogue. Dose: 15 to 30 gr. (1 to 2 Gm.).

7. AGARICUS ALBUS, N.F .LARCH AGARIC. PURGING AGARIC. WHITEAGARIC. From P olypo 'r us o ff ic ina ' li s Fries. The internal, decorticated portion ofthe fungus comes in light, colorless, spongy masses of irregular shape. Tastesweetish, acrid, and bitter. In large doses cathartic. In doses of 8 gr., graduallyincreased to 1 dr., it has been found useful in checking nightsweats of phthisis.Sur geon's a gar ic, from Polyporus fom entariu m Fr ies, is used externa lly as a styptic inhemorrhage.



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7a . F UNGUS C HI R UR GOR UM.Surgeon's Agaric. Same as Polyporus. Seeabove.

8. CEREVISI (Saccharomyces).FERMENTUM COMPRESSUM (CompressedYeast), N.F.An organized ferment. Yeast is the name applied to the frothy scumth at form s on t he su rface of saccha rin e liquids an d rises from t he bun gholes of newlybrewed beer. Under the microscope this froth is shown to consist of particles whichmult iply with extra ordina ry rapidity when placed in a m oderat ely war m temper at ur e.The globular forms are considered as the spores of a fungus belonging to the genusTorula, the cells of which are but slightly united, sometimes forming branchingchains, the mycelium being almost absent. Yeast is employed in hastening thefermen ta tion of wort s a nd in leavening dough in brea d-ma king. Bott om or sedimentyeast is found on the bottom of fermenting vessels. Two quite distinct methods ofbrewing are produced, depending upon the employment of one or the other of thesevarieties of yeast. F or th e pur pose of the ba kery, yeast is dr ied and form ed into cak es.Beer yeast is official in the B.P. Yeast , under t he t itle of ferm ent um , was official in th eU.S.P., 1820-40, 1860-80, used as a tonic, laxative, etc., but at present rarely

employed. As a local remedy, as poultice, in treatment of eruptions of boils, it stillfinds some favor.

LI CH EN ES

Consisting mainly of a thallus (often leaf-like), without stem and leaves,wholly cellular. Repr oduced by spores .



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9. CETRARIA.ICELAND MOSS. The en tire plan t, C e t r a ' r i a i s lan 'd ica Acharius.Off. U. S. P. 1890. The crisp, leaf-like lobes are cartilaginous, whitish on the undersurface, channeled and fringed at the margins. A strong decoction gelatinizes oncooling; ta st e mucilaginous a nd bitt er. The Ph ar ma copoeia calls att ent ion t o th e factth at th e dru g is frequent ly mixed with pine leaves, moss, and oth er lichens; from th eseit sh ould be freed. Constituents : It is la rgely composed (70 per cent .) ofl ic h e n s t a r c h ,

lichenin, and isolichenin, a solution of the latter producing a blue color with iodine.Unlike th e gum of chondru s, it fur nishes but a t ra ce of mucic acid when tr eated withnitric acid. Boiling with dilute acids converts the mucilage into sugar solution. Asolut ion of Iceland moss is pr ecipitat ed by alcohol. The bitt er p rin ciple, cetr ar ic acid(cetrarin, C18H16O8), forms yellow salt s, which a re equa l in bitter ness t o quinin e; th is

bitt er pr inciple may be removed by prolonged ma cera tion in wat er, or, still better , bytr eating t he dr ug with twent y-four times its weight of a weak solut ion of an alkalinecar bona te. Demu lcent , nut rit ive, an d, if th e bitt er pr inciple be presen t, tonic; used inadvanced sta ges of pht hisis when st ronger remedies ar e un suita ble. Dose: 30 to 60 gr.(2 to 4 Gm.).

Preparation of Cetrarin : Boil drug with alcohol; express and add acidulated (HCl)water to the filtr at e; th en a llow cetra rin t o deposit.

10. LITMUS .A fermented coloring extract from various species of lichens (e.g.,Lecan ora tart area), other varieties of which also yield the dyes orchil and cudbear.Habitat: Nort hern Eu rope and African coast , and adjacent islan ds. Litm us is in a bout1/2 to 1 inch rectangular cakes, blue, light, friable, finely granular. Unlike most

vegeta ble dyes, it is not tu rn ed green by alka lies. It is t ur ned r ed by acids, for wh ich itis used as a test in the form of infusion (tincture), or litmus paper, made by dippingun sized paper in t he str ong infusion.

10 a. O r c h i l is a pu rplish-red, thickish liquid, with an ammoniacal odor.

10 b. C u d b e a r (Persio, N.F.) is a pu rplish -red powder, somet imes u sed t o colorpreparations.

POLYTRICACEAE

11. P OL YT R I C HUM J UNI P E R UM Hedwig.HAIR-CAP MOSS. This commonmoss is a powerful diuretic; in full doses given at very short intervals it has provedvery beneficial in dropsy. Dose: 1 to 2 dr . (4 to 8 Gm.), in in fusion.

FILICES.Ferns

Leafy plants with the fronds raised on a stipe (petiole) rising from arh izome, circinat e in vern at ion. Th e spore-cases are found on the underside of the frond. The life hist ory of the fern is as follows:

When the minute spore from the sporangium on the frond drops to theground, it germinates into a more or less heart-shaped body called aprothallus. The under surface of this body is provided with root-hairs



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and also female organs of generation, archegonia, and male organs,antheridia; the frond-stage is a direct outgrowth from the fertilizedarcheogonia.

12. ASPIDIUM.ASPlDIUM

MALE F ERN.



