52046802 Thiet Ke He Thong XL Nuoc Thai Benh Vien 500m3ngay

8/3/2019 52046802 Thiet Ke He Thong XL Nuoc Thai Benh Vien 500m3ngay

1/66

Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49

M U

t vn .Hot ng ca cc bnh vin Vit Nam hin nay ang c ci thin hng

ngy c v cht lng ln s lng. Nhng nm gn y nhu cu khm cha bnh

ca ngi dn rt ln. Hn na vi ch trng a thy thuc n vi tt c cc

bnh nhn trn ton quc k c vng su v vng xa nh nc u t xy dng,

ci to nng cp nhiu bnh vin, trm y t khp c nc nhm phc v ngi dn

c tt hn. Bn cnh ngy nay c rt nhiu bnh vin c nh v va do cc

t chc, c nhn xy dng ln. Tuy nhin song song vi vic tng cng kh nng

phc v khm cha bnh cho nhn dn, cc hot ng ca bnh vin cng thi ra

mt lng ln cht thi gy nh hng n con ngi v mi trng.

Theo quyt nh s 23 ngy 26/12/2006/Q-BTNMT ca B TI NGUYN

MI TRNG th cht thi t ngnh y t v th y (tr cht thi sinh hot t

ngnh ny) c xp vo danh mc cht thi nguy hi c tc ng trc tip n

con ngi v mi trng nu khng c kim sot, qun l v x l tt. V vy,

vic kim sot, qun l v x l tt l mt nhim v cp bch ca ngnh y t v

cc ban ngnh c lin quan nhm bo v mi trng, bo v sc kho cho nhn

vin y t, bnh nhn v cng ng.

Vit Nam, cng tc qun l v x l cht thi y t c ban, ngnh cc

cp quan tm. Tuy nhin, n nay vn cha c ch trng u t ng mc, qun

l cha hiu qu nh cng tc phn loi, vn chuynx l cha ng quy nh,

vn cn tp trung x l cng vi cc loi cht thi khc ti bi chn lp, cn h

thng x l nc thi ca bnh vin th thit k s si, khng hiu qu, ch yu

che mt cc c quan c thm quyn hoc khng c h thng x l nc thi.

Vi s gia tng ngy cng nhiu cc loi cht thi, c bit l cht thi y t

nguy hi, cng vi s qun l cn nhiu bt cp nh hin nay s l mt ngun gy

nhim mi trng, nh hng ti sc khe cng ng dn c nghim trng

hin ti v tng lai nu nh ngay t by gi chng ta khng c cc bin php tchcc hn

Cc vn bn ti liu c s lin quan n qun l v x l cht thi bnhvin.

Cc vn bn php l:

- Lut bo v mi trng ngy 29/11/2005.

H Ni 5/2009 1


2/66


- Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca th tng chnh ph v vic

hng dn thi hnh lut bo v mi trng.

- B y t, quyt nh s 43 ngy 30/11/2007 Q-BYT ban hnh quy ch qun l

cht thi bnh vin thay cho quyt nh s 2575/1999/Q-BYT.

Cc vn bn k thut:- Tiu chun Vit nam TCVN 7382-2004. Cht lng nc-nc thi bnh vin-

tiu chun thi.

- Tiu chun Vit nam. TCVN 6772-2000. Nc thi sinh hot. Tiu chun thi.

- Tiu chun ngnh. TCVNVN 51-2008. Thot nc-mng li v cng trnh bn

ngoi-tiu chun thit k.

H Ni 5/2009 2


3/66


CHNG I: TNG QUAN

I.1.Khi qut v ngnh Y T v hin trng mi trng bnh vin Vit Nam.

I.1.1. Ngnh Y T Vit Nam.

Theo kt qu iu tra ca d n Quy hoch tng th mng li bnh vin

tnh n nm 2005 nc ta c 1027 bnh vin vi 134.707 ging bnh v dtnh n nm 2010 c nc s c khong 1049 bnh vin vi 161.255 ging

bnh. Trong bnh vin nh nc chim 98,5% cn li 1,5% l bnh vin t

nhn (bao gm c bnh vin 100% vn nc ngoi, cc bnh vin lin doanh). S

bnh vin t nhn l 14 bnh vin vi 928 ging bnh.

Bng 1.1: bng thng k h thng bnh vin VitNam

Loi bnh vin s lng s ging bnh

Bnh vin a khoa trung ng 10 6.430

Bnh vin chuyn khoa trung ng 20 5.510

Bnh vin a khoa tnh 115 35.639

Bnh vin chuyn khoa tnh 224 23.463

Bnh vin huyn 586 51.345

Bnh vin ngnh 72 4.715

Cng 1027 134707

Trm y t x 10.257 45.303

V mt qun l phn cp nh sau:

- 32 bnh vin gm 10 bnh vin a khoa (BVK), 2 bnh vin y hc c truyn,

20 bnh vin chuyn khoa (BVCK) do B Y t qun l

- 981 bnh vin gm 224 bnh vin a khoa tnh, 46 bnh vin y hc c truyn,

142 bnh vin chuyn khoa v 659 bnh vin huyn, th x do a phng qun l.

- 72 bnh vin do cc b ngnh khc qun l.

Da trn cc s liu bng trn th s ging bnh tnh trung bnh trn 10.000

dn l 20, cn s ging bnh trung bnh xt quy m cc loi bnh vin nh sau:

- Bnh vin a khoa trung ng: 550 ging.

- Bnh vin chuyn khoa trung ng: 268 ging.

- Bnh vin a khoa tnh: 400 ging.

- Bnh vin chuyn khoa tnh: 156 ging.

- Bnh vin huyn: 104 ging.

- Bnh vin ngnh: 125 ging.

H Ni 5/2009 3


4/66


- Bnh vin t nhn: 62 ging.

I.1.2. Hin trng mi trng bnh vin.

Khi cp n mi trng trong bnh vin l ni n vic pht sinh v x l

cht thi y t.

- Cht thi y t: l cht thi pht sinh c s y t, trong cc hot ng khm chabnh, chm sc, xt nghim, phng bnh, nghin cu, o to...

- Cht thi y t c th dng rn, lng v dng kh. Nguy hi nht l nhng cht

thi y t nh: mu, dch c th, cht bi tit, cc b phn c th, bm kim tim, vt

sc nhn, dc phm, ho cht v cc cht phng x. Vic tip xc vi cht thi y

t c th c nhng nguy c nh mc nhng bnh truyn nhim: vim gan,

HIV/AIDS, ly cho trong bnh vin, nhim khun ngoi bnh vin.

I.1.2.1. Hin trng cht thi rn.

Khi qut chung.

Theo kt qu kho st, khong 33% bnh vin tuyn hyn v tnh khng c h

thng l t chuyn dng, phi x l cht thi y t nguy hi bng cc l t th

cng. Cn li 27% t cht thi y t ngoi tri hoc chn lp trong khu t ca

bnh vin.

Thng tin trn c TS L Ngc Knh, cc trng cc qun l khm cha

bnh (B Y t) a ra ti Hi ngh Bo co Tng kt cng tc khm cha bnh

nm 2008 v nh hng k hoch hot ng 2009 din ra sng 14/4/2009 ti H

Ni.

Theo , v cng tc x l rc thi y t vn cn rt nhiu kh khn, bt cp.

Tnh n nay, c nc ch c gn 200 chic l t chuyn dng (nhit cao v c

hai bung). Trong c 02 x nghip t rc tp trung ti H Ni v TPHCM, cnf

li l cc l t rc c trung bnh v nh. Tng s l t l gn 200 l nhng hin

phi x l rc thi y t cho 435 bnh vin (chim khong 40% s bnh vin). Hn

na, cc l t rc ch yu tp trung cc bnh vin tnh tr ln v mt s bnh

vin tuyn huyn thuc cc thnh ph, th x. Cn li khong 33% bnh vintuyn huyn v mt vi bnh vin tuyn tnh khng c h thng l t ny, phi

x l cht thi bng cc l t th cng (t xy). Cn li 27% t cht thi y t

ngoi tri hoc chn lp trong khu t ca bnh vin.

Cng theo mt iu tra mi y ca Vin Y hc lao ng v v sinh moi

trng-B Y t ti 854 bnh vin cho thy: c 73% cc bnh vin x l cht thi

H Ni 5/2009 4


5/66


rn y t nguy hi bng phng php t, c 95,6% bnh vin thc hin phn

loi cht thi trong 91,1% x dng dng c tch ring vt sc nhn. Tuy

nhin, nhiu a phng khng c c s x l cht thi y t nguy hi tp trung,

nn cc bnh vin sau khi phn loi rc y t v rc sinh hot phi t x l.

Theo TS Knh, qua thc t bo co ca cc a phng cho thy, cng tc thugom, x l rc thi y t hin nay vn cn nhiu bt cp. Cc phng tin thu gom

nh ti, thng ng cht thi cn thiu v cha ng b, hu ht cha t tiu

chun, x l v tiu hu cht thi rn y t nguy hi cn gp nhiu kh khn do

thiu c s x l cht thi nguy hi trn a bn, thiu ngun kinh ph u t xy

dng v vn hnh h thng x l cht thi rn v nc thi bnh vin

y mnh cng tc x l cht thi bnh vin, trong nm 2009, B Y t s

tng cng kim tra v kin quyt x l cc trng hp vi phm cc quy nh v

phn loi, thu gom v x l cht thi y t. Kin quyt t mc tiu n nm 2010

c trn 80% v n nm 2020 tt c cc bnh vin c h thng x l cht thi theo

quy nh ca B Y t.

(Ngun:http://dantri.com.vn/c7/s7-319163/van-con-nhieu-chat-thai-y-te-chua-

duoc-xu-ly.htm)

Thnh phn cht thi rn bnh vin.

Thnh phn vt l:

- bng vi si: gm bng gc, bng, qun o c, khn lau, vi tri- giy: hp ng dng c, giy gi, giy thi t nh v sinh

- thu tinh: chai l, ng tim, bm tim thu tinh, ng nghim

- nha: hp ng, bm tim, dy truyn mu, ti ng hng

- kim loi: kim tim, dao m, hp ng

- Bnh phm, mu m dnh bng gc

- Rc ri, l cy, t

Thnh phn ho hc:

- Nhng cht v c, kim loi, bt b, chai l thu tinh, si , ho cht, thuc th.- Nhng cht hu c: vi si, giy, phn c th, nha

Nu phn tch nguyn t th thy gm nhng thnh phn: C, H, O, N, S, Cl v mt

phn tro.

Thnh phn sinh hc:

H Ni 5/2009 5


6/66


- Mu, nhng loi dch tit, nhng ng vt lm th nghim, bnh phm v c

bit l nhng vi trng gy bnh.

Phn loi cht thi rn bnh vin.

Cht thi rn ti c s y t c th c phn thnh 5 loi nh sau:

Cht thi lm sng: bng, bng, gc, cc vt sc nhn, ng nghim

Cht thi phng x: pht sinh t hot ng chun on, tr liu hoc nghin

cu nh 125I, 153Se (chun on hnh nh)

Cht thi ho hc: pht sinh t cc ngun khc nhau nh: xt nghim, v sinh,

kh khun

Cc bnh cha kh c p: bnh ng oxy, CO2 Cht thi sinh hot: pht sinh t cc bung bnh, nh n, nh git, phng lm

vicbao gm giy, ti nilon, thng cacton

Tc hi ca cht thi rn bnh vin.

Ngoi tr cht thi rn sinh hot hu ht cc cht thi rn cn li u c nguy

c gy tc ng ti sc kho con ngi (cc vt sc nhn, ho cht, mu, bng

bng) qua nhiu con ng nh: h hp, tiu ho

i tng chu tc ng c th l: bnh nhn, ngi nh bnh nhn, bc s v

cc cn b lm vic trong bnh vin

Nhng loi cht thi rn trn nu khng c thu gom v x l ng quy nh s

l ngun ly lan dch bnh v nhim mi trng nghim trng. Phng php qun l v x l:

Cc phng php qun l v x l cht thi rn thng p dng gm c:

- Phn loi ti ngun

- Thu gom v vn chuyn v lu gi cht thi bn trong c s y t.

- Vn chuyn cht thi y t n ni x l

- X l bng cc phng php: Ty u, t, chn lp hoc ti ch.

I.1.2.2. Hin trng nc thi. Khi qut chung

Nhiu nghin cu v thc trng kim sot nhim do nc thi ti cc bnh

vin Vit Nam cho thy mt s vn nh sau:

- Phn ln cc bnh vin u c tht k c h thng thot nc thi v trm x

l nc thi. Mt s thit k tch ring h thng thot nc thi v nc ma,

H Ni 5/2009 6


7/66


nc thi theo ng cng v trm x l nc thi ca bnh vin cn nc ma

x trc tip vo cng thi chung ca thnh ph hoc vo ngun tip nhn khc.

Tuy nhin hin nay hu ht h thng thot nc v trm x l nc thi ca cc

bnh vin ny u khng hot ng v tnh trng xung cp nghim trng, nhiu

on cng b h hng, mt np, st lun bn ct rc thi vo nhiu, kh nng thotnc b gim nn nhiu lc bnh vin b ngp ng vo ma ma.

