26. Civilization in Crisis
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CHAPTER 31 Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China World Civilizations: The Global Experience Fifth Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
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Transcript of 26. Civilization in Crisis
CHAPTER 31Civilizations in Crisis