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The dried rhizome of Dryop ' ter i s f i l ' ix -mas Schott, and ofD r y o p ' t e r i s m a r g i n a ' l i s Asa Gray (family Polypodiace). Collected inautumn, freed from the roots and dead portions of rhizome and stipes,an d dried at a tem pera tu re not exceeding 70C.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Fruit-dots round, borne at the back of theveins; indusium covering the sporangia. Stipe continuous with the root-stock. Frondlanceolate ( A. filix-mas) or ovate-oblong ( A. marginalis); fruit-dots in the formernearer t he mid-vein tha n t he mar gin, in the latter nearer t he mar gin.

HABITAT.North America.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.As taken from the ground the rhizomeconsists of a caudex around which are arranged the dark brown,somewhat curved l e a f - s t a l k r em n an t s o r s t i p e s , about 25 to 50 Mm-(1 to 2 in.) in length, imbricated like the shingles of a roof; at the basethey are densely surrounded by th in , g lossy , chaf fy scales of alighter color a nd somewhat tr an spar ent . The ent ire rh izome is from 100

to 300 mm- (4 to 12 in.) long, and from 50 to 62 mm. (2 to 21/2 in.) thick,

flexible, tapering toward one end, usually split longitudinally, roughlyscarred with remains of stipe bases or bearing several coarselongitudinal ridges or grooves, pale green when fresh and becomingpale brown and with occasional elongated areas of the still adheringbrownish -black outer layers, fra ctu re sh ort , pale green in th e inner ha lf,the texture rather spongy and exhibiting from 6 to 12 fibrovascular

bun dles in a loose and inter ru pted circle; it genera lly comes into ma rk etbroken into pieces of various lengths; internally palegreen, spongy or corky; odor slight and disagreeable;taste sweetish, somewhat bitter and astringent, acridand nauseous. Only such portions as are still greenshould be used in making preparations. Thedeteriora tion of th e root is r ap id-loses its activity in oneor t wo years .

MICROSCOPICAL STRUCTURE.The prevailingtissue is parenchyma, the polyhedral, porous-walledcells of which contain starch, greenish or brownishtannin-like substances, and drops of a greenish fixedoil. The thin subserous outer layer consists of smallerbrown cells. Toward the center of the rhizome is anirregular circle of ten ( A. filixmas) or six (A.marginalis) vascular bundles, outside of which are



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smaller scattered bundles. Distributed throughout the tissue are largeair pores.

Powder.Microscopical elem ent s of: See Pa rt iv, Chap. I, B.

CONSTITUENTS.Fi l ic ic ac id , C35H 42O13, filicin (filicic acidanhydrid, C31H 40O12), aspidin, C23H 27O7, the latter being poisonous,

fixed oil, a t ra ce of volat ile oil, and chlorophyll. Ash 3 per cent .

Preparation of Filicic Acid.This principle is deposited as a gran ular sediment wh enth e oleoresin is allowed to stan d.

ACTION AND USES.T n i a f u g e . Dose: 1/2 to 2 dr. (2 to 8 Gm.).Theoleo resin is th e most efficient prepa ra tion.

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.Oleor es ina Aspidi i , Dose: 1/2 to 1 fl. dr . (2 to 4 mils)

13. ADIANTUM.MAIDENHAIR. Ad i a n ' t u m p e d a ' t u m Linn, an in digenous fernwhich h as been used a s a pectoral in chronic cat ar rh an d other affections of th e air-passages.

14. CIBOTIUM.PENGHAWAR. PAKU-KIDANG. The chaffy hairs collected fromthe base of the fronds and stems of many varieties of ferns especially of the genusCibotium, growing in Sumatra and Java. Long, silky, yellowish or brownish, curlingfilamen ts (un der th e microscope flat an d joint ed), used to st op t he flow of blood from

capillaries by mecha nical absorpt ion of th e seru m.

15. POLYPODIUM .POLYPODY. The leaves of P o l y p o 'd i u m v u l g a ' r e Linn,common in Eur ope and North America. Expectoran t in chr onic cat ar rh a nd ast hma .Dose: 1 dr. (4 Gm.), in infusion.

16. OSMUNDA RE GALIS Linn (order Osmu nda ceae). BUCK-THORN BRAKE.A common fern in swa mps, t he r oot-stock of which is used as a demu lcent , tonic, an dstypt ic. Dose of fl'ext.: 1 to 3 fl. dr . (4 to 12 Mils).

EQ U I S ETACEA E.H o r se t a i l F a m i ly

17. EQUISETUM .SCOURING RUSH. The herb ofE q u i s e' t u m h y e m a ' le Linn.Habitat: Northern United States. Diuretic and astringent. Dose of fl'ext.: 15 to 60drops (1 to 4 mils).



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LYCOPODIACE.Club-moss Fami ly

Low plants looking like very large mosses, more or less branching, andwith the 1- to 3-celled sporangia (spore-cases) in the axils of the

lanceolate, su bulat e, or rounded, persisten t leaves. Spores homogeneous .

18. LYCOPODIUM.LYCOPODIUM

VEGETABLE SULP HU R

The spores ofLycopo 'd ium c lava ' tu m Linn, and of other species of Lycopodium.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.Stem creeping extensively, with ascendingvery leafy branches. Leaves linear -awl-sha ped, aristat e. Spikes 1 to 4 on a slenderpeduncle 4 to 6 inches long.