Tnh trng ny do mt s nguyn nhn sau:

Cc cng trnh xy dng t lu, mt s trn nn t yu.

Qun l yu km, khng c bo dng u n.

Bnh vin lun trong tnh trng qu ti v s lng bnh nhn nn lngnc thi cao hn so vi thit k dn n qu ti h thng.

Trm x l nc thi khng c vn hnh thng xuyn do thiu kinh phvn hnh v mua ho cht.

Cng nhn khng nm c quy trnh vn hnh.- Mt s bnh vin khng thit k trm x l nc thi, nn cae nc ma ln

nc thi u c thi trc tip vo cng thot nc thi chung ca thnh ph,

th x hoc thi vo ngun tip nhn bn ngoi bnh vin nh h, sng , sui, ng

runghoc t ngm vo t.

- Cc bnh vin c trm x l nhng do khng hot ng v mt s bnh vin

khng c trm x l nc thi nn nc thi cha x l khi x ra ngun l nguynnhn gy ra tnh trng nhim mi trng trm trng cho dn c xung quanh c

bit l s ly lan dch bnh. Mt s bnh vin thi nc thi trc tip vo sng,

sui, h, ao. y l ngun nc sinh hot chnh ca ngui dn nn e do trc tip

n tnh trng sc kho v tnh mng ca h.

- Mt s bnh vin do cc h thng thot nc u b xung cp v h hng nhiu

nn kh nng tiu thot nc rt km dn n tnh trng ngp ng trong bnh vin

v l him ho gy bnh tr li cho bnh nhn, ngi nh bnh nhn v cc cn

b ca bnh vin. Ngoi ra do din tch ngun tip nhn nc thi (h) b hp lido nhiu nguyn nhn nn mt s bnh vin khi tri ma c hin tng nc

thi chy ngc t ngun tip nhn vo bn trong bnh vin gy ngp ng bnh

vin do cng lm tng s nhim v nguy c ly lan dch bnh trong bnh vin

- Nhng nm gn y do c s quan tm ca chnh ph, cc c quan chc nng

nhiu bnh vin c u t xy dng mi hoc ci to nng cp h thng

H Ni 5/2009 7


8/66


thot nc thi v trm x l nc thi. Hin nay c nhiu cng ngh x l

nc thi bnh vin khc nhau ang c p dng ti Vit Nam.

L lng nc thi bnh vin

Thng thng tnh ton h thng thot nc v la chn s cng ngh

x l nc thi bnh vin th phi xc nh lng nc thi trong mt ngy. Thc

t cho thy lu lng nc thi bnh vin dao ng theo gi trong ngy v theo

ngy trong tun. Chnh v vy trong tnh ton ngi ta a ra h s hiu chnh tnh

khng ng u K cho quy m bnh vin (tnh theo s ging bnh hoc s nhn

vin phc v). thng th K khng vt qu 2.5 [1] Ngoi ra tnh ton cn chp

nhn tiu chun thot nc bng tiu chun cp nc, do vy lng nc m bnh

vin dng trong mt ngy chnh l lng nc thi trong mt ngy. Cng c th

tnh ton lu lng nc thi bnh vin theo nh mc s dng nc tnh ton trn

ging bnh c trnh by trn bng 1.2 [1]

Bng 1.2. nh mc s dng nc tnh theo ging bnh

i tng S lng/ngy Nhu cu tiu th, l/ngyS ging bnh N 300 - 500S cn b cng nhn vin (0.8 1.1)N 100 150

Ngi nh bnh nhn (0.9 1.3)N 50 70Sinh vin thc tp, khch (0.7 1.0)N 20 30Tng s nc dng thc

t

(3.4 4.4)N 470 - 600

Tnh c nhu cu pht

trin

650 950 l/ging.ngy

Vit nam c th xc nh lu lng nc thi ca bnh vin a khoa theo

bng sau 1.3 [1]

Bng 1.3. Tiu chun cp nc v lng nc thi bnh vin. [1]

STT Quy m bnh vin

(s ging bnh)

Tiu chun cp nc

(l/ging.ngy)

Lng nc thi

(m3/ngy)

1 700 600 >400

H Ni 5/2009 8


9/66


6 Bnh vin kt hp

nghin cu v o to

>700

(BV Vit c H Ni,

BV ch Ry TPHCM)

1000 >500

Tuy nhin do nhiu nguyn nhn m thc t lng nc thi ca mt ging

bnh trong mt ngy m ln hn nhiu ln so vi quy nh hin hnh ca tiu

chun Vit nam, v thng mc t 600 1000l/ging.ngy ph thuc vo cc

loi bnh vin v cc cp bnh vin [1]

Ngun gc, tnh cht v thnh phn nc thi bnh vin.

Nc thi bnh vin l mt dng ca nc thi sinh hot th. Trong nc

thi cha ch yu cc cht hu c c ngun gc do sinh hot ca con ngi. Tuy

nhin do nc dng trong qu trnh khm cha bnh v chm sc bnh nhn nnv mt v sinh v dch t hc th trong nc thi bnh vin cha nhiu vi khun

gy bnh, d ly lan qua ng nc.

Nc thi bnh vin pht sinh t ba ngun chnh sau [1]

- Nc thi t cc phng iu tr, t cc phng xt nghim (gii phu bnh, huyt

hc, truyn mu, lau ra sau cc ca m, khoa ly). y l ngun to ra cc cht

thi nguy hi

- Nc thi cha cc ho cht (c cc ho cht c hi) sinh ra t cc phng dc

nh cc loi thuc, vc xin, huyt thanh, dung mi hu c, ho cht xt nghim,

cc hp cht v c

- Nc thi sinh hot t cc phng cn b, cng nhn vin, nh bp, nh n cha

nhiu cht hu c d phn hu, cc hp cht v c.

Nc thi bnh vin l mt ngun thi gy nguy him cho mi trng v kh

nng lan rng trong mi trng, mc nhim khun cao, kh nng tn ti lu v

nhn ln ca vi khun gy bnh trong iu kin giu cht hu c ca nc thi.

Nc thi bnh vin c th mang cc tc nhn mm bnh nh t, thng hn, ph

thng hn, bnh than, lao, l

Theo nghi cu ca o Ngc Phong v cng s (2003) cho thy nc thi

bnh vin lm nhim cc ngun nc b mt nh nc sng, nc ao, m h,

ging khi v cn gy nhim t. Nc thi bnh vin gy nhim v gieo rc

mm bnh theo tuyn sng thot nc thi, nghin cu cho rng s bnh nhn

H Ni 5/2009 9


10/66


khu dn c dc tuyn sng thot nc thi bnh vin thng cao hn cc khu

vc khc, c bit l bnh v ng tiu ho. [1]

Cc ch tiu nhim chnh ca nc thi bnh vin c trnh by trong bng

1.4

Bng 1.4. Cc ch tiu nhim chnh ca nc thi bnh vin [1]Ch tiu Gi tr TCVN

7382-2004

(mc II)

nh nht Trung bnh ln nht

Ph 6.4 7.54 8.15 6.5 8.5SS(mg/l) 150 160 220 100BOD5, mg/l 120 150 200 30COD, mg/l 150 200 350 80NT, mg/l 15 28 36 30

PT, mg/l 5 9 12 6Coliform,

MPN/100ml

106 107 109 5000

nh gi chung v nc thi bnh vin vit nam:

- Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Nguyn Xun Nguyn v cng s (Ban ch o

quc gia v cung cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng), Trn c H (HXD) v

Phm Th Bch Ngc (B XD) th c th nu ln mt s nh gi v nc thi

bnh vin nh sau [1]. i vi cc bnh vin tuyn thnh ph: nc thi cha hm lng cn l lng

cao nht, BOD trong nc thi kh ln. Nng oxy ho tan nm trong

khong 0-1mg/l, tng coliform tuy khng cao nhng u vt qu gii hn cho

php theo TCVN 5945-1995. Cc bnh vin tuyn thnh ph ch yu x nc

thi vo mng li thot nc thnh ph.

Nc thi cc bnh vin a khoa cp tnh, c hm lng cn l lng khng lnnhng cc ch tiu BOD, nit amoni, phosphat, coliform tng i cao. Hm

lng oxy ho tan trong nc thi thp. Nc thi cc bnh vin ny x vo hthng thot nc th x hoc sng, h, ng, rung xung quanh.

i vi cc bnh vin tuyn huyn, hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi mc trung bnh, oxy ho tan cao, hm lng nit amoni nh. Tuy nhin tng

s coliform ca nc thi bnh vin ny li rt cao. phn ln cc bnh vin cp

huyn ny x thi trc tip ra ngun nc mt nh sng, h, ng rung

H Ni 5/2009 10


11/66


i vi cc bnh vin chuyn khoa, hm lng cn l lng, BOD trong ncthi khng ln lm do lng nc s dng ln. Tuy nhin trong nc thi loi

ny cha nhiu cht nhim c trng v vi khun gy bnh c th. Phn ln

nc thi bnh vin loi ny thng x vo h thng thot nc thnh ph.

- Nghin cu ca Trn Quang Ton v cng s (vin y hc lao ng v v sinhMi Trng 2003) v nh gi nhim theo cc ch tiu ho l ca cc bnh vin

theo cc tuyn (TW, Tnh, ngnh), theo cc khoa (hnh chnh, ly, xt nghim,

dc), theo chuyn khoa (a khoa, lao, ph sn) c th hin trong cc bng sau

[1]

Bng 1.5. nh gi ch tiu nhim cho tng tuyn

Bnh vin pH H2S

mg/l

BOD5

mg/l

COD

mg/l

PT

mg/l

NT

mg/l

SS

mg/l

TW 6.97 4.05 99.8 163.2 2.55 16.6 18.6Tnh 6.91 7.48 163.9 214.4 1.71 18.93 10.0Ngnh 7.12 4.84 139.2 179.9 1.44 18.85 46.0

TCVN

7382-2004

(mc II)

6,5-8,5 1 30

- 6 10

100

Bng 1.6. c tnh nhim nc thi bnh vin theo cc khoa

Khoa pH H2Smg/l

BOD5mg/l

CODmg/l

PTmg/l

NT mg/l

SSmg/l

Hnh

chnh

6.4 2.07 87.14 126.58 0.94 9.54 37.99

Ly 7.04 5.5 117.60 168.98 1.54 12.82 55.82Xt nghim 7.04 3.32 105.41 149.25 1.103 10.12 23.46Dc 6.55 5.95 181.83 235.05 1.56 20.74 51.48TCVN

7382-2004

(mc II)

6,5-8,5 1 30

- 6 10

100

Bng 1.7. nh gi nc thi bnh vin theo cc khoa

Chuyn

khoa

pH H2S

mg/l

BOD5mg/l

COD

mg/l

PTmg/l

NT

mg/l

SS

mg/la khoa 6.91 5.61 147.56 201.4 1.57 17.24 37.96

H Ni 5/2009 11


12/66


Lao 6.72 2.98 143.23 207.25 1.15 16.04 22.23Ph sn 7.21 7.73 167 221.9 0.99 13.19 51.25

TCVN

7382-2004

(mc II)

6,5-8,5 1 30

- 6 10

100

Nhn xt: Nh vy qua cc bng trn ta thy nhn chung tt c cc bnh vin

u c mc nhim cao so vi tiu chun cho php.

Theo cc khoa th khoa dc c hm lng cht nhim cao nht, khoa hnhchnh c hm lng nhim thp nht.

Theo tuyn th bnh vin tuyn tnh nhim hn so vi tuyn TW v tuynngnh nguyn nhn c th l lng nc m bnh vin tuyn tnh s dng c

th thp hn so vi cc tuyn khc. Theo chuyn khoa khng c s khc bit ng k.- Nghin cu ca T Hi Bng v cng s (vin Y Hc lao ng v VSMT) v ch

tiu vi sinh trong nc thi bnh vin (32 bnh vin t tuyn huyn n TW, t

bc vo nam) c th hin trong bng sau [10]

Bng 1.8. Ch tiu vi sinh trong nc thi bnh vin

Vi sinh vt nh nht Trung bnh ln nhtTng s vi khun hiu

kh/ml

2000 942.107 32.1010

Cl.perfrigen/10ml 30 9412 855.102

Coliform/100ml 15.104 234.106 23.108

Feacal

Coliform/100ml

93.103 150.106 23.108

Trng giun/1000ml 0 63 9.102

- Nghin cu ca Dng Hng Anh v cng s (trung tm nghin cu Cng Ngh

Mi Trng v Pht trin bn vng - Trng HKHTN HQGHN) v d

lng cht khng sinh floquinolon (c th l Ciprofoxacin-CIP v norfoxacin-NOR) trong nc thi ca mt s bnh vin H Ni th hin trong bng sau.[11]

Bng 1.9. D lng cht khng sinh trong nc thi bnh vin cha qua x l

Tn bnh vin Nng CIP (mg/l) NOR (mg/l)

Thanh Nhn 7,0.10-3 15,2.10-3

H Ni 5/2009 12


13/66


Vit c 10,9.10-3 3,4.10-3

Vin K 1,2.10-3 -Ph sn TW 2,1.10-3 13,6.10-3

Ph sn H Ni 1,1.10-3 -Hu Ngh 25,8.10-3 8,4.10-3

3,7.10-3 * 1,5.10-3 *

*: Nc thi sau x l.

