7.1 Cell Theory 3.1 Cell Theory Cell Theory The Cell Theory has three principles: • All organisms...
Transcript of 7.1 Cell Theory 3.1 Cell Theory Cell Theory The Cell Theory has three principles: • All organisms...
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3.1 Cell Theory
Cells are the basic unit of life.
7.1 Cell Theory
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3.1 Cell Theory
The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists• Galileo (1610) – made the first microscope• Hooke (1665) – made up the term “cell” after viewing cork under a
microscope• Leeuwenhoek (1675) – viewed pond water under a microscope and
discovered little creatures he called “animalcules”• Schleiden and Schwann (1838) – determined all organisms are made
of one or more cells and that cells are the basic unit of life• Virchow (1858) – determined all cells arise from pre-existing cells
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3.1 Cell Theory
The Cell Theory has three principles:• All organisms are made of cells.• All existing cells are produced by other living cells.• The cell is the most basic unit of life.
There are two types of cells:• Prokaryotic cells – small, simple cells that lack a nucleus
and organelles• Eukaryotic cells – more complicated cells that contain a
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Bacterium(colored SEM;
magnification 8800x)
Prokaryote
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3.1 Cell Theory
All cells share certain characteristics:• All cells have:
– A cell membrane (plasma membrane) that is selectively permeable
– Cytoplasm = jellylike material in cell– Ribosomes to make proteins– Cytoskeleton = protein filaments that provide support,
shape and help with movement and cell division
Bacterium(colored SEM; magnification
8800x)
cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
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3.1 Cell Theory
Parts of a microscope
eyepiece
neckrevolving nosepiecelow-power objective
high-power objectivestage clip
stagediaphragm
mirror(light source)
base
coarse adjustment
fine adjustment
arm
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Eukaryotic Cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles• The nucleus stores genetic information• Nuclear membrane (envelope) = surrounds nucleus• Nucleolus = located inside nucleus, where ribosomes are
made
7.2 Cell Organelles
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Ribosomes• Link amino acids to form proteins.• “Protein Factory”
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)• System of interconnected membranes that process and
move proteins (from rough ER) or lipids (from smooth ER).• “Transport System”
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Two types of ER• Rough ER
– Covered with ribosomes – Processes and transports proteins – Completed protein is packaged into a vesicle that
pinches off of rough ER • Smooth ER
– Does not have ribosomes – Makes lipids and breaks down
toxic substances
Rough ER
Smooth ER
7.2 Cell Organelles
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Vesicles• Membrane-bound sacs that hold materials.• “Packages to be delivered”
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Golgi apparatus• Modifies, sorts, and packages materials for export out of
the cell• “Post Office”
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3.2 Cell Organelles
DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
proteinon its way!
protein finishedprotein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleus
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Mitochondria• Supply energy to the cell.• “Power house”
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Lysosomes• Contain enzymes to digest material• “Garbage Dump”
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Vacuole• Fluid-filled sac used
for storage of waterand food
• “Storage Tank”• Animals have many
small vacuoles.• Plants have a single
large central vacuole.
7.2 Cell Organelles
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Centrioles• Tubes found in the centrosomes• Help in cell division• Form cilia and flagella• Only found in animals cells
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Cell Wall• Provides rigid structural support• Made of cellulose• Only found in plant cells
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Chloroplast• Convert solar energy to chemical energy through
photosynthesis.• Only found in plant cells
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3.2 Cell Organelles
Animal cell vs. Plant cell
animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
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3.3 Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is a barrier that separates a cell from the external environment.
• The cell membrane has two major functions.– forms a boundary between inside and outside of
the cell– controls passage of materials
cell membrane
outside cell
inside cell
7.3 Cell Membrane
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3.3 Cell Membrane
Phospholipidbilayer
Fluid Mosaic Model– The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.– Proteins are embedded in the membrane.
protein
cholesterol
proteincarbohydratechain
protein channel
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3.3 Cell Membrane
• Phospholipids– Consist of a phosphate head and 2 lipid tails– Phosphate is hydrophilic (water-liking)– Lipid is hydrophobic (water-disliking)
lipid “tail”(hydrophobic)
phosphate“head”
(hydrophilic)
Structure of a phospholipid bilayer:
7.3 Cell Membrane
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3.3 Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is selectively permeable.
• Some molecules can cross the membrane while others cannot.
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3.3 Cell Membrane
Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences. (ex: more less or less more)
• Two types of cell transport:
1) Passive Transport
2) Active Transport
7.3 Cell Membrane
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3.3 Cell Membrane
Passive transport
• Does not require energy input• Moves materials from high concentration to low concentration (more less)
• Three types of passive transport:1) simple diffusion2) osmosis3) facilitated diffusion
7.3 Cell Membrane
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3.3 Cell Membrane
Simple Diffusion
• Molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient.(high low)
inside cell
outside cell
Which way will fat move?
fat
fat
fat
fat
fat
fat fat
fatfat
fat
fat
fat
fat
fat
LOW
HIGH
7.3 Cell Membrane
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3.3 Cell Membrane
Osmosis• Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a
semipermeable membrane. • When solutes are dissolved in water,
- more water means less solutes- less water means more solutes
• Water can move freely across cell membranes from high[water] to low [water] (or low [solute] to high [solute])
7.3 Cell Membrane
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3.3 Cell Membrane
Movement of water across the cell membrane depends on the relative concentration of water molecules in the cell compared to the fluid outside the cell.1) Isotonic – solution and cell have same conc. of water
and solutes; no net water movement2) Hypertonic – fluid outside of cell has more solutes
(less water) than cell; water moves out of cell3) Hypotonic – fluid outside of cell has fewer solutes
(more water) than cell; water moves into cell
7.3 Cell Membrane
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3.3 Cell Membrane
Facilitated Diffusion• Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell
membrane. • Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through transport proteins.
inside cell
outside cellsugarsugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugar
sugarsugar
Which way will sugar move?
sugarsugar
LOW
HIGH
7.3 Cell Membrane
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3.3 Cell Membrane
Active transport• Requires energy input (in the form of ATP)• Moves materials from low concentration to high concentration (less more)
• Occurs through transport protein pumps.• Examples:- endocytosis- exocytosis- Na/K pump
7.3 Cell Membrane
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3.3 Cell Membrane
Endocytosis and Exocytosis – allow a cell to import and export large materials or large amounts of material
• Endocytosis- process of taking material into the cell- ex: phagocytosis (engulfing solid particle; “cell-eating”);
pinocytosis (engulfing liquid particle; “cell-drinking”)
7.3 Cell Membrane
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3.3 Cell Membrane
• Exocytosis- process of expelling material from the cell- ex: removing wastes
7.3 Cell Membrane
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3.3 Cell Membrane
Cell Transport Summary
simplediffusion
facilitateddiffusion
activetransport
ATP
7.3 Cell Membrane