SOURCE AND COLLECTION.Europe, Asia, and North America;collected mostly in Russia, Germany, and Switzerland, in July andAugu st , by cut t ing off tops of th e moss, sha king out spores, an d siftin g.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.A f ine , pa le -ye l lowish powder , ve rym o b i l e , free from odor and taste. It floats in water without being wetby it (due to the fixed oil), but sinks on being boiled. When slowlyheated it burns quietly and should not leave more than 5 per cent. ofash , but when t hr own into a flame it fla sh es u p . Under the m icroscope

the granules are seen to be tetrahedral, the basal side convex and theother three coming together to form a triangular pyramid. The surfacesare traversed in all directions by ridges which form regular, five- or six-sided meshes; at the points of intersection are small elevations, andalong th e edges sh ort projections. Like lupulin, lycopodium is one of theint eres tin g objects for microscopic st ud y. Pollen of pine, a n illus t ra tion ofwhich is sh own above, is sometimes u sed as a n a dulter an t.

ADULTERANTS.These may be easily detected by the microscope orsimple t est s. Pin e pollen cons ists of an elliptical cell with a globula r cell



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attached to each end. Starch is detected with iodine; turmeric, byturning reddish-brown with alkalies; inorganic mixtures, by increasingthe yield of ash over 5 per cent., and by sinking in carbon disulphide.Dextr in h as been foun d in lycopodium to th e extent of 50 per cent .

Powder.Microscopical elem ent s of: See Pa rt iv, Chap . 1, 13.

CONSTITUENTS.Fixed Oi l 47 to 50 per cen t ., volatile bases invery small quantity, and ash containing alumina and phosphoric acid,not exceeding 3 per cent .

ACTION AND USES.Absorbent and protective application toexcoria ted su rfaces; in pha rm acy, to facilita t e the rolling of pill ma sses,an d to prevent t he a dhesion of th e pills.

PHANEROGAMS

(Plan ts pr oducing tr ue seed)

P i n a c e a e .P i n e F a m i ly

Trees or shrubs with a resinous juice. The wood differs from that ofdicotyledons in that it is destitute of ducts, but has instead bordereddisks. The leaves are usually fascicled, and are mostly awl- or needle-sha ped. Fr uit a cone or galbulus.



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19. SABINA.SABINA

SAVINE

The tops of J u n i p ' e r u s s a b i ' n a Linn. The young and tender green

shoots are stripped off in the spring, coming into the market as s h o r t ,t h i n , q u a d r a n g u l a r b r a n c h l e t s , clothed with alternate pairs ofminute, opposite, scale-like leaves, appressed (more pointed anddivergent in older twigs); each scale has a shallow groove and aconspicuous , depressed oil-gland in t he back. The ber ry-like cone fru it isabout the size of a pea, situated on a short, r e c u r v ed p e d i ce l, andcovered with a bluish bloom; it is dry, but abounds in essential oil, andcontains from 1 to 4 small, bony seeds. Odor strong, balsamic; tastebitter an d acrid. Adult era tion: Red cedar tops (20).

Powder.Yellowish-brown. The microscopic elements consist of:Tra cheids with border ed pits; paren chyma with nu mer ous st oma ta ; longbast fibers a nd st ar ch grains.

CONSTITUENTS.Tannin, resin, gum, etc., and a vola t i le o i l (19 a)(2 per cent . in t ops, 10 per cent . in ber ries) having th e sam e compositionas oil of tu rpen tine.

ACTION AND USES.Savine is an irritant, acting especially as au t e r i n e s t i m u l a n t ; also diuretic, emmenagogue, and vermifuge. Dose:

5 to 15 gr. (0.3 to 1 Gm.). It is used extern ally in ointm ent as a stimu lantdressin g for br uises.

19 a. OLEUM SABIN .OIL OF SAVINE. A nearly colorless, sometimes yellow,limpid, volatile oil, having a st rong, terebinth inat e odor, an d a bitt erish, int ensely acridtaste. It has the same composition as oil of turpentine. Dose: 1 to 5 drops (0.065 to0.3 mils)



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20. J UNIP ERUS VIRGINIANA.The t ops of th e red cedar , or Amer ican saivne,are often used to adulterate savine, from which they can scarcely be recognizedexcept by differen ce in t ast e an d sm ell. The galbu lus of th e false var iety is born e onan erect pedicel.

21. P i n u s Al b a N.F. Lin.WHITE PINE. The inner bark of P i n u s s t r o b u s (Weymouth Pine), from eastern and central North America. In flat pieces about 6inches long by 3 inches in width and 1/24 inch in thickness. Bark brittle, fractureirr egular , not fibrous, but sh owing several woody layers. Reddish-brown str eak ed withgray outside; inner, yellowish blotched with light brown; bland odor; mucilaginous,slightly bitter a nd a stringent t aste.

PROPE RTIES.Those of balsam ic prepa ra tions genera lly.

USES.An emollient and expectorant in chronic affections of air-passages. Dose of

fluidextract: 1/2 to 1 fluidrachm (2 t o 4 mils) .

21a. P INUS MONTANA MILLER .Pinu s Pu milio Ha enkeDwar f Pine. Fr om t hefresh leaves of th is dwa rf pine a volat ile oil is obta ined wh ich is official in th e U.S.P. IXas O le u m P i n i P u m i li on i s , Oil of Dwar f Pin e Needles. It is employed as a n inh alen tin catarrh of the respiratory passages, chronic laryngitis and bronchitis; used locallyin tr eatm ent of chr onic rheuma tic affections a nd wh en a dded to ether a llays irrita tionan d diminishes bronchial secret ion.

