2_PRESENT

Mihai ION Basic English Morphology

PRESENT SIMPLE Form: V/V-(e)s*

+ I/you/we/they he/she/it

play plays

- I/you/we/they he/she/it

do not (dont) does not (doesnt)

play

? Do Does

I/you/we/they he/she/it

play?

* 3rd pers. sg. Use: general truths and permanent situations (Generic Present) Vegetarians dont eat meat. My cousin lives in Birmingham. routines and habits (Habitual Present) She has coffee every morning. I usually visit her once a year. Frequency scale: always usually often sometimes rarely never 100%_______________50%_______________0% exclamations, demonstrations, stage directions, sports commentaries (Instantaneous Present) Here comes the doctor! I now add some sugar to the chocolate powder. The doorbell rings. He jumps up with a start, reaching for the gun. Smith sends a beautiful header over the goal-keeper and scores. narrative style (Historic Present) One day the boy goes to the woods and meets a fairy. official programmes The plane takes off at 18.00 hours. future reference (time & condition clauses) Ill call you as soon as I arrive. Theyll go to the mountains if it doesnt rain. Spelling of -s: add -s to the base form of the verb want/wants, drive/drives add -es to verbs that end in -s, -z, -sh, -ch, -x, -o kiss/kisses, buzz/buzzes, wash/washes, watch/watches, fix/fixes, go/goes consonant + y > consonant + ie + s carry/carries, fly/flies but: buy/buys, say/says


PRESENT CONTINUOUS Form: BE (present) + V-ing

+

I you/we/they

he/she/it

am (m) are (re) is (s)

playing

-

I you/we/they

he/she/it

am not (m not) are not (arent) is not (isnt)

playing

?

Am Are Is

I you/we/they

he/she/it

playing?

Use: ongoing activities (+ now/at present/at the moment) Im driving home now. temporary situations (+ today/this ) I usually drink coffee, but today Im drinking some milk. immediate personal plans (+ today/tonight/tomorrow/this ) Hes coming to see us tomorrow. What are you doing tonight? annoyance (+ always/continually/all the time) You are always fixing your car when I go to sleep! Spelling of -ing: add -ing to the base form of the verb go/going, wear/wearing drop final -e come/coming, make/making but: agree/agreeing, be/being, dye/dyeing, singe/singeing -ie > -y + ing lie/lying, die/dying 1 stressed vowel + consonant > 2x consonant + ing stop/stopping, hit/hitting,begin/beginning but: travel/travelling (BrE), kidnap/kidnapping, picnic/picnicking Non-continuous verbs: verbs of the senses: see, hear, smell, taste, notice, feel, touch verbs of the mind: think (=cred), know, understand,believe, remember, forget, mean, doubt, suppose, expect verbs of emotion & feeling: like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, want, wish, care verbs of possession: have, own, owe, belong, possess verbs of relation: matter, concern, consist, contain, hold, cost, depend, resemble


PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Form: HAVE (present) + V-en*

+


have (ve) has (s)

eaten drunk played

-


have not (havent) has not (hasnt)

eaten drunk played

?

Have Has


eaten? drunk? played?

* V-en = past participle (V3); with regular verbs, V-en = V-ed (past simple) Use: present result He has cleaned his bike. (It is clean now) experience (+ ever, never, already, yet) Have you ever been in a car crash? I havent read the poem yet. recent past (+ just, lately, recently, till now, so far, of late) The train has just left. We havent seen Jack lately. incomplete period of time (+ today/this /all day/all night) Ive seen a good film this morning. (Its 11am) but: I saw a good film this morning. (Its 11pm period completed) persistent situation (for a period of time/since a point in time) Ive been a doctor for ten years. Hes driven a car since last summer. future reference (time & condition clauses) When I have finished, Ill let you know. If you have done your work by seven, Ill take you to the pool. Spelling of -ed: (for regular verbs) add -ed to the base form of the verb work/worked, clean/cleaned drop final -e move/moved, dance/danced, recite/recited consonant + y > consonant + i + ed try/tried, cry/cried 1 stressed vowel + consonant > 2x consonant + ed stop/stopped, drop/dropped, omit/omitted, occur/occurred but: travel/travelled (BrE), kidnap/kidnapped, picnic/picnicked


PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Form: HAVE (present) + V-en/BE + V-ing

+ I/you/we/they he/she/it

have (ve) been has (s) been

playing

- I/you/we/they he/she/it

have not (havent) been has not (hasnt) been

playing

? Have Has


been been

playing?

Use: present result of recent activity Shes exhausted. Shes been filming non-stop. Whats that smell? Has someone been cooking onions? ongoing persistent situation (+ for/since) How long have you been playing football? (Youre still playing now) Hes been watering the flowers for ten minutes. (Hes still watering them) annoyance Shes been asking me that silly question for a month. Whats the matter with her? Note: We cannot use the continuous aspect when a quantity is given Ive been drinking tea since 5 oclock. but: Ive drunk two cups already. with non-continuous verbs (see PRESENT CONTINUOUS) Shes known me for ages. with non-duration verbs (start, begin, finish, stop, find, lose, die, cut, break) Ive cut my finger. but: Ive been cutting my finger. (sadistic meaning)

2_PRESENT

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