Qua bng trn cho thy trong nc thi bnh vin cha qua x l c d lng

cht khng sinh CIP vi nng dao ng 1,1.10 -3 25,8.10-3 (mg/l) v NOR t

3,4.10-3 15,2.10-3 (mg/l), trong dng ch l trong nc thi sau x l ti

bnh vin hu ngh th nng CIP gim 85.66% v NOR gim 82.14%. Nh vy

x l nc thi bnh vin lm gim nng CIP v NOR trong nc thi v

cc tc gi trn nhn xt (vi trng hp nc thi bnh vin Hu Ngh) vinc thi cha qua x l th vi khun E-coli khng c vi CIP v NOR (vi s

lng khun lac/100ml ln hn 100.000) nhng vi nc thi sau x l th E-coli

tr nn nhy cm vi CIP v NOR (vi s lng khun lc/100ml t 2000-13000).

Qua cc s liu trn cho thy nhn chung cc thnh phn nhim ch yu ca

nc thi bnh vin bao gm COD, BOD5, tng N, tng P v ch tiu vi sinh.

Tc ng ca nc thi bnh vin n mi trng.

T tnh cht ca nc thi bnh vin ni trn, ta thy nc thi bnh vin l

ngun gy nhim mi trng nc v l phng tin lan truyn cc loi bnh tt.

Ti cc khu vc tip nhn ngun nc thi, v ni s dng cn tim n nhiu nguy

c tim tng ln hn nu nc thi ny khng c x l .

- Khi i vo mi trng nc, do hm lng nit, pht phocao, cht hu c ln

lm gim kh nng t lm sch ca nc v d gy ra hin tng ph dng.

- Qu trnh phn hu sinh hc cht hu c cng lm lng xy ho tan trong nc

gim i. y l iu kin thun li cho qu trnh phn hu k kh pht sinh mi hi

thi.

- Ngun nc thi Bnh vin cn l nguyn nhn lm ly lan cc vi sinh vt gy

bnh nh hng rt ln ti sc khe c dn khu vc ln cn

H Ni 5/2009 13


14/66


CHNG II:

CNG NGH X L NC THI BNH VIN VIT NAM

II.1. Cng ngh x l.

Theo thng bo ca B Y T v qun l v x l cht thi bnh vin cho thy

cc trm x l nc thi bnh vin ca vit nam ang hot ng nhng trnh khc nhau v c th quy v cc nhm cng ngh nh sau.

Bng 1.10. Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin vit nam. [1]

STT Tn cng ngh1 X l c hc2 X l c hc phi hp vi x l sinh hc t nhin3 X l sinh hc hiu kh thng dng4 Lc sinh hc nhiu bc

II.1.1. X l c hc.

Nc thi sau khi qua b t hoi, c x l c hc ti b lng v kh trng

bng clo ri x ra ngoi. y l loi hnh cng ngh x l n gin c dng ph

bin cc bnh vin c ca H Ni v cc tnh (bnh vin Ph sn H Ni, bnh

vin Nhi Hi Phng..) cht lng nc nhn chung khng t tiu chun thi

TCVN 7382-2004.

S cng ngh c th hin trong hnh v sau:

Hnh 2.1. S cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin bng c hc.

II.1.2. X l c hc phi hp vi lc sinh nh git hoc x l sinh hc t

nhin.

Nc thi t b t hoi c x l c hc trong b lng, x l sinh hc trong

b lc sinh hc nh git sau kh trng ri x ra h thng cng chung ca thnh

ph (bnh vin Hai B Trng). mt s bnh vin, nc thi sau khi qua b t

hoi, c x l s b ti b lng ri c bm vo cc b hoc ao x l sinh hc

H Ni 5/2009 14

Nc thi Lng s b Kh trng

Thi ra ngun


15/66


t nhin trc khi thi ra bn ngoi (bnh vin ng Anh H Ni). Ngun tip

nhn thng l ng rung

S cng ngh c th hin trn hnh sau:

Hnh 2.2. x l nc thi bnh vin bng lc sinh hc nh git

Hnh 2.3. x l nc thi bnh vin bng h sinh hc t nhin.

II.1.3. X l sinh hc hiu kh.

Nc thi sau khi qua b t hoi c x l sinh hc trong Aeroten vi bn

hot tnh tun hon v kh trng trc khi x ra ngoi (bnh vin Giao thng,

bnh vin Khng qun, bnh vin Bch Mai).

S x l nc thi bng bn hot tnh truyn thng c th hin trn hnh

sau:

H Ni 5/2009 15

Nc thi iu ho Lng I Lc sinh hc nh git

Lng II

kh trng

Thi ra ngun

Gom bn

Nc thi Lng s b H sinh hc kh trng

Thi ra ngun


16/66


Hnh 2.4. S cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin bng bn hot tnh.

II.1.4. Lc sinh hc nhiu bc c m vi sinh (c m vi sinh ).

Nc thi sau chn rc c lng trong c x dng cht keo t, s l sinh hc

ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh qua lp vt liu m sau lng v kh trng trc

khi x vo ngun tip nhn . Thit b hp khi gn, kt hp cc qu trnh x l c

bn bng phng php sinh hc vi vic b sung ch phm vi sinh gia tng qu

trnh kh cht bn hu c.

S x l nc thi bnh vin bng lc sinh hc nhiu bc th hin trong

hnh sau:

H Ni 5/2009 16

Nc thi Song chn Lng I Aeroten

Lng II

Kh trng

X ra ngun

Gom bn

Lng II

Kh trng

X ra ngun

Nc thi Chn rc Lng I thit b hp khi

B phnhu bn


17/66


Hnh 1.4. S x l nc thi bnh vin bng lc sinh hc nhiu bc

Nguyn l cng ngh hp khi:

Nguyn l hp khi cho php thc hin kt hp nhiu qu trnh c bn x l

nc thi bit trong khng gian thit b ca mi mo-un tng hiu qu v

gim chi ph vn hnh x l nc thi. Thit b x l hp khi cng mt lc thc

hin ng thi qu trnh x l sinh hc thiu kh v hiu kh. Vic kt hp a dng

ny s to mt mng vi sinh ti a m khng gy tc cc lp m, ng thi

thc hin oxy ha mnh v trit cc cht hu c trong nc thi. Thit b hp

khi cn p dng phng php lng c lp bn mng (lamen) cho php tng b

mt lng v rt ngn thi gian lu.

i km vi gii php cng ngh hp khi ny c cc ha cht ph tr gm: cht

keo t PACN-95 v ch phm vi sinh DWH-97 gip nng cao hiu sut x l, tng

cng sut thit b.

Vic p dng cng ngh hp khi ny s khng nhng m bo loi tr cc

cht gy nhim xung di tiu chun cho php trc khi thi ra mi trng, m

cn, tit kim din tch t xy dng, kim sot cc nhim th cp nh ting n

v mi hi.

Hai dng thit b x l: Vi nguyn l hot ng trn trung tm CTC (Trung tm

t vn chuyn giao cng ngh nc sch v mi trng) thit k 2 dng thit b

hp khi in hnh l V-69 v CN-2000.

- Thit b V-69: cng ngh ny c trung tm CTC thit k xy dng t nm

1997 ti bnh vin V-69 thuc B t lnh lng ch tch H Ch Minh. T n

H Ni 5/2009 17


18/66


nay V-69 c pht trin v hon thin nhiu ln. Chc nng ca cc thit b hp

khi kiu V-69 l x l sinh hc hiu kh, lng bc 2 kiu lamen v kh trng

nc thi. u im ca thit b l tng kh nng tip xc ca nc thi vi vi sinh

vt v oxy c trong nc nh lp m vi sinh c rng cao, b mt ring ln.

qu trnh trao i cht v oxy t hiu qu cao.- Thit b CN-2000: Trn nguyn l ca thit b V-69, thit b x l nc thi

CN-2000 c ch to theo kiu thp sinh hc vi qu trnh cp kh v khng cp

kh an xen nhau tng kh nng kh nit. Mi modun thit b c cng sut 150-

250m3/ng.. Thit b CN-2000 c cc bo s hu ch tu bo h s hu cng

nghip t thng 9/2003.

II.2. nh gi hiu qu x l ca cc cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin

Vit Nam.

- Nghin cu nh gi hiu qu x l cc ch tiu vi sinh v ha l theo cc nhm

cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin Vit Nam ca T Hi Bng, Nguyn Khc

Hi v cc cng s cho thy. [10]

II.2.1. i vi cng ngh lc sinh hc nh git.

Bng 2.1. Hiu qu x l ch tiu ha l.

Ch tiu Trc x l Sau x l Hiu xut (%) TCVN

(7382-2004)Ph 6.9 7.3 6.5-8.5H2S 8.0 1.7 79.2 1BOD5 123.8 104.9 15.27 30COD 177.1 137.0 22.62 80

NT 14.4 14.2 0.98 30PT 1.7 0.9 47.75 6SS 37.7 31.3 17.08 100

Bng 2.2. Hiu qu x l vi sinh ca lc sinh hc nh git.Ch tiu Trc x l Sau x l Hiu sut(%) TCVN

(7382-2004)Tng hiu kh (1ml) 531490 107160 79.84 -Cl.perfrigen (10ml) 1690 1060 37.29 -Tng 58762220 12711590 78.36 5000

H Ni 5/2009 18


19/66


Coliform(100ml)Fecal

coliform(100ml)

45871750 7930250 82.71 -

Enterococci (100ml) 4040240 733470 81.85 -

II.2.2. i vi h sinh hc.

Bng 2.3. Hiu qu x l ha l.


(7382-2004)Ph 6.9 7.0 6.5-8.5H2S 11.6 1.7 85.34 1BOD5 264.3 204.5 22.63 30COD 334.8 298.4 10.87 80

NT 18.1 8.8 51.30 30PT 2.2 0.3 83.80 6SS 54.7 21.3 61.06 100

Bng 2.4. Hiu qu x l vi sinh.

Ch tiu Trc x l Sau x l Hiu sut(%) TCVN

(7382-2004)Tng hiu kh (1ml) 746630 27230 96.35 -Cl.perfrigen (10ml) 651 37 94.38 -

TngColiform(100ml) 15896390 30580 99.81 5000

Fecal

coliform(100ml)

15243030 12280 99.92 -

Enterococci (100ml) 14105770 46480 99.67 -

II.2.3. i vi cng ngh bn hot tnh

Bng 2.5. Hiu qu ha l.


(7382-2004)Ph 6.6 7.03 6.5-8.5H2S 5.3 0.66 87.35 1BOD5 116.1 71.66 38.26 30COD 168.0 107.29 36.15 80

NT 18.5 5.91 68.03 30PT 1.4 1.04 23.37 6

H Ni 5/2009 19


20/66


SS 29.0 11.5 60.39 100

Bng 2.6. Hiu qu vi sinh.


(7382-2004)Tng hiu kh (1ml) 321290 46 99.99 -Cl.perfrigen (10ml) 5580 199 96.43 -Tng

Coliform(100ml)

4549230 79 99.99 5000

Fecal

coliform(100ml)

2074990 47 99.99 -

Enterococci (100ml) 3110680 1100 99.96 -

II.2.4. Cng ngh lc sinh hc nhiu bc.

Bng 2.7. Hiu qu ha l.


(7382-2004)Ph 7.1 8 6.5-8.5H2S 4.3 1 82.10 1BOD5 130.5 70 46.37 30COD 178.5 103 42.39 80

NT 16.4 8 48.22 30PT 1.4 1 28.23 6SS 32.0 13 60.50 100

Bng 2.8. Hiu qu vi sinh.


(7382-2004)Tng hiu kh (1ml) 820770 200 99.98 -Cl.perfrigen (10ml) 2080 153 92.66 -

TngColiform(100ml)

19836050 63 99.99 5000

Fecal

coliform(100ml)

6590790 219 99.99 -

Enterococci (100ml) 138180 245 99.82 -

H Ni 5/2009 20


21/66


- Nghin cu nm 2003 ca Trn Quang Ton v cng s (vin Y hoc lao ng v

VSMT) v nh gi hiu qu x l nc thi bnh vin ca 29 bnh vin theo cc

ch tiu ha l c th hin trong bng sau [1]

Bng 2.9. nh gi hiu qu theo ch tiu ha l.