22. THUJ A N.F .ARBOR VIT. The leafy tops ofThu ' ja occ iden ta ' l i s Linn, aNorth American evergreen t ree. Small flatt ened twigs ha ving a scalloped appear an ce,due to the flat, lateral leaf-scales, each of which has an oilgland near its apex; the

other leaves folded lengthwise, boat-shaped, mostly glandless; odor balsamic,somewha t t erebinthina te; taste pu ngently aromat ic, cam phoraceous, and bitt er. Themedicina l properties of Thu ja depend m ain ly upon a volat ile oil. It r esembles savine inits gen eral a ction. Dose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 Gm.), in in fusion or fl'ext.

23. J UNI P E R US , N .F .J UNIP ER BERRIES. The fru it ofJ u n i p 'e r u s c om m u ' n i sLinn, an evergreen shru b or sma ll tr ee inha biting th e Nort hern Hemisphere, bearingsma ll cones, th e scales of which coalesce in t hr ees, become fleshy, and ripen int o theso-called berr y. These ber ries or fruit s ar e globula r, a bout th e size of a la rge pea, witha triangular depression at the top caused by a three-rayed furrow where the scalesare united; at the base are a few small scales, remnants of undeveloped whorls;extern ally of a glossy, pur plishblack color, covered wit h a gra yish bloom; t hey cont ain

a brownish-yellow pulp with oil-glands, in which are imbedded three small, bony,angular seeds, also covered with large oil-glands; odor disagreeably aromatic,balsamic; taste sweetish, warm, and balsamic, slightly bitter. The Smyrna berryfrom J . phoenicea Linn, yields an oil of grea ter optical activity.

CONSTITUENTS.Volat i le o i l , most abundant in the full-grown green berries,being partially converted into resins on ripening, entirely so in the dead-ripe, black



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berries; also juniperin, sugar (15 to 30 per cent.), wax, fat, proteids, mucilage, etc.Their virtues a re extra cted by water an d alcohol.

ACTION AND USES.Stimu lant an d d i u r e t i c , chiefly used as a n a djuvan t to morepowerful diu re tics in dr opsical complain t s. Dose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 Gm.), in in fusion,water spirit, etc., the volatile oil, however, obtained from the wood and branches,

being principally used. They ar e largely used in th e ma nu factu re of gin, which owes itsdiuretic properties t o them.

23a. O L E UM J U NI P E R I , U.S.OIL OF J UNIPER. A colorless orgreenish-yellow volatile oil, with a strong, terebinthinate odor and ahot, acrid taste. Specific gravity 0.850 to 0.865. It consists of pinene,C10H 16, cadinen e, an d jun iper cam phor.

OFF ICIAL PRE PARATIONS.S p ir i t u s J u n i p e r i (5 per cent .) Dose: 30 drops (2 mils).

S p ir i t u s J u n i p e r i Co . (0.4 per cent .) Dose: 2 fldr. (8 mils).

24. OLEUM CADINUM.OIL OF CADE(Oleum J uniperi Empyreumat icum)

J UNIP ER TAR OIL

An empyreumatic, oily liquid obtained from the heart-wood of J u n i p ' e r u so x y c e 'd r u s Linn, by dry distillation in ovens.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A tree 10 to 12 feet high, with spreading topan d drooping twigs. Leaves awl-shaped. Fr uit globular , reddish-brown, about th e sizeof a filbert .

HABITAT.Mediterranean Basin.

DESCRIPTION OF DRU G.A brownish or da rk brown, oily liquid, lessth ick a nd m ore m obile tha n ta r, ha ving a ta rr y but char acteristic odor,and an aromatic, bitter, and acrid tast e.

ACTION AND USES.Used mostly externally in the treatment ofc u t a n e o u s d i s e a s e s and as an insecticide in the form of liniments,

oint men ts , or soaps. Dose: 3 drops (0.2 Mil).

25. TSUGA CANADENSIS Carriere.HEMLOCK SPRUCE. (Bark.) Tonic andas tr ingent . Dose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4 Gm.).

26. LARIX AMERICANA Michaux.TAMARAC. AMERICAN LARCH. (Bark.)

Tonic and gent ly as tr ingent , its chief action being upon mu cous membr an es. Dose: 1/2



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to 2 dr . (2 to 8 Gm.).

27. TERE BINTHINA, N.F.TURPENTINE

TURPENTINE

A concrete oleoresin obtained from P i 'n u s p a l u s 't r i s Miller (Fam. Pinaceae, U.S.P.1900), and other species of Pinus.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS.A large t ree, 60 t o 100 feet, with th in, scaledbark , and ha rd, very resinous wood.Leaves 10 to 15 inches long, in t hr ees, from longsheaths. S terile flowers rose-purple. Cones large, cylindrical or conical-oblong.

SOURCE AND COLLECTION.Southern United States, particularlyNort h Ca rolina . The oleoresin is secreted in t he sapwood; some of it flows

spontaneously, but it is generally obtained by a process called boxing,as follows: Durin g th e wint er from one to four excava tions, each holdingfrom 4 t o 8 pints, a re cut into th e tr ee th rough t he sa pwood. After a fewdays the bark above these cavities is removed for about a height Of 3feet, and some of th e wood is hacked off, th e ha cks being in th e shape of

th e letter L . The oleores in begins t o flow about th e middle of Mar ch, a nd

continues until September or October. The turpentine is removed bymeans of dippers const ru cted for t he pu rpose, an d th en u sua lly distilled.That which flows the first year is considered the best, being termedvirgin dip, and yields about 6 gallons of oil per barrel, and window-

glass rosin; th at of th e next a nd subsequen t years is kn own a s yellowdip, yielding about 4 gallons of oil per barrel, and medium grades ofrosin. The turpentine which hardens on the tree is known asscrapings, and yields about 2 gallons of oil per barrel, leaving a darkresin.

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.In yellowish, opaque, tough masses, brittlein the cold, crumbly-crystalline in the interior, of a terebinthinate odorand taste. In warm weather it is a yellowish, viscid semiliquid whenfresh , but ultima tely, th rough exposur e to th e air, becomes per fectly dryand hard.

CONSTITUENTS.Volatile Oil 20 to 30 per cent. (27b), abietinicanhydride, C44H 62O4, in rosin (27c), the acid of which, abietic acid,

C44H 64O5, is crystalline, soluble in CS2, benzol, alcohol, ether,

chloroform, glacial acetic acid, and a lka lies.



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27a. T e r e b i n t h i n a e L a r i c is , N. F .Ve n i c e T u r p e n t i n e .A yellowish or gr eenishliquid of honey-like consist ence, collected in Switzerla nd an d p ort ions of Fr an ce fromLarix europa De Can dolle. Obta ined by borin g holes int o th e cent er of th e wood an ddipping the liquid out as it accumulates. It received its name from having formerlybeen a lmost entirely distributed from t he Venetian port. Genu ine Venice tu rpent ine iscompa ra tively scarce in t he m ar ket s to-day, most of it being a factitious br own liquid

made by dissolving rosin in oil of turpentine.

A number of other turpentines are obtained from various species of pine, larch, andfir, but hardly any of them enter our markets. The turpentines all agree in theirmedical properties, and diff er only slightly in their physical characteristics, all ofth em being liquid at first, t hickening th rough th e evapora tion an d oxidation of th eirvolatile oil, an d ultima tely solidifying They melt by heat , an d at a high tem perat ur eignite with a wh ite flame at tended with dense smoke.

CONSTITUENTS.Volat i le Oi l 20 to 30 per cent., r e s i n (abietic anhydride,crystallizing out as abietic acid), a bitter principle, and traces of succinic and acetic

acids.

ACTION AND USE S.The tu rpent ines ar e ra rely used inter na lly, the volatile oil, towhich the medicinal virtues are due, being used instead. Dose: 15 to 60 gr. (1 to 4Gm.), in pills. Extern ally irr itant an d ru befacient, in oint ment s an d plasters.

27b. OLEUM TEREBINTHIN , U.S.OIL OF TURPENTINE. SPIRITS OFTURPENTINE. A volatile oil distilled from turpentine, the markets of the UnitedStates being chiefly supplied by the North Carolina forests. A perfectly limpid,colorless liquid wh en pu re, but genera lly somewha t colored from r esin cont ain ed, orfrom oxidation; odor peculiar, strong, penetrating; taste hot, pungent, somewhatbitter. It is very volatile and inflammable. When purified by distilling with caustic

soda, it constitutes the Oleum Terebinthin Rectificatum, U.S., which is officiallydirected t o be dispensed when oil of turpent ine is required for int ernal use.

CONSTITUENTS.Oil of turpentine consists of several terpene hydrocarbonsha ving th e form ula C 10H16 (pinen e), sp. gr. 0.855-0.870. When exposed t o th e a ir, it

becomes th ick from th e oxidation of some of these h ydrocar bons int o resin. When t herectified oil is tr eat ed with n itr ic acid, lar ge cryst als of ter pin hydr at e (Terpini Hydra s,U.S.) separ at e out , having pr operties similar to th e oil of tu rpen tin e. Dose, 2 gr. (0.1Gm.). The European turpentine oil contains pinene and sylvestrine; it forms withhydrochloric acid a crystalline compound, C10H16HCl (artificial camphor).

T e r e b e n u m is a liquid derived from th e oil (consisting chiefly of pinene) by tr eat men twith su lphur ic acid, boiling point 156-160C. Dose: 8 dr ops (0.5 mil).

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant, diuretic, hemostatic, occasionally diaphoretic; inlarge doses an th elmintic an d cat ha rt ic; externa lly ru befacient , in r heum at ism, etc. Asa st imu lan t it is often beneficial in low form s of fever, an d, when d eat h is inevita ble, toprolong life beyond the natural limit. Dose: 5 to 15 drops (0.3 to 1 mil) in emulsion.



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OFF ICIAL P REPARATIONS.L in i m e n t u m T er e b i n t h i n (35 per cent. with resin cerat e).Ole u m T e r e b i n t h i n a e R e c t i fi ca t u m , Dose, 5 to 15 dr ops (0.3 to 1 mil) .C e r a t u m C a n t h a r i d is . Emu lsum Olei Terebinthina e.

27c. RESINA, U.S.RESIN . ROSIN. COLOPH ONY. The clar ified residu e left after

distilling off the volatile oil from turpentine. It has been asserted that P i n u sp a l u s t r i s, the official species, contains -more resin than any other German orAmerican pine. When pure, rosin is of a clear, pellucid, amber color, but thecomm ercial rosin is yellowish-brown, more or less d ar k, sometimes a lmost black, th ecolor depending upon its purity and the amount of heat used in its preparation; itbreaks with a shining, shallow, conchoidal fracture; odor and taste faintlyterebinth inat e. White r osin is an opaque var iety made by incorporat ing it with water .

CONSTITUE NTS.Rosin is t he a nh ydride of abietic acid, C44H62O4, int o which acid

it ma y be conver ted by war min g with dilute alcohol. Ash, 0.05 per cent.

ACTION AND USES.An important ingredient of ointments and plasters, and issaid to have the property of preserving them from rancidity by preventing theoxidation of the fatty base.