Ch tiu Lc sinh hc nh git H sinh hcVo Ra Hiu

suat

Vo Ra Hiu suat

BOD mg/l 129.9 83.5 35.72 179.2 140.7 21.48COD mg/l 183.1 116.1 36.59 221.5 186.2 15.94H2S mg/l 9.00 3.86 57.11 3.74 0.1 97.33

NT mg/l 16.56 12.37 25.3 12.29 7.23 41.17PT mg/l 1.76 1.09 38.07 1.23 0.28 77.24SS mg/l 36.0 22.9 36.39 53.3 29.6 44.47

Ch tiu Aeroten Lc sinh hc nhiu bcVo Ra Hiu

suat

Vo Ra Hiu suat

BOD mg/l 118.6 89.6 24.45 165.7 94.8 42.79COD mg/l 172.0 142.9 16.92 227.5 130.8 42.51H2S mg/l 4.50 2.53 43.78 4.85 0.8 83.51

NT mg/l 17.08 12.75 15.35 17.23 9.09 47.24PT mg/l 1.60 1.65 - 1.95 1.05 46.15SS mg/l 28.4 28.5 - 37.8 14.8 60.85

Nhn xt: Qua cc bng trn thy rng hiu qu x l ca cc trm x l theo

cc nhm cng ngh khc nhau l rt khc nhau v cha p ng nhu cu ngy

cng cht ch theo TCVN i vi cc dng nc thi hin nay. Trong nhm

cng ngh sinh hc nhiu bc t hiu qu hn c, tuy cha t yu cu l thuyt

v trong qu trnh vn hnh cc trm cn cha tun th cc yu cu v ch cng

ngh, trm khng c vn hnh thng xuyn v n nh. Ngoi ra tnh khng

ng u ca ngun nc cng l mt nguyn nhn.

II.3. nh hng trin khai cng ngh x l nc thi Vit Nam.

- Phn ln cc h thng x l nc thi bnh vin theo cng ngh x l c hc,

bn hot tnh truyn thng khng c kt hp hiu kh - thiu kh xy dng

H Ni 5/2009 21


22/66


khng p ng tiu chun thi theo TCVN 7382-2004 c bit v ch tiu vi sinh

v nit. Trong nhng nm gn y nhm cng ngh hp khi c p dng

thnh cng nhiu bnh vin (bnh vin Thanh Nhn, Xanh Pn) v m bo

yu cu, tuy nhin h thng cn c s vn hnh nghim tc, thng xuyn tng

cng k nng cho i ng cn b vn hnh.

- m bo ch tiu thi theo nit nht thit h x l phi c thm hay ch trng

x l thiu kh. Vic kt hp gia thi kh v khuy trn (thiu kh) cn c thc

hin t ng ho. H x l ny s ko theo tng gi thnh xy dng v vn hnh,

mc tng tu thuc vo cc yu t iu kin t nhin (nc thi, nhit , c

h sinh hc x l tip theo hay khng..)

- Xy dng mi h thng x l nc thi phi da trn c im ca tng c s.

trn c s nhng tiu chun chung cn c s vn dng c th vi nhng hiu chnh

nht nh

- Vic p dng x l sinh hc t nhin c ngha quan trng v gim c vn

u t x l, c bit i vi cc bnh vin tuyn tnh hay huyn khi c din tch

t ln.

- xy dng v vn hnh tt mt h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cn phi

o to i ng cn b, k thut p ng yu cu v s lng v cht lng

- Kh trng l bc bt buc trong x l nc thi bnh vin. Vic s dng clo

dng NaClO hay Ca(OCl)2 l ph hp vi cc c s bnh vin.

H Ni 5/2009 22


23/66


CHNG III:

PHN TCH LA CHN PHNG PHP X L NC THI.

III.1. C s la chn phng php x l nc thi.

Cc yu t cn ch khi la chn phng php x l nc thi.

- c tnh ca nc thi u vo: cn xc nh c th thnh phn cc cht nhim

trong nc thi, dng tn ti ca chng (l lng, dng keo, hay dng ha tan), kh

nng phn hy sinh hc v c ca cc thnh phn v c, hu c.

Bng 3.1.c tnh nc thi u vo c c th hin trong bng sau:

(s liu nc thi u vo ti bnh vin Vit c: s 41 Ph Trng Thi, H Ni)

Thng

s

pH SS

(mg/l)

COD

(mg/l)

BOD5

(mg/l)

NO3-

(mg/l)

Ptng

(mg/l)

NH4+

(mg/l)

Coliform

MPN/100ml7.14 94.8 198.8 157.8 23.74 4.22 14.2 12.106

- Mc yu cu khi x l : Cht lng nc thi u ra phi tha mn cc yu

cu c th ( theo tiu chun), v cht lng nc trong tng lai.

Bng 3.2. Mc x l nc thi theo TCVN 7382-2004TT Thng s n v Gi tr gii hn1 pH Mc I Mc II2 Cht rn l

lng

mg/l 50 100

3 BOD5 mg/l 30 30

H Ni 5/2009 23


24/66


4 Sunfua(S2-) mg/l 1 15 Amoni (NH4+) mg/l 10 106 Nitrat(NO3-) mg/l 30 307 Du m mg/l 5 108 Octophosphat

(PO43-)

mg/l 4 6

9 Tng coliform MPN/100ml 1000 500010 Vi khun gy

bnh ng

rut

Salmonella

Shigella

Vibrio cholera

KPHD KPHD

11 Tng hot phng x

Bq/l 0.1 1

12 Tng hot

phng x

Bq/l 0.1 1

- Chi ph x l v din tch t hin c xy dng trm x l. Trc khi tin

hnh chn la qu trnh x l ph hp, ta cng cn phn tch chi tit chi ph ca

phng n la chn, m bo hiu qu nht

- m bo kh nng x l khi bnh vin m rng cng sut xut. Phng php x l nc thi.

Trn c s phn tch trn cho thy: c im chung ca cc bnh vin l u

c cc ch tiu nhim chung l nhim hu c ( th hin qua gi tr BOD 5,

COD) , d tha dinh dng ( th hin qua ch tiu v N v P) v nhim v mt

v sinh dch t ( th hin qua ch s Coliform)

Nh vy v mt nhim nc thi bnh vin c nhng im tng ng vi

nc thi sinh hot v mt cc thng s gy nhim. Qua tm hiu cc cng ngh

v ang p dng x l nc thi bnh vin cho thy phng php x dngch yu l phng php sinh hc ( k thut bn hot tnh hoc k thut mng sinh

hc)

La chn: Phng php x l bng tc nhn sinh hc.

III.2. Phn tch nguyn l v la chn s cng ngh x l:

III.2.1. xut.

H Ni 5/2009 24


25/66


Phng n 1:k thut bn hot tnh (hnh v):

H Ni 5/2009 25

Ngn thu gom ncthi

Ch phm vi sinh DW-97-H

Nc thi t ccng ng thu gom

Sng rc

Ngn iu ha

Ngn nn bn

B phn nghiu kh thiu kh

Nc chy trnv b iu ha

Rc a dn khux l cht thirn bnh vin

B lng II

B tip xc kh trngNc ra ngun

Bn hottnh tunhon

Bn a vx l

Ha cht kh trng


26/66


Phng n 2: k thut mng sinh hc. (hnh v):

H Ni 5/2009 26

Ngn thu gom ncthi

Ch phm vi sinh DW-

97-H

Nc thi t ccng ng thu gom

Sng rc

Ngn iu ha

Ngn nn bn

Thit b hp khi(lc sinh hc)

Nc chy trnv b iu ha

Rc a dn khux l cht thirn bnh vin

B lng lamen

B tip xc kh trng

Nc ra ngun

Bn hottnh tunhon

Bn a vx l

Ha cht kh trng

Ha cht keo tPACN - 95


27/66


III.2.2. Phn tch la chn phng n.

Phng n 1:

u im:

- Hiu qu x l nhim hu c cao ng thi x l c c ch tiu nit

- Vn hnh n gin, chi ph mc trung bnh.

Nhc im:

- Tn nng lng do phi tun hon bn hot tnh.

- Din tch t xy dng tng i ln.

Phng n 2:

u im:

- Hiu qu x l c ch tiu nhim hu c ln cc ch tiu v nit, photpho t

mc cao.

- kt cu thit b gn nh theo nguyn l modun, t ng, hp khi. Chim din

tch nh ph hp vi cc bnh vin c qu t nh hp.

- Gim nhim th cp nh ting n, mi hi.

Nhc im:

- Gi thnh u t mc cao

- Quy ch vn hnh nghim ngt i hi ngi vn hnh phi c trnh chuyn

mn cao.

Nh vy vi mi phng n u c nhng u im v nhc im nht nhvic la chn phng n no cn cn c vo c im tnh hnh c th ca tng

bnh vin (lu lng nc thi, ch tiu gy nhim, qu t, ngun vn u

t)

La chn s : trong khun kh n ny em xin xut m hnh thit k

theo phng n 1 (x l sinh hc bng bn hot tnh c kt hp thiu kh hiu

kh)

III.2.3. C s qu trnh x l bng bn hot tnh.

III.2.3.1. Nguyn l:H bn hot tnh c pht minh Anh u th k 20. trong x l nc thi

bng h bn hot tnh c in, nc thi c a vo ngn phn ng xc kh. ti

h vi sinh phn tn trong nc s thc hin cc phn ng oxy ho cc hp cht

hu c thnh CO2, cn nit amoni thnh NO3-. Sau nc thi cng lng vi

sinh phn tn t chy vo b lng. ti y qu trnh lng xy ra, khi vi sinh lng

H Ni 5/2009 27


28/66


xung lm trong nc. nc c x l lin tc chy ra ngoi. Lp bn vi sinh

y b lng mt phn c quay tr li ngn hiu kh (hay cn gi l xc kh)

thc hin tip qu trnh, phn bn d c thi ra ngoi x l tip. Qu trnh ny

x l tt cc hp cht hu c cha cacbon ng thi nit hu c v nit amoni

c oxy ho thnh NO3-. kh nitrat, nc hoc bn tun hon v c a v ngn phn ng thiu

kh (anoxic) t trc ngn hiu kh. Khi NO3- trong nc tun hon s phn

ng vi hu c c trong nc vo thc hin qu trnh kh nitrat. Nh vy nc

ra va gim N-amoni ln N-NO3- [13]

S nguyn l:

Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh x l hiu kh:

- Kh cc hp cht hu c:

(1) oxi ha cc cht hu c:

enzym

CxHyOz N + O2 CO2 + H2O + NH3 + nng lng

(2) tng hp xy dng t bo:

enzym

CxHyOzN + O2 C5H7NO2 + CO2 + H2O + NH3 + nng lng

Trong :

CxHyOzN : k hu cc cht hu c trong nc thi

C5H7NO2: k hiu thnh phn ha hc ca vi khun thi im h hp ni

bo

(3) t oxi ha cht liu t bo (t phn hy)

enzym

C5H7NO2 + 5O2 5CO2 + 2H2O + NH3 + nng lng

H Ni 5/2009 28

b xc kh b lng

Bn quay vng

Bn d

Nc vo

Nc ra


29/66


- Nitrat ho:

(1)NH4+ b chuyn ha thnh NO2- nh vi khun nitrosomonas theo phn ng:

nitrosomonas

55NH4+ + 76O2 + 5CO2 C5H8NO2 + 54NO2- + 109H+ + 52H2O

(2)NO2- chuyn ha thnh NO3- nh vi khun nitrobacter

400NO2- + 195O2 + NH3 + 2H2O + 5CO2 C5H7NO2

+ 400NO3-

Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh thiu kh (kh NO3-):

3 3 2 3 5 7 2 2 2 3+ 1.183CH OH+0.273H CO 0.091C 0.454 +1.82H O+H CO NO H O N N +

2 3 2 3 5 7 2 2 2 30.681 0.555 0.047 0.476 1.251 NO CH OH H CO C H NO N H O HCO + + + + +

2 3 3 5 7 2 2 2 3 30.952 0.061 0.061 1.075 0.585 0.061O CH OH NO C H O N H O H CO HCO + + + + +

T cc phng trnh trn rt ra:

Khi cn kh 1 mg NO3-

thnh kh N2 cn 2,7 mg CH3OH to ra 0,74 mg t bomi v 3,57 mg kim tnh theo CaCO3. [7]

Lng CH3OH cn cho c qu trnh:

CH3OHcn = 2.79(NO3-) + 1.56(NO2-) + 0.95DO

Bi v 1,5 mg COD tng ng vi 1 mg CH3OH nn lng COD cn l:

CODcn = 4.05(NO3-) + 2.34(NO2-) + 1,43DO.

III.2.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l hiu kh - thiu kh.

III.2.3.2.1. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l hiu kh.

C rt nhiu yu t c nh hng n qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh nh:nhit , pH, DO, dinh dng, cc cht c..

1). nh hng ca nhit :

S ph thuc ca qu trnh x l sinh hc vo nhit c c trng bng

tc tng trng.

H Ni 5/2009 29


30/66


0

( ) (20 ) ( 20)

max max

T C k T =

T: nhit . (0C)

- Khi nhit tng th max tng dn n tc tng trng tng.

- Khi tng nhit qu ngng cho php (ngng chu ng ca vi sinh vt)gy c ch qu trnh trao i cht (l cc phn ng mem trong t bo vi sinh vt)

dn n tc tng trng gim.

- Khi tng nhit th DO gim dn n hiu qu x l sinh hc hiu kh gim.

- Thng thng trong cc h thng x l sinh hc t0 = 10 350C

2). nh hng ca pH.

pH trong cc h thng x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc thng l :

5-9 v ti u trong khong 6,5-8,5. Nu pH nm ngoi [5-9] th cn phi iu

chnh pH trong h thng.3). nh hng ca oxy ho tan.

thc hin qu trnh oxy ha, vi sinh vt cn oxy di dng oxy ha tan.Trong cc h thng x l hiu kh, oxy c cp lin tc p ng nhu cu oxy

cho qu trnh oxy ha.