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION. E m p l a s t r u m R e s in a e .

28. PIX LIQUIDA.-TAR

TAR

SOURCE.An empyreumatic oleoresin obtained by the destructive

distillation of the wood ofP i n u s p a l u s t r is Miller, and of oth er speciesof Pinu s. The pine logs ar e cut into billets, an d built u p int o a sta ck a ndcovered with earth, as in making charcoal. Slow combustion is startedth rough a n opening in t he top of th e stack, and th e resinous m at ter, asit melts out and collects in a cavity in the center, is drawn off intobarrels.

DESCRIPTION.A resinous, black semiliquid, of an empyreumatic,terebinthinate odor, and a sharp, bitterish, empyreumatic taste. Acid inreaction. Pa rt ly soluble in wat er.

Birch ta r, Dagget , or Oleum Ru sci, from Betula alba Linn, ha s an odorsimilar t o th at of Russian leat her.

CONSTITUENTS.Tar is a very complex substance, varying with thekind of wood, amount of resins present therein, and the care exercisedin its prepa ra tion, th e chief const ituen ts being an empyreu ma tic volatile



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oil, pyrocatechin, acetone, xylol, toluol, cresols (creosote), guaiacol,phenol, etc. The acid reaction which characterizes tar is due to aceticacid, obta ined in a n impur e st at e as pyroligneous acid by distillation. Inth e ret ort is left beh ind t he ordina ry solid an d fus ible pitch of comm erce.

ACTION AND USES.Stimulant, irritant, insecticide, similar to, butless irr itan t t ha n, th e tu rpen tines. Dose: 8 to 60 gr. (0.6 to 4 Gm.). Thesyrup is mu ch used in pulmona ry a ffections.

OFF ICIAL P REPARATIONS.Syrup us P ici s L iqu id (0.5 per cent )Dose: 1 to 4 fl. dr. (4 to 15 mils)Un g u e n t u m P i ci s Li q u i d (50 per cent.).

28a. OLEUM P ICIS LIQUID RECTIFICATUM.OIL OF TAR. A volatile oildistilled from tar, the residue left being common pitch, pix nigra. A nearly colorlessliquid when first distilled, but soon acquires a dark, reddishbrown color; it has the

characteristic odor and taste of tar, which depends upon it for its medicinalpropert ies. Dose: 1 to 5 drops (0.065 to 0.3 mil), in capsu les or emu lsion.

29. TEREBINTH INA CANADEN SIS.CANADA TURPEN TINE

CANADA BALSAM. BALSAM OF F IR

A liquid oleoresin obta ined from A'b i e s b a l s am 'ea Linn

HABITAT.Can ada , Nova Scotia, Ma ine, an d t he mount ainous r egionsfur th er sout h.

PRODUCTION.The oleoresin is secreted in small vesicles in the bark,collected by puncturing and allowing the liquid to exude into a vesselha ving a br oad an d funn el-like lip. The vesicles cont ain only from a fewminims to 1 fluid drachm .

DESCRIPTION OF DRUG.A yellowish or faintly greenish,transparent liquid of honey-like consistence, becoming thicker andsomewhat darker with age, but always retaining its transparency, andultimately drying into a transparent mass; it has an agreeable,

aromatic, terebinthinate odor, and a bitterish, feebly acrid, but notdisagreeable taste, for which reason it is sometimes erroneously calledbalm of Gilead (98).

ACTION AND USES.-It has medical properties similar to the otherturpentines and copaiba, but is rarely employed as a remedial agent. Itis most valued for m o u n t i n g m i c r o sco p i c o b j ec t s , for which its



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beaut iful an d dur able, un crysta lline tr an spar ency peculiarly fits it.

OFF ICIAL P REPARATION.

30. PIX CANADENSIS .CANADA PITCH OR HEMLOCK PITCH. An oleoresinobtained from the North American hemlock spruce, A'b ies can ad en ' si s Carriere.Resembles Pix Burgundica (31) in appearance, properties, and uses; it is somewhatdarker red-brown in color and is much more fusible; odor weak, peculiar; taste veryfeeble. Rosin is a common adultera tion.

31. PIX BURGUNDICA.BURGUNDY PITCH. The r esinous exudation prepar edfrom Abies excelsa P oiret . A reddish-brown or yellowish-brown, opaqu e or t ra nslu centsolid when pure, gradually taking the form of the vessel in which it is contained;britt le, brea king with a shin ing, conchoidal fractu re; at body hea t it becomes soft a ndadhesive; odor agreeable, somewhat aromatic, terebinthinate; taste aromatic andsweetish, not bitter. A mixture of common pitch, rosin, and turpentine meltedtogether an d agitat ed with water , is often su bstitut ed for Bur gundy pitch, but m ay be

detected by its insolubility in war m glacial acetic acid. Terebint hin a cocta , a residu efrom the distillation of turpentine with water, and Resina pini (white turpentine),fused in h ot wa ter an d str ained, are a llied products resembling th e form er, but t heselater become crystalline. Constituents: Volatile oil (smaller proportion than inturpentine), water, and resin. Gentle rubefacient and stimulant, in chronicrheum at ism, etc., in plasters.

E m p l a s t r u m P i ci s B u r g u n d i c , U.S.P. 1890.E m p l a s t r u m P i c i s C a n t h a r i d a t u m (92 per cent., with cerate of

can th ar ides), U.S.P. 1890.