Thiu oxy ha tan cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm phng bn do vi

khun dng si pht trin. Vic cp oxy cn c tc dng to ra ng nht trong

thit b, lm r cc khi bng ln, gim cc im cht trong thit b, nng cao hiu

qu lm sch v rt ngn thi gian lu ca nc trong h thng x l. m botc oxy ha, oxy ha tan cn t t 2-4mg/l. khi DO qu ln th hiu qu x

l khng tng hn nhiu nhng chi ph cp nng lng ln.

4). nh hng ca cc cht dinh dng.

Vi sinh vt tiu th cc cht hu c sng v hot ng i hi mt lng

cht dinh dng Nit v photpho pht trin, t l ny thng trong khong

BOD5 : N : P = 100:5:1. Ngoi ra cn mt lng nh cc nguyn t khong nh

Ca, Mg, FeCc cht khong ny thng c trong nc thi.

5). nh hng ca cc cht c.Trong qu trnh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc th cc vi sinh vt

rt nhy cm vi cc cht c nh:

- Cc kim loi nng v mui ca chng: As, Hg, Cu

- Cc hp cht hu c c nh: phenol, hp cht cht ca phenol, cc cht oxy

ho mnh nh clo v hp cht ca clo..

H Ni 5/2009 30


31/66


III.3. La chn cc hng mc v thuyt minh s cng ngh.

III.3.2. La chn cc hng mc.

Cc hng mc chnh trong dy chuyn c th phn ra lm cc nhm nh sau:

1) Khi x l s b: Bao gm b thu gom nc thi, sng rc, b iu ho.

2) Khi x l sinh hc c kt hp x l thiu kh - hiu kh: b phn ng chia 2ngn thiu kh - hiu kh.

3) Khi lng v kh trng nc thi.

4) Khi x l bn cn.

- B thu gom nc thi:

Mc ch: tp trung nc thi t cc ngun thi ca bnh vin v khu x l

Trong b thu gom lp t my nh cn nhm nh tan phn cn t cc b pht.

Ti b ny nc thi c nh k thm ch phm vi sinh DW-97 gip qu trnh

phn hu cc cht bn tt hn.

- sng rc: ty thuc vo kch thc cc vt c th chn sng rc ph hp nhm

gi li cc vt cng , giy ba.. gy cn tr cc thit b trong cng trnh.

- B iu ha:

Mc ch: n nh dng v lu lng qu trnh x l sinh hc tip theo c hiu

qu. Di y b t my sc kh gip cc ht vt cht trng thi l lng, trnh

hin tng phn tn cc b y b. Ti b iu ha c lp thit b o pH nhm

kim tra s n nh ca pH trc khi a vo x l sinh hc.

Nc thi t b iu ha c bm chm t trong b bm sang b phn ng sinh

hc.

chn loi b;

Cc loi b iu ha:

- B iu ha hot ng gin on: y l b hot ng theo chu k lp i lp li.

Khi mt b tch ly th b kia x nc v ngc li. u im ca nhng b ny l

m bo iu ha hon ton, song phi xy dng t nht 2 b, tc l gi thnh xy

dng v qun l s t.

- B iu ha hot ng lin tc: theo nguyn tc chuyn ng ca nc li chia ra

b iu ha hot ng theo nguyn tc y (ch chy tng) v b iu ha theo

nguyn tc xo trn (ch chy ri). Cc thnh phn nc thi c xo trn

H Ni 5/2009 31


32/66


bng cc thit b nh my khuy, my nn kh.. hoc xo trn bng cc bin php

t nhin do chnh lch nhit , t trng nc

Mt c trng ca nc thi bnh vin l hm lng BOD kh cao nn thng

c mi kh chu do nhng kh sinh ra trong qu trnh phn hy ca cht hu c.

Trong b iu ha c lp t h thng sc kh, ngoi nhim v khuy trn lmng u nng ca cc cht nhim cn c tc dng kh bt mi nc thi.

La chn: B iu ha hot ng lin tc c h thng sc kh.

- B phn ng sinh hc vi 2 ngn thiu kh v ym kh:

Mc ch: y l b thc hin nhim v chnh trong vic loi b cc cht bn

BOD, NO3-, NH4+ nhm a nc u ra t tiu chun TCVN 7382 mc II.

Ngn hiu kh: lp t h thng cp kh l cc ng dn c l nhm o trn dung

dch bn lng v cung cung cp oxi cho phn ng sinh ha.

Ngn thiu kh: Ngn ny t trc ngn hiu kh vi nhim v kh bt mt lng

NO3- trong iu kin khng cn cp thm oxy m ch thc hin khuy trn bn

hot tnh.

- B lng II:

Mc ch: lng bn sau qu trnh x l sinh hc. Mt phn bn c bm tun

hon tr li b phn ng duy tr nng bn hot tnh trong b phn ng sinh

hc.

La chn b lng: chn loi b lng ng c tit din hnh trn nhm gim din

tch thi cng so vi b lng ngang.

- B tip xc kh trng:

Mc ch: y l cng on x l cc mm bnh nguy him c trong nc thi

m bo v sinh dch t cho ngun tip nhn. Ha cht dng kh trng thng

dng trong x l nc thi bnh vin l dung dch javen hoc dung dch cloruavoi

do tnh cht dit khun mnh ca tc nhn ClO-.

La chn ho cht kh trng:

Nc thi bnh vin l loi nc thi cha nhiu mm bnh c kh nng ly

lan nu khng c x l. Khu kh trng nc thi l mt trong nhng khu rt

quan trng nhm x l ch tiu vi sinh t tiu chun thi trc khi thi ra mi

trng. c nhiu phng php kh trng ph bin hin nay nh:

H Ni 5/2009 32


33/66


- Kh trng bng clo v cc hp cht ca clo (nc javen, clorua vi)

- Kh trng bng ozon.

- Kh trng bng tia cc tm.

Phng php kh trng bng clo v cc hp cht ca clo l phng php n

gin v hiu qu.Chn ha cht kh trng l dung dch Hypochloride Natri NaClO (c th dng

dung dch Ca(OCl)2).

- B phn hu bn:

Mc ch: x l phn bn t b lng a v

III.3.3. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh:

Nc thi t cc ng ng thu gom c dn v b thu gom chung. Ti y

nc thi c b sung ch phm vi sinh DW- 97 nhm phn hy cc hp cht

hu c nhanh hn gip cho cc qu trnh x l tip theo c hiu qu.

T b thu gom nc c chy trn sang b iu ha, gia b thu gom v b

iu ha c lp t sng rc nhm loi b cc vt c kch thc ln nh hng n

cc thit b v cc cng trnh x l pha sau.

Ti b iu ha nc thi c lm cn bng dng v nng m bo

nc thi i vo cc b sinh hc lun n nh. duy tr cc ht vt cht lun

trng thi l lng di y b ta t h thng sc kh c l.

T b iu ha nc thi c bm v b phn ng AO. B c chia thnh 2

ngn, u tin nc qua ngn thiu kh loi b NO3- sau l ngn hiu kh

kh BOD v chuyn NH4+ thnh NO3-. Nc sau khi qua ngn hiu kh c sang

b lng th cp tch bn hot tnh. Mt phn bn hot tnh c bm tun hon

tr li b phn ng AO duy tr nng sinh khi trong b phn ng. Phn bn

cn li c bm bn a v b phn hu bn. Ti dy di tc dng ca qu

trnh ln men ym kh (c b sung ch phm vi sinh DWH-97) phn ln cn s

c khong ha cng vi s to thnh s sn phm kh nh CH 4, NH3, H2S

phn nc sau b lng c a sang b tip xc kh trng vi ha cht kh trng

l dung dch javen (NaClO) hoc clorua vi (Ca(ClO)2). Sau cng on kh trng

nc c x ra ngun tip nhn.

H Ni 5/2009 33


34/66


CHNG IV.

TNH TON CC HNG MC TRONG CNG TRNH X L

IV.1. Yu cu x l.

Cc thng s u vo:

T s liu thc tp: cc thng s u vo c ly t kt qu phn tch munc ti khu x l s 1 bnh vin Vit c (a im: s 41 Ph Trng Thi-H

Ni)

Bng thng s u vo v yu cu x l.

Thng s u vo u ra

(TCVN 7382-2004 mc II)Lu lng

(m3/ng.)

500 500

pH 7,14 6,5-8,5

COD (mg/l) 230,8 -

BOD5 (mg/l) 157,8 30

NO3- (mg/l) 38,74 30

NH4+ (mg/l) 14,2 10

Ptng (mg/l) 4,22 6

SS (mg/l) 98,8 100

Tng coliform

(MPN/100ml)

12.106 5000

H Ni 5/2009 34


35/66


IV.2. H gom nc thi.

IV.2.1. Kt cu h thu gom.

Ngn thu gom nc thi nhm mc ch thu gom nc t cc ng ng thot

nc thi ca bnh vin v khu x l.

- Lu lng nc thi: Q ng. = 500m3/ng.

Q h =.

24ng dQ =

50021

24 (m3/h)

- Th tch ngn thu gom nc thi:

V = .hQ T= 21.1 = 21 (m3)

Trong : hQ (m3/h): lu lng nc thi

T(h): thi gian lu nc trong ngn thu gom

Chn T = 1h- Kch thc xy dng ngn thu gom:

Chiu cao ngn h = 2,5m (chiu cao bo v l 0,3m)

Din tch b mt ngn:21

8.42,5

VF

h= = = m2

F B L= (rngdi)

Chiu rng ngn B =2,5m

Chiu di ngn L = 3,5m

kch thc ngn: 3,5 2,5 2,5 (rng dicao)Bng thng k thng s

B thu gomKch thc 3,5 2,5 2,5

Thi gian lu nc 1hMy nh cn P = 3kWHa cht ph tr Ch phm vi sinh DWH-97

IV.2.2. Thit b v ha cht ph tr.

IV.2.2.1. Ha cht:

S dng ch phm vi sinh DW-97-H (Digester of waste for Hospital, 1997).y l men x l cht thi bnh vin do Vin khoa cng ngh sinh hc thuc

Vin khoa hc cng ngh Vit Nam v Lin hip Khoa hc sn xut cng ngh

ha hc phi hp nghin cu thnh cng nm 1997.

- thnh phn:

H Ni 5/2009 35


36/66


DW97-H l t hp ca cc vi sinh vt hu hiu (nm si, nm men, x khun

v vi khun), cc enzym thy phn ngoi bo (amilaza, xenluloza, proteaza,

lipaza), cc thnh phn dinh dng v mt s hot cht sinh hc.

- Vai tr tc dng:

DW97-H c kh nng phn hy nhanh cc hp cht hu c cao phn t (tinhbt, xenluloza, protein v lipit)

DW97-H c kh nng tiu dit trng giun k sinh v mt s vi sinh vt gybnh ng tiu ha ngi.

DW97-H hon ton v hi i vi ngi, vt nui v cy trng.

DW97-H tham gia thy phn cc cao phn t kh tan, kh tiu thnh cc nphn t d tan, d tiu.

- cch s dng: DW97-H hng ngy (c th hng tun) theo cch phn b u vo bt ca

nh v sinh ca bnh vin, x nc cho ch phm tri xung cc b t hoi v vo

ngn thu gom nc thi. Liu lng s dng l 2g DW97-H /1m3 nc thi trong

mt ngy. Nh vy vi lu lng nc thi mt ngy khong 500m3 th cn s

dng mt gi 1000g DW97-H.

- bo qun:

DW97-H c bo qun trong ti polietylen hai lp cc ti ng trong thng

cactong chng chut, gin. ni kh mt. [1]IV.2.2.2. Thit b.

- My nh cn: y l thit b c lp t di dy b nhm nh tan phn cn

t cc b pht v cc ht c kch c ln

Chn my nh cn do EU, M hoc nht sn xut c P = 3kW

- sng rc: sng rc c t trc khe dn nc t ngn thu gom sang ngn iu

ha nhm loi b cc tp vt kch thc ln cun theo nc trnh nh hng n

cc thit b trong cng trnh.

IV.3. Sng rc.IV.3.1. S lng thanh chn.

tnh ton sng rc cn xc nh s lng khe h n theo cng thc

1

z

tt

q Kn

b h v

=

, [2]

Trong : q : lu lng nc thi tnh ton, m3/s.

H Ni 5/2009 36


37/66


b : chiu rng khe h gia cc thanh an, m

Thng b t 30 200mm i vi sng chn th v t 5 25mm i vi sng chn

trung bnh.

1h : chiu su lp nc trc song chn rc, m.

ttv : vn tc trung bnh qua cc khe h, theo TCXDVN 51-2006

ttv = 0,8-1,0 m/s.

zK : h s nn dng do cc thit b vt rc, thng ly bng 1,05.

Thay s vi:

q = 21m3/h = 5,8.10-3m3/s.

Chn b = 8 mm = 0,008m

Chn h1 = 0,2m.

Chn vtt = 0,8m/s.

Ta c:35,8 10 1,05

4,70,008 0, 2 0,8

n

= =

Chn s khe h l 5 khe h, vy s lng thanh chn l 6 thanh.

IV.3.2. Tn tht p lc ca dng chy khi qua sng chn.

- Tn tht p lu:

2 o

vh k

g

=

43

sinS

b

=

[2]

Trong : h : tn tht p sut, m

v : vn tc dng thi trc sng chn, 0,8 /v m s=

ok : h s tnh n s tng tn tht do vng mc rc sng chn,

ko=3

: h s sc khng cc b ca song chn.

: h s ph thuc vo tit din ngang ca thanh sng chn, vi titdin hnh trn tra bng ta c =1,97.

S: chiu dy mi thanh, S=0,008m

b : chiu rng mi khe h, b =0,008m

: gc nghing so vi mt phng ngang, =60o

H Ni 5/2009 37


38/66


Nh vy:4

30,0081,97 sin 60 1,7

0,008oS

= =

20,8

1,7 3 0,1662 9.81

h m= =

- Din tch hu ch ca tm sng tnh theo cng thc:

3

3 25,8 10 7,3 100,8c

QF m

v

= = = [1]

IV.4. B iu ha.

IV.4.1. Kt cu b.

Vic tnh ton thit k b iu ha da trn cc s liu v lu lng nc thi,

s bin i ca nng cc cht nhim v lu lng nc thi trong ngy. Lp

cc hm Q = f(t) v C = f(t) v t tm ra thi gian iu ha cn thit.Do khng c iu kin o c cc gi tr lu lng v nng cc cht bn

cc thi im khc nhau nn s b chn thi gian iu ha l dhT =2h.

- Th tch b iu ha:

dh dhV Q T= , m3

Trong : dhV : th tch b iu ha, m3

Q : lu lng nc thi, m3/h

dhT : Thi gian iu ha cn thit, chn dhT =2h.

Thay s:321 2 42dhV m= =

- kch thc b:

Chn chiu cao b l h = 2,5m (chiu cao bo v l 0,3m)

Din tch b mt b l F =242 16

2,5dhV mh

=

F = BL (rng di)

Chn chiu rng b 4m. Chn chiu di b 4m.

kch thc b 442,5 (rng dicao).IV.4.2. H thng cp kh b iu ha.

- Lng kh cn cp cho b iu ha.

H Ni 5/2009 38


39/66


kk kk Q n q L= , m3/h [5]

Trong : kkQ : lng khng kh cn cp vo b, m3/h.

kkq : cng thi kh cho mt mt chiu di, thng kkq =2-5m3/mh

L : chiu di ca b iu ha = chiu di ca ng cp kh trong b.n : s ng phn phi kh. S dng 2 ng phn phi kh n =2.

Thay s vi kkq = 4 m3/mh, n =2, L =4m.

kkQ = 244=32 m3/h.

B tr h thng ng phn phi.

ng knh ng phn phi kh thng chn d = 50 100mm

H thng gm mt ng ng d = 75mm chnh dn t gian my kh n b.

Di b gm 2 ng nhnh vi d = 50mm.

Cc ng c lm t nha PVC- Tnh ton my thi kh.

p lc ca my thi kh, P c tnh theo cng thc:

98066,5(1 ),10,33

sH

P Pa= + [2]

Trong : P: p lc my thi kh, Pa

sH : chiu su t h thng phn phi

Chiu cao b l h=2,5m, do la chn sH =2,3mThay s:

2,398066,5(1 ) 120

10,33P= + kPa. [2]

Cng sut ca my thi kh ca h thng c tnh theo cng thc.0,293,64( 26,3)

,1000

kkP Q

N KW n

=

Trong : kkQ : Lu lng kh nn

n : h s s dng hu ch ca my thi kh, 0,5 0, 75n = Thay s:

0,293,64(120000 26,3)32

11000 0, 5

N

=

kW

Nh vy cn dng 2 my thi kh c:

H Ni 5/2009 39


40/66


Q = 32m3/h, H = 3m, N=1kW. Trong 1 my lm vic v 1 my d phng.

IV.4.3. Bm nc thi.

- La chn loi bm.

dng bm nc thi loi bm chm, cnh h. Khe h ca bnh xe cng tc c

th cho php bn sn i qua. Ton b thn, v my c ch to bng inox,ring bnh xe cng tc c ch to bng hp kim chng n mn.

lp t 2 my bm ti b iu ha. Mt my lm vic v mt my dphng. Cc my bm ny c ni vi h thng phao t ng cho php t

ng bm khi c nc thi v t ng ngt khi nc thi t.

Chn 2 bm c cc thng s: Q = 20-24m3/h, H=6m, P = 1,5kW do Nht,M hoc EU sn xut.

IV.4.4. Ha cht ph tr v thit b khc.

Ha cht iu chnh pH:

- Axit:

Thng cha: V=0,5m3. lm bng vt liu compozite hoc thp khng r (snxut ti Vit Nam)

Bm nh lng: Q = 75l/ph; H =6bar; P = 0,2kW (xut x t Italy, Mhoc c)

- Xt:

Thng cha: V = 0,5m3

. Bm nh lng: Q = 75l/ph; H = 6bar; P = 0,2kW.

- My khuy ha cht P = 0,12kW, tc vng quay n = 60-80 vng/pht.(xut

x t Italy hoc i Loan)

Thit b o pH: B Transitter pH.

- pha trn np y b c lp ng thng hi cc kh thot ra t b i vo khng

kh.

Bng thng k thng s

B iu haKch thc 442,5

Thi gian lu nc 2hLng kh cn cp 32m3/hThit b ph tr Axit, xt, u d pH

H Ni 5/2009 40


41/66


IV.5. B phn ng sinh hc.

IV.5.1. Bin lun s liu

Qua b iu ha ta xem nh nc thi n nh c v lu lng v nng d.

Nh vy s liu u vo b sinh hc nh sau:

Q = 500m3/ngy m.COD = 230,8 mg/l.

BOD5 = 157,8mg/l.

SS = 98.8mg/l.

NO3- = 38,74

NH4+ = 14,2mg/l

Ptng = 4,22mg/l

pH = 7,2.

T0: 20oC

Coliform: 12.106 MPN/100ml.

- Cn c tiu chun nc thi bnh vin 7382-2004 v nh hng cng ngh x

l nc thi nhng nm gn y nc thi bnh vin ngoi vic x l nhim hu

co cn c thm phn x l nit (khi hm lng nit d tha s gy nhim th

cp cho ngun tip nhn sau x l). Tc l phi kt hp gia x l thiu kh hiu

kh.

IV.5.2. Thit k.

IV.5.2.1. Ngn hiu kh (Oxic)

Vng hiu kh c chc nng tng t nh b aeroten. Do vy vic tnh ton

da trn cc cng thc p dng trong tnh ton b aeroten.

Vng hiu kh c chc nng kh BOD 5 v thc hin qu trnh nitorat ha tuy

nhin theo phn tch trn ta thy rng lng NH4+ tng i thp v ch cho

nhu cu dinh dng nn ngn hiu kh lm nhim v ch yu l kh BOD5

Thng s u vo ngn hiu kh:

- lu lng nc thi vo: Q=500m3/ngy.m.

- lng BOD5 u vo: 157,8 mg/l

- nhit nc thi t =20oC

Yu cu u ra:

H Ni 5/2009 41


42/66


- Nc x l xong t tiu chun BOD 20mg/l (theo tiu chun

BOD530mg/l l m bo tiu chun loi II 7382-2004 nc thi bnh vin

nhng khi tnh ton m bo hiu qu v tiu chun nc nghim ngt

trong tng lai c th tnh ton x l t mc tt hn tiu chun ra)

- Cn l lng u ra b lng SS = 30mg/l cha 65% cn hu c phn hyBOD20

Mt s thng s khc la chn khi tnh ton.

- Lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi u vo Xo = 0

- Nng bn hot tnh trong b la chn theo nng cht nn vo b

Khi So(BOD5) = 150-200mg/l, X 2800mg/l [7].

Chn X = 2500mg/l

- tro ca bn hot tnh Z = 0,3, nng cn lng y b lng 2 v cng

l nng bn tun hon 10 000mg/l [7].

- BOD5=0,68 BOD20 [7].

- Thi gian lu bn hot tnh trong b chn 8c = ngy [7].

- Ch thy lc ca b: khuy trn hon chnh.

IV.5.2.1.1. Cn bng vt cht:

1) Xc nh hiu qu x l ca b

- Lng BOD21 cha trong cn l lng ra khi b lng:+ BOD21 = 0,6530=19,5mg/l cn s b phn hy tip tc.

+ Lng BOD21 kh b oxy ha ht chuyn thnh cn tng ln 1,42 ln (1

mg BOD21 tiu th 1,42 mgO2): 14,31,42 = 20,3 mg/l.

+ Lng BOD5 cha trong cn l lng u ra: 20,30,68 = 13,8 mg/l.

+ Lng BOD5 ha tan cn li trong nc khi ra khi b lng

20 13,8 = 6,2 mg/l.

Hiu qu lm sch:

157,8 6, 2 100% 96,1%157,8

o

o

S SES = = =

Trong : So: BOD5 u vo

S: BOD5 ra khi b lng.

2) Tnh th tch ngn hiu kh.

Th tch ngn hiu kh c tnh theo cng thc:

H Ni 5/2009 42


43/66


3( ) ,(1 )

o c

d c

QY S S V m

X K

=

+ [7]

Trong : V: th tch b, m3

Q: lu lng nc thi, m3/ngy.m.

Q = 500 m3/ngy.m.So(BOD5 vo) = 157,8mg/l

S(BOD5 ra) = 6,2mg/l

Y: h s sinh trng cc i (mg bn hot tnh/mg BOD5 tiu th)

Y = 0,5 bng 5-1 [7]

Kd: H s phn hy ni bo (ngay-1)

Kd = 0,06/ngy bng 5-1 [7]

c : tui ca bn (ngy)

0, 75 15c = (ngy) bng 6-1 [7]

Chn 8c = (ngy)

X: nng bn hot tnh, mg/l

X = 2500mg/l

Thay s c:

Th tch ngn hiu kh l:

3500 0,5 (157,8 6,2) 8 82

2500 (1 0,06 8)

V m

=

+ Vi th tch b 82V = m3, la chn kch thc hnh hc ca b nh sau:

- Thit k b su 4m (thng khi dng h thng thi kh nn chn chiu cao t 4-

7m tng cng kh nng ha tan kh), chiu cao bo v 0,3m.

- Chiu rng B = 3m

- Chiu di L = 7m. kch thc xy dng: 374 (rng di cao)

3) thi gian lu nc trong b.

82 0,162521

VQ

= = = ngy =3,9 (h)

4) Tnh lu lng cn d phi x i hng ngy sau khi h thng hot ng n

nh.

a) H s to cn t BOD5:

H Ni 5/2009 43


44/66


0,5

0,3381 1 0,06 8b d c

Yy

K = = =

+ +

Trong : by : T l lng cn (bn hot tnh) sinh ra do gim cht nn.

Y: h s sinh trng cc i (mg bn hot tnh/mg BOD5 tiu th)

0,5Y= (mg bn hot tnh/mg BOD5 tiu th) [7]

dK : H s phn hy ni bo, ngay-1 0,06dK = /ngy

b) Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra do kh BOD5:

3( ) 10 x b oP y Q S S = , kg/ngy

Trong : xP: lng bn sinh ra do kh BOD5 , kg/ngy.

Thay s:

30,338 500 (157,8 6,2) 10 25,62xP= = (kg/ngy.m)

c) Tng lng cn sinh ra theo tro ca cn Z =0,3:

125,62

36,61 0,3x

P = = (kg/ngy.m)

1xP : tng lng cn sinh ra hng ngy (kg/ngy.m)

d) Lng cn d hng ngy phi x i:

31 30 10 xa x P P Q=

336,6 500 30 10 21,6xaP= = (kg/ngy.m)

5) Tnh lu lng x bnT biu thc tui ca bn c :

c xa T r r

V X

Q X Q X

=

+

r r cxaT c

V X Q X Q

X

=

Trong : V: th tch b, V = 82m3.

Qr = Qvao = 500m3 (coi lng nc theo bn l khng ng k)X = 2500mg/l

8c = ngy

XT: nng bn hot tnh (cn khng tro) ly t b lng tun

hon li b hiu kh, mg/l

H Ni 5/2009 44


45/66


XT = 0,710 000 = 7000mg/l

Xr: Nng bn hot tnh trong nc lng, mg/l

Xr= 19,50,7 = 13,65mg/l

(0,7 l t l lng cn bay hi trong tng s cn hu c, cn khng tro)

Thay s:

82 2500 500 13,65 8

7000 8xaQ

= =

2,7m3/ngy

6) Xc nh h s tun hon :

nng bn hot tnh trong b lun gi gi tr X = 2500 mg/l ta c phng

trnh cn bng vt cht:

( )

25000,55

7000 2500

T T V T

T

T

V

Q

Q

Q X Q Q X

X

X X

= +

= = =

Lu lng tun hon:

0,55 0,55 500 275T VQ Q= = = (m3/ngy)

7) Kim tra ch tiu lm vic ca b

a) T sF

M:

oSF

M X=

[7]

157,8 0,3880,1625 2500

FM

= =

(mgBOD5/mg bn.ngy)

Gi tr ny nm trong khong cho php ca thng s thit k F/M=0,2-1 theo

bng 6-1. [7]

b) Tc s dng cht nn (BOD5) ca 1 gram bn hot tnh trong 1 gi:

1oS S

X

= [7]

157,8 6,2 1

2500 3,9

= = 15,5 mg BOD5/1 gram bn.h

c) Ti trng th tch:

oS Q

LV

= [7]

3157,8 10 500

0,9682

L

= = kgBOD5/m3ngy

H Ni 5/2009 45


46/66


Gi tr ny nm trong khong cho php ca thng s thit k theo bng 6-1 [7]

d) Ch s th tch bn SVI (ml/g) c tnh theo cng thc:

1000X

X

SVI

= [2]

Trong : : H s tun hon

2500 / X mg l =

Thay s SVI= 142 (ml/g)

Gi tr ny nm trong khong 80-150(ml/g). Nh vy bn lng tt.