32. SUCCINUM.AMBER. A fossil resin from extinct coniferous trees, found in

greater or less quantities in every quarter of the globe; the largest deposits occur inth e region su rr oun ding the Baltic Sea, where it ha s been washed upon th e shore. Insmall, irregular pieces, usually light or deep yellowishbrown, sometimes reddish-brown, generally translucent; tasteless and odorless, but emits an agreeable,aromatic odor when heated. It is almost insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, or oils,slight ly soluble in chloroform . Used for fumigat ion, for th e pr epar at ion of succinic acidand oil of amber, an d in th e art s.

32a. OLEUM SUCCINI .OIL OF AMBER. A light yellowish-brown or a mber coloredliquid (colorless when pure), having a balsamic, empyreumatic odor, and a warm,acrid tast e. On exposur e to light an d air it t hickens a nd becomes dar ker, ultima telysolidifying into a black ma ss. With fum ing nit ric acid it a cquires a r ed color, cha ngingafter a time int o a brown, resinous mass ha ving a peculiar mu sk-like odor. It is oftenadu ltera ted with oil of tu rpen tin e, which m ay be detected by its th rowing down a solidcamphor when hydrochloric acid gas is passed through the mixture. Stimulant,an tispa smodic, and irr ita nt . Dose: 5 to 15 drops (0.3 to 1 mil). Extern ally in linimen ts .

33. DAMMARA.DAMMAR. GUM DAMMAR. A sponta neous, r esinous exudat ioncollected in the East Indies from A'g a t h i s d a m 'm a r a Richar d. Transparent , stra w-



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colored, roun ded ma sses, almost free from odor a nd t ast e, and br eakin g with a glossy,conchoidal fracture. Used mostly for varnishes.

34. KAURI RE SIN .KAURI Gum. A resin dug in large quantities from the soil inNew Zealand, wher e it ha s exuded from Dam'ma ra orienta 'lis. It is in large cream -colored or a mber -colored m ass es. Used as a vuln era ry in sk in diseas es; also used as a

substitute for collodion, leaving an adherent, impervious, resinous varnish over thewound.

35. SANDARACCA.SANDARAC. A resin exudin g sponta neously from t he ba rk ofa North African evergreen tree, Cal l i' t r i s qua dr iva l 'v i s Ventenat. Small roundedmasses about the size of a pea, of a yellowish color; it resembles mastic somewhat,and is often substituted for it on account of its lower price, but a simple means ofdistin ction is afforded in its becoming pu lverulent (not a dhesive) when chewed. It wasform erly used as a m ild stimu lant in ointm ents a nd plast ers, but is now mostly usedfor varn ishes. Its powder is used a s a poun ce to prevent ink from sprea ding on pa peror cloth .

GNETACEAE

36. E P H E D R A.The herb E p h e 'd r a a n t i s yp h i li t 'i ca C. A. Meyer. This plant is anative of Arizona, where it is used in venereal diseases. Dose of fl'ext.: 1 to 2 fl. dr. (4to 8 mils).

GRAMINE .-Grass Fa mily

A lar ge order yielding th e cerea ls (whea t, r ye, etc.) an d su gar can e, th e source of mostof the sugar of the market. The characteristics of the order are the hollow stem s

(culms),flowers in spikelets, and t he fruit, a car yopsis.



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Linn (na t. ord. Chenopodiace).



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SOURCE AND VARIETIES.The sugar cane is extensively cultivatedin Africa, E ast an d West Indies (especially Cuba), Bra zil, and Sout her nUnited States, particularly Louisiana. The sugar beet is extensivelycultivat ed in Fr an ce an d Spain, an d h as been introduced with varying

success into some parts of the United States. Cane-sugar is also aconstituent of the sugar maple; of the carrot and turnip, of cassia pulp,etc. The sugar in fresh fruit is mainly cane-sugar; by the action of thefru it a cids, or a ferm ent , it is gener ally inverted, becomes un crys-ta lline,and influences polarized light in the opposite direction from that ofcan e-sugar , twisting t he r ay from right to left. H oney-suga r is probablya mixture of the two varietiesright- and left-handed. It is readilyaltered to a crystalline an d granu lar ma ss ofgrape-sugar in dried fruit,as in t he r aisin, th e pru ne, and solidified honey. This, the comm on formof gra pesugar , is right-handed, a nd is called dextrose (dextrogyrat e), to

distinguish it from laevulose. Barley-sugar is made by heatingcan esugar till it fuses, becoming th us, in a grea t m easu re, un cryst alline.Molasses (tr eacle)Syrupus fuscus (official 1860-1870)is the resultfrom the evaporation of cane-sugar syrup; it is a mixture of canesugarwith un crysta llizable sugar an d coloring ma tt er.

DESCRIPTION.Sugar or sucrose, C12H 21O11, is in white, dry, hard,

distinctly crystalline granules, odorless, and having a purely sweettaste. Permanent in the air. The aqueous solution saturated at 15C(59F.) has a sp. gr. of 1.345 and is miscible with wat er in a ll proport ions ,

soluble in 175 pa rt s of a lcohol.

OTHER SUGARS. S a c c h a r u m L a c t i s .Lactose obtained from thewhey of cows' milk a nd purified by r ecryst a llization.

SOURCE AND DESCRIPTION.It is prepared from cows' milk byevapora ting t he wh ey after rem oving t he cur d. Cows' milk cont ains from4-5 to 4.9 per cent. of sugar. It crystallizes in large hard prisms, has afeebly sweet taste and is soluble in six parts of cold water. It occurs inwhite, har d crysta lline ma sses or a s a wh ite powder feeling gritt y to th e

tongue, odorless, perm an ent in a ir. Like cane-sugar it form s compoundswith metallic oxides, and reduces alkaline copper solutions. Practicallyinsoluble in alcohol, ether, or chloroform. It is not effected directly byferments. When heated with mineral acids it forms dextrose andgalactose.