IV.5.2.1.2. Lng khng kh cn thit cung cp cho ngn hiu kh v la

chn h thng cp kh.

1) Lng khng kh cn thit.

Vi gi thit rng lng N-NH4+ tng i thp ch l ngun dinh dng chovi sinh vt. Lng khng kh cp vo ch nhm mc ch kh BOD5.

- Theo l thuyt lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh kh BOD l:

( )

1,421000

oo x

Q S SOC P

f

=

(kg O2/ngy) [7]

Trong : oOC : lng oxy cn thit theo iu kin tiu chun ca phn ng

20oC.

Q : Lu lng nc thi cn x l (m3/ngy).

oS : Nng BOD5 u vo (g/m3)

S: Nng BOD5 u ra (g/m3)

f : H s chuyn i t BOD5 sang COD hay BOD20; 5BOD

fCOD

=

Thng 0, 45 0, 68f = ; chn 0,68f =

xP: Phn t bo x ra ngoi theo bn d, kg/ngy.m

xP = 25,62 (kg/ngy.m)

1,42: H s chuyn i t t bo sang COD.Thay s:

500 (157, 7 6, 2)

1, 42 25, 62 75, 091000 0,68o

OC

= = (kg/ngy)

- Lng oxy cn thit trong iu kin thc t l;

H Ni 5/2009 46


47/66


20 ( 20)1 1

1,024s

t o T

sh d

COC OC

C C

= (kg/ngy) [7]

Trong : tOC: lng oxy thc t, kg/ngy.

: H s iu chnh lc cng b mt theo hm lng mui, i

vi nc thi thng ly 1 = .

shC : Nng oxy bo ha trong nc sch ng vi nhit (ToC)

v cao so vi mt bin ti nh my x l. T 0 =200C, shC = 9,08 (mg/l)

20SC : Nng oxy bo ha trong nc sch 20oC, mg/l

20 9,08SC = (mg/l).

dC : Nng oxy cn duy tr trong cng trnh (mg/l). Khi x l

nc thi thng ly 1,5 2 /dC mg l = .Ly 2 /dC mg l = .

: H s iu chnh lng oxy ngm vo nc thi do nh hng

ca hm lng cn, cht hot ng b mt, loi thit b lm thong, hnh dng v

kch thc b, =0,6-0,94. Chn = 0,7.

Thay s:

9,08 1

75,09 137,579,08 2 0,7t

OC = =

(kg/ngy)

- Tnh lng khng kh cn thit:

tkOC

Q fOU

= , m3/ngy. [7]

Trong : tOC: lng oxy cn thit.

f : h s an ton, thng t 1,5-2.

Chn 2f =

OU Ou h= : Cng sut ha tan oxy vo nc thi ca thit b phn

phi tnh theo gram oxy cho 1m3 khng kh.

Ou : Cng sut ha tan oxy vo nc thi ca thit b phn phi tnh

theo gram oxy cho 1 m3 khng kh. (tra bng)

327 / .Ou grO m m= [7]

h : su ngp nc ca thit b phn phi kh.

4h m = su ngp nc ca b.

H Ni 5/2009 47


48/66


Thay s:

3120,4

2 9826, 437 10 4k

Q

= =

m3/ngy = 409,43 m3/h.

2) Tnh ton v la chn h thng phn phi kh.

a) H thng phn phi kh.- la chn loi ng dn khng kh: dn khng kh ta chn ng dn lm bng

PVC do kh nng chu n mn, chu nhit tt v gn nh d lp t.

- Tnh ng knh ng dn khng kh:

0,785

okhi

WD

=

, mm [1]

Trong : oW : Lu lng khng kh, m3/s

: vn tc trung bnh trong ng dn, 10 15 /m s = [7]

chn 12 /m s =

Thay s:

409,43

1100, 785 12 3600khi

D mm= =

Chn ng c D = 110 mm.

Kim tra vn tc kh:

2409,43

11,97 /3600 0, 785 0,11

m s= = (m bo

=10-15m/s)

- S dng thit b lm thong to ra cc bt kh nh v mn.

Chn loi a xp c ng knh 0,3m, din tch b mt 0,07m2, cng thi

kh t 0,7-1,4 (l/s) [7].

Chn cng thi kh l 1,4 (l/s)

S a trong ngn hiu kh l:

409,43 100081

1, 4 3600N

=

(a)

Chn s a l 80.Cch b tr h thng phn phi kh:

+ dn ng phn phi kh t cch y 0,2m.

+ ng dn kh chnh t nm trng vi trc di ca ngn.

+ b tr 10 ng PVC ngang nm dc theo trc chnh, cch nhau 0,6m. Thanh u

v thanh cui cch thnh b 0,5m.

H Ni 5/2009 48


49/66


+ trn mi thanh b tr 8 a (mi bn trc 4 a). Cc a kh cch nhau 0,4m. a

u v cui cch thnh b 0,1m.

- ng knh cc ng nhnh:

Xem nh lng kh c phn b u vo cc ng nhnh. Lng kh qua mi

nhnh l:

409,43

4110 10

khinhanh

QQ = = (m3/h)

Chn vn tc phn phi kh trong ng nhnh l 12 /m s = ( 10 15 /m s = )

ng knh ng nhnh l:

41

350,785 12 3600

nhanh D mm= =

b) My thi kh.

- p lc cn thit ca my thi kh tnh theo cng thc:

98066,5(1 ),10,33

sH P Pa= + [2]

Trong : P: p lc my thi kh, Pa

sH : ngp ca thit b phn tn kh trong nc

4sH m = chiu su b.

Thay s:

498066,5(1 ) 136040 13610,33 P Pa kPa= + =

- Cng sut ca my thi kh tnh theo cng thc:

( )0,293,64 26,3

1000kP Q

N

=

, kW

Trong : kQ : tng lu lng kh nn, m3/h

kQ = 409,43 (m3/h): h s s dng hu ch ca my thi kh, 0,5 0, 75=

Chn 0,7=

Thay s:

( )0,293,64 136040 26,3 409,43

9,61000 0, 7

N kW

= =

H Ni 5/2009 49


50/66


Chn 2 my thi kh c 10 N kW = , 136 P kPa= . Trong 1 my d phng v

1 my lm vic.

IV.5.2.2. Ngn thiu kh (Anoxic).

Ngn thiu kh c t trc ngn hiu kh nhm kh bt mt phn hm

lng nit di dng NO3-.- Vi nng NO3- u vo l 38,74mg/l t tiu chun nc thi bnh vin

7382-2004 th nc thi u ra phi t NO3- 30mg/l. m bo hiu qu ta x

l NO3- 25 mg/l. Khi dung tch phn anoxic s c tnh theo cng thc:

anoxicV Q = , m3

Trong : anoxicV : th tch ngn thiu kh kh NO3-

Q : lu lng nc thi vo, m3/h

: thi gian lu nc kh NO3-

2

3 3vao ra

N

NO NO

X

=

, ngy [7]

Thay s vi:

X = 2500 mg/l

NO3-(vo) = 38,74mg/l

NO3-(ra) = 25mg/l

2N

(200C) = 0,1 mg/mg ngy (tc kh NO3-)

0,05 ngy = 1,2h

500 (38, 74 25)

270,1 2500

V

= m

3

- kch thc xy dng: 333. ngn ny c ni lin vi ngn hiu kh. Trong

ngn ta khng lp t h thng cp kh m dng my khuy trn c hc dt tm

b nhm o trn nng bn hot tnh tun hon t b lng. khng cn b sung

lng cacbon do tn dng ngay c lng cc bon trong nc thi u vo v

dng tun hon kh NO3-.

Bng thng k cc thng s ngn hiu kh.

Ngn hiu khKch thc (m) 374Tui ca bn (ngy) 8F/M (g BOD/g bn hot tnh) 0,388Ti trng BOD5 (kg BOD5/m3 ngy) 0,96

Nng bn hot tnh trong b (mg/l) 2500

H Ni 5/2009 50


51/66


Thi gian lu nc (h) 3,9T l tun hon 0,55Lng khng kh cn cp (m3/h) 409,43

Bng thng s ngn thiu kh.

Ngn thiu khKch thc (m) 333Thi gian lu nc (h) 1,2My khuy chm

ng knh cnh khuy

P = 1,1kW

250mm

IV.6. Tnh ton b lng II.

S dng b lng ng tit din hnh trn nhm hn ch din tch thi cng.

IV.6.1. Tnh din tch b.- Din tch mt bng c b lng II tnh theo cng thc:

(1 ) o

t L

Q CS

C V

+ =

, m2 [7]

Trong : S: din tch mt bng ca b lng, m2

Q : lu lng nc thi a vo x l, m3/h.

: h s tun hon

oC : Nng bn hot tnh trong b aeroten, g/m3.

tC : Nng bn trong dng tun hon, g/m3. LV : vn tc lng ca mt phn chia, m/h.

Tnh LV theo cng thc thc nghim:

6.10

axLKC

L mV V e

= , m/h [7]

Trong : axmV =7m/h [7]

600K =

31 1

10000 5000( / )

2 2L tC C g m= = =

6600 5000 107 0,34( / )LV e m h

= =

Thay s: 3 3500 / 21 /Q m h m h= = , 0,55 =

32500 3571( / )

0,7 0,7oX

C g m= =

H Ni 5/2009 51


52/66


310000 14286( / )

0,7tC g m=

0,34( / )LV m h=

( ) 221 1 0,55 3571

3510000 0,34S m

+

=

- Din tch b nu k c din tch bung phn phi trung tm

21,1 1,1 35 38,5beS S m= = =

- ng knh b:

4 4 38,5

73,14

bebe

SD m

= =

- ng knh bung phn phi trung tm:

0,25 0,25 7 1,75bed D m= = =- Din tch bung phn phi trung tm:

2

22,44

df m= =

- Din tch vng lng ca b:

235,5 2,4 33 L beS S f m= = =

- Ti trng thy lc:

50015,15

33L

Qa

S= = = m3

/m2

ngy.- Vn tc i ln ca dng nc trong b:

15,15

0,6324

V= = m/h

- Mng thu nc t vng trn c ng knh 0,8 ng knh b:

0,8 7 5,6mangD m= =

- Chiu di mng thu nc:

3,14 5, 6 17, 6mang L D m= = =

- Ti trng thu nc trn 1m di ca mng:

500

28,4117,6L

Qa

L= = = m3/m di.ngy

- Ti trng bn:

H Ni 5/2009 52


53/66


( ) 3 2500 1,55 3571 10 3,5 / /

24 24 33t oQ Q Cb kg m h

S

+ = = =

IV.6.2. La chn chiu cao b.

- chn chiu cao b: 3,8H m= , chiu cao d tr trn mt thong: 1 0,3h m= , chiu

cao ct cha nc trong b : 3,5 gm:

- chiu cao phn nc trong 2 2h m=

- chiu cao phn chp y b c dc 5% v tm

3 0, 05 3,5 0,175h m= =

- chiu cao phn cha bn hnh tr:

4 1 2 3 3,8 0,3 2 0,175 1,325h H h h h m= = =

- Th tch phn cha bn:

3

4 38,5 1,325 51bv S h m= = =- Nng bn trung bnh trong b:

35000 10000

7,5 /2 2

L ttb

C CC kg m

+ += = =

- Lng bn cha trong b lng:

7,5 51 382,5bun b tbG v C kg = = =

IV. 6.3. Thi gian lu nc trong b lng

- Dung tch b lng:

338,5 3,5 134, 75V S H m= = =

- Lng nc i vo b lng:

( ) ( ) 31 1 0,55 21 32,55 /tQ Q m h= + = + = m3/ngy. m

- Thi gian lng:

134,75

4,232,55t

Vt h

Q= = =

Sau b lng nc thi qua ng ng dn sang b kh trng. Bn cn mt

phn c tun hon v u b sinh hc, phn cn li c a v b cha bn.

Bng thng s b lng II.

B lngKch thc

H Ni 5/2009 53


54/66


- ng knh (m)

- Chiu cao (m)

7

3,8Ti trng thy lc (m3/m2 ngy) 15,15Ti trng bn (kg/m2/h) 3,5Thi gian lng (h) 4,2

IV.7. Kh trng.

IV.7.1. Lng ha cht cn thit trong mt ngy m.