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ACTION AND USES.When injected into the blood-vessels it appearsunaltered in the urine. When taken in the alimentary canal it isperfectly assimilated. When administered in large doses it acts as anactive diuretic. Milk loses this diuretic effect on being boiled. Used inmaking tablet tr itur ates.

MANNOSE (from mannite); maltose (from starch by the action of diluteacid or dia st ase); melitose (from eu calyptu s).

CARAMEL, N.F . is a nam e applied to burnt sugar(S accharum ustum ), us ed inthe liquid form as a coloring for spirits, vinegar, etc.

SACCHARUM UVEU M.Gra pe-sugar . Glucose. Yellowish or wh itish ma ssesor gra nu les much less sweet t ha n cane-sugar . Composition C6H12O6H2O

ACTION AND USES.Demulcent and lenitive. Used in making thevarious syrups an d compound syrups of th e Ph ar ma copoeia, etc.

OFF ICIAL PREP ARATION.Syrupu s.

40. ZEA, N.F.ZEA.

CORN-SILK

The dried styles and st igmas of Ze 'a ma 'ys Linn (our comm on Indian

corn ) Yellowish or green ish, soft, silky, ha ir-like thr eads, about 150 Mm.(6 in.) long; free from odor, with a sweetish taste. CONSTITUENTS.Maizen ic ac id , fixed oil, resin, sugar, gum, albuminoids, phlobaphene,extra ctive, sa lt, cellulose, and wat er.

ACTION AND USES.Mild stimulant, diuretic. The infusion may betaken ad libitum .

F l u i d e x t r a c t u m Ze a (Unofficial) Dose: 1/2 to 2 fl. dr. (2 to 8 mils).

41. OLEUM MAYDIS .MAIZE OIL. A fixed oil expressed from the embryo of theseed ofZe a m a y s Linn. A yellow, viscid, tr an spa ren t liquid, ha ving a peculiar odorlike cornmeal, and a bland taste. This oil has become quite valuable commercially,used as salad oil and by hydrogenation yields a valuable vegetable fat. In making ofliniments an d oleaginous pr epar at ions, it is qu ite equa l to olive oil. Demulcent.



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42. AMYLUM.STARCH

STARCH

The sta rch grains obtained from t he fruit ofZe 'a m a 'ys Linn.

DESCRIPTION.-Usu ally in opaque, an gular or column ar ma sses, easilypulverizable between the fingers, with a peculiar sound, into a finewhite powder; odorless a nd ta steless. Under th e microscope it is seen tobe composed of small granules striated concentrically or excentricallyaround a nucleus or hilum. Insoluble in cold water, but with boilingwat er it form s a glut inous past e on cooling. Iodine is th e test for sta rch,the characteristic blue color being produced when only a minutequan tity of th e lat ter is present.

O t h e r s t a r c h e schiefly distinguished by the size and shape of thesta rch-gran ules as seen u nder t he microscope:

(a) AVEN FARIN.Oatmeal. From Avena sativa Linn, probablynative to Western Asia, but now a common field crop. A grayish-white,not uniform meal, containing the gluten and fragments of theinteguments; bitterish. Demulcent and nutritive (due to the glutencontained).

(b) SAGO.Pearl Sago. Globular, pearl-like grains, white or brownish,prepa red from Metroxylon sagu , M. rum phii, and other species growing

in the Ea st India Islan ds.

(c) TAPIOCA.Cassava Starch. Yielded by the rhizomes of Brazilianplants, Manihot utilissima and M. aip i , nat . ord. Euph orbiaceae. Whitean d opaque, irregular lumps.

(d) TARO.-Taro Flour. A starch prepared from the corm of Colocasiaesculenta Schott, the food (poi) of the natives in Hawaii and the WestIndies. Recomm ended a s a diet for dyspept ic an d consum ptive pat ient s.

Starches from the underground parts of Triticum vulgare and Oryzasativa, Gramineae; Solanum tuberosum (potato starch), Solanaceae;Canna edulis, Maranta arundinacea, and Curcuma leucorrhiza,Scitamineae.

Powder.Microscopical element s of: See Pa rt iv, Cha p. I, B.



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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.Starch is the basis of that class of

organic compounds termed carbohydrates. Its composition is C6H 10O5.By hydrolysis it is converted into a gummy principle, dextrin, andglucose. Fer men ts convert it in to a lcohol an d car bon dioxideC6H 10O5 =

2C2H 5OH + 2CO2. Ash . Not m ore t ha n 0.5 per cent .

ACTION AND USES.Nu tr itive an d demu lcent .



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OFFICIAL PREPARATION.G ly c e r i t u m Am y l i (10 per cent .).D e x t r i n u m A l b u m , N.F. (White dextrine should not yield more

th an 0.5 per cent . of ash .)

43. HOR DE I F R UC T US .BARLEY. The fruit ofHo r 'd e u m d i s ' t i c h u m Linn, acommon cultivated cereal indigenous to Western Asia. About 15 mm. (3/5 in.) long,

ta pering at th e ends, on one side tr aversed by a longitudina l groove along which th egrayish-yellow palea or husk is coalesced with the smooth, pale brown testa;underneath the testa is a layer of gluten surrounding the central starchyparenchyma. Nutritive.

43a. HOR DE UM, or pea rl bar ley, is th e fru it deprived of its brown int eguments.

43 b. MALTUM .MALT

Sayre Materia Medica-1

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