Tnh ton lng clojaven cn dng:

- Hm lng clo hot tnh dng cho mt m3 nc thi: 3,5g/m3 [2]

- Lng clo dng trong mt ngy: 3,5500=1750g/ngy.m.

- S dng dung dch clojaven NaClO 6%. Khi lng clojaven (NaClO 6%) cho mt ngy l:

1750 74,5 100

61,235,5 6NaClO

m

= = (kg/ngy.dm)

Trong : MNaClO = 74,5g, MCl = 35,5g

Chn b thit b kh trng bng clojaven gm:

- Thng pha trn ha cht c V=0,5m3 bng vt liu compozit

- Bm nh lng ha cht: Q = 35l/pht; H= 6bar; P=0,2kW [9]

- ng dn ha cht kh trng lm bng PVC_DN21.

IV.7.2. Kt cu b kh trng.

Dung tch b kh trung:

kt kt V Q T= , m3

Trong : ktV : dung tch b kh trng.

321 /Q m h=

ktT : thi gian kh trng cn thit.

Chn ktT =45 pht.

Thay s: 321 0,75 15,75V m= = 316m

- La chn kch thc b: 2,532.

Bng thng s b kh trng

B kh trngKch thc (m) 2,532.Thi gian tip xc kh trng (pht) 45

H Ni 5/2009 54


55/66


Ha cht kh trng dd NaClO 6%

IV.8. X l bn cn.

Phn bn cn b lng s c my bm bn hi lu mt phn bn hot tnh

tr v b x l sinh hc m bo nng x l cn phn bn d tha cbm v b cha bn. Ti y c b sung ch phm vi sinh DWH-97 gip qu trnh

phn hy bn cn din ra nhanh hn v dit tr cc loi trng giun gy bnh.

Trong b cha ny di tc dng ca vi khun ym kh, cc cht c trong bn cn

s phn hy thnh kh Metan, H2S v b bn. Trn thc t cng ngh ny c

p dng thnh cng nhiu bnh vin trn ton quc ( BV Thanh Nhn, BV Hu

Ngh ) v cho thy, qua qu trnh vn hnh lng bn tch t li b nn bn ca

h thng ny l rt t hng nm c ht i bng xe ht ca cng ty v sinh mi

trng 1 n 2 ln ty vo cng sut x l ca bnh vin. Trn np b b tr ngthng hi dn kh thot ra ngoi cao m bo khng nh hng n mi

trng xung quanh. [2]

Tnh ton kch thc b cha:

- theo tiu chun ngnh ca Nga v tiu chun ngnh Vit Nam, tng lng bn

sn ra tnh theo cng thc:

5[0,8( ) 0,3( )]bunG SS BOD Q= + [7]

Trong : SS: Hm lng cn l lng c trong nc thi (kg/ngy)

BOD5: Hm lng BOD5 b kh (kg/ngy).

Thay s:

398,8 / 0,0988 /SS mg l kg m= =

5BOD (b kh) = 151,6mg/l =0,1516 kg/m3

500(0,8 0, 0988 0, 3 0,1516) 62, 66bunG = + = kg/ngy 0,063T/ngy

- T trng cn : S = 1,005 bng 13-1 [7]

- Nng cn: P = 1%=0,01. bng 13-5 [7]

Th tch cn a v b cha:

0,063

6,31,005 0,01can

V = (m

3/ngy).

- Thit k b lu c lng cn trong thi gian 10 ngy.

V cha cn = 10 6,3 =63 (m3)

- B c tit din trn vi chiu cao hc = 1,5m

H Ni 5/2009 55


56/66


- ng knh b: Dc =63

3,71,5 3,14

c

c

Vm

h = =

Chn Dc = 4m.

Chn bm bn c: Q = 15-20m3/h, H = 10-8m sn xut ti Vit Nam

S lng: 4 bm (2 bm lm vic, 2 bm d phng)

Bng thng k b cha bn

B cha bnKch thc

- ng knh

- Chiu cao

4m

1,5mHa cht ph tr Ch phm vi sinh DWH-97

IV.9. B tr mt bng.Thc t cho thy rng a s cc bnh vin din tch u rt nh hp ( mt s

bnh vin quy nh: BV Bch Mai, BV Vit c, BV K) do vic b tr h

thng x l thng l nh chm mt s hng mc nhm gim thiu nhim mi

cho moi trng xung quanh v bn trn tn dng lm nh iu hnh hoc khu

xe...

S b tr mt bng thng phi m bo cc tiu ch sau:

- Chim t din tch t

- m bo thm m quan cho bnh vin- khng gy ra cc nhim th cp cho bnh vin (mi hi thi thot ra t cc qu

trnh phn hy cht bn)

(chi tit b tr mt bng xem trn bn v phn ph lc)

CHNG V: D TON S B CHI PH X L V XUT

VN HNH, QUN L H THNG.V. 1. Khi ton s b chi ph vn hnh.

V.1.1. Chi ph ha cht.

STT Tn ha cht Gi tr n vI.1 Ha cht kh trng

H Ni 5/2009 56


57/66


1 Cng sut h thng 500 m3/ngy m2 Hm lng clo dng cho mt

m3 nc thi

3,5 g/m3

3 Lng clo dng cho 1 ngy 1.750 g/ngy m4 Nng dung dch nc javen 6 %5 Khi lng dung dch nc

javen cho mt ngy hot ng

61,2 Kg dd NaClO,

6%/ngy m6 n gi ca dung dch javen 1.600 Vn/kg7 Chi ph vn hnh ha cht kh

trng cho mt ngy m

195.9 Vn/1m3

V.1.2. Chi ph in nng.

STT Hng mc V tr Cng sutkW in nng(kWh/ngy) Ghi ch

1 My khuy cho

bn pha ho

cht

nh iu

hnh

0,12 0,1 Cp cho b iu

ha

2 Bm nh lng Nh iu

hnh

0,2 1 Cp cho b iu

ha3 Thit b nh

cn

H thu

gom

3 60

4 My sc kh biu ha

Nh iuhnh

1 20 Cp cho b iuha

5 My sc kh

ngn hiu kh

nh iu

hnh

10 200 Cp cho ngn

hiu kh6 My khuy trn

ngn thiu kh

trong

ngn

thiu kh

1,1 20 o trn trong

ngn thiu kh

7 My bm nc

thi chm

Trong b

iu ha

1,5 24 Bm nc sang

b x l sinh

hc8 My khuy ha

cht

Nh iu

hnh

0,12 0,1 cp cho b kh

trng9 Bm nh lng

ha cht

Nh iu

hnh

0,2 1 Cp ha cht b

kh trng10 Bm bn chm 3 6 Tun hon bn

H Ni 5/2009 57


58/66


hot tnh t lng

II v b sinh hc11 Bm bn chm 3 6 Bm bn d v

b phn hy bn

12 Tng cng 338,1 kW/ngy13 Gi in 1000 Vn14 Chi ph in

nng

338100 Vn/ngy

15 Lu lng x l 500m3/ng.16 Chi ph in

nng cho x l

1m3 nc thi

676,2 Vn/m3

V.1.3 chi ph nhn cng.

STT Hng mc n gi n vIII Chi ph nhn cng2 Cng sut h thng 500 m3/ngy m3 Mt ngy lm vic 2 ca4 Mi ca c s ngi 3 ngi.5 Lng tr cho mt ngi 1.500.000 Vn/thng.6 Tng lng tr cho cng nhn

vn hnh

9.000.000 Vn/thng.

7 S ngy hot ng ca h thng 30 Ngy/thng8 Lng tr cho mt ngy vn

hnh

300.000 Vn/thng

9 Lng tr cho 1 m3 nc thi

cn x l

600 Vn/m3

V.1.4. Tng hp chi ph.

STT Hng mc K hiu Cch tnh Gi thnh n v1 Tng hp chi ph2 Cng sut h thng Q 500 m3/ngy.3 Chi ph ha cht C1 Tnh trn 195,9 Vn/ngy4 Chi ph nhn cng C2 Tnh trn 600 Vn/ngy5 Chi ph in nng C3 Tnh trn 676,2 Vn/ngy6 Chi ph vn hnh C4 C4=C1+C2+C3 1472,1 Vn/ngy

H Ni 5/2009 58


59/66


cho 1 ngy7 Chi ph cho 1 nm

chy h thng

C5 C5 = C4365 537.361.5 Vn/nm

8 Chi ph cho 1 m3

nc thi

C6 C6 = C4/Q 1,472 Vn/m3

Vy chi ph vn hnh cho 1 m3 nc thi l 1,472 Vn/m3

Chi ph vn hnh cho mt nm chy l 537.361.5 Vn/nm

V.2. Vn hnh v qun l h thng.

V.2.1. Yu cu nhn lc vn hnh.

- Trm x l phi t di s iu hnh ca bnh vin

- Trm hot ng 2 ca/ngy

- Yu cu i ng vn hnh:

TT Cn b S lng Cng vic Yu cu

chuyn mn1 Cng nhn k thut

ngnh mi trng hoc

cp thot nc

02 Trc tip theo

di hot ng

ca trm.

(1 ngi/ca) sa

cha nhng trc

trc thng

thng

Trung cp k

thut ngnh cp

thot nc hoc

mi trng,

c o to v

vic vn hnh

trm XLNT2 Cng nhn k thut

ngnh c in

01 Trc tip theo

di hot ng c

in ca trm v

phn cc thit b

c in. Sa

cha nhng trc

trc thng

thng

Trung cp k

thut c in

Tng s 03

V.2.2. T chc qun l.

1) Nhng quy nh chung:

H Ni 5/2009 59


60/66


- Trm x l nc thi t di s qun l ca bnh vin

- Chi ph v in, ha cht, lng do b phn ti chnh ca bnh vin thc hin

- i ng vn hnh v bo dng mng li thu gom v trm x l nc thi s

c t chc thnh mt i trc thuc bnh vin.

2) T chc v qun l h thng thu gom v trm x l nc thi.S t chc qun l vn hnh:

H Ni 5/2009 60

Bnh vin

i vn hnh i trn 01 n i

T cp thotnc (01 ngi)

T c in(01 ngi)


61/66


CHNG VI: KT LUN V KIN NGH

VI.1. Kt lun.

Vi nh hng x l nc thi trong nhng nm gn y cho thy ngoi vic

x l nhim hu c (BOD5) v kh trng cn yu cu thm khu x l nhimnit. xut pht t nh hng ny n hon thnh c cc vn sau.

1). Trn c s s liu thu thp c trong qu trnh thc tp, ra cc phng

n v la chn cng ngh x l ph hp x l cc ch tiu gy nhim trong

nc thi bnh vin.

2). Thit k cc cng trnh n v trong dy chuyn x l (h gom, b iu ho, b

phn ng sinh hc AO, b lng, b kh trng, b phn hu bn cn)

3). lp d ton s b chi ph vn hnh v chi ph x l nc thi.

4). thc hin bn v thit k cho ton b h thng.

Vi kinh nghim v kin thc thc t cn hn ch, n khng th trnh khi

nhng sai st rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca cc thy c

VI.2. Kin ngh xut gim thiu nhim mi trng trong bnh vin.

1) B Y T, B Xy Dng, B TNMT cn phi hp vi chnh quyn cc tnh

thnh, tin hnh nghin cu, nh gi v lp nh hng quy hoch tng th mng

li y t n nm 2020.

2) a khu x l nc thi, khong cch ly v sinh t cc cng trnh x l cht

thi y t vo quy chun xy dng vit nam

3) V vn cht thi rn: gii php thu gom phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun, m

hnh thiu t tp trung kt hp vi vic pht trin cc dch v th thu gom,

vn chuyn v x l cht thi rn nn c p dng. i vi cc th ln nh H

Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, nng cn p dng m hnh thiu t phi hp

(tp trung + cm bnh vin)

4) V vn nc thi: Phng php x l nc thi bnh vin trong cc b

aeroten, biophin l phng php ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam. Trong tng lai,

nc thi bnh vin cn c phn lung v x l s b ti ngun (khoa, phng).

Cc bnh vin cha c trm x l nc thi cn xy dng trm, cc bnh vin

xy dng nhng hot ng km cn phc hi.

H Ni 5/2009 61


62/66


Ti liu tham kho

Ti liu ting vit.

[1]. cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin. (NXB KHKT H Ni -2004)

(PGS.TS: Nguyn Xun Nguyn; TS: Phm Hng Hi)

[2]. x l nc thi th (NXB KHKT H Ni -2006)

(PGS.TS Trn c H)

[3]. S tay ha cng tp 1.

[4]. gio trnh cng ngh x l nc thi. (NXB KHKT H Ni-2004)

(PGS.TS Trn Vn Nhn, PGS.TS Ng Th Nga)

[5]. Bi ging k thut x l nc thi.

(TS ng Xun Hin)

[6]. cng ngh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc. (NXB Gio Dc 2007)

(PGS.TS Lng c Thm)

[7]. Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi. (NXB Xy Dng 2000)

(TS Trnh Xun Lai)

52046802 Thiet Ke He Thong XL Nuoc Thai Benh Vien 500m3ngay

Documents

Transcript of 52046802 Thiet Ke He Thong XL Nuoc Thai Benh Vien 500m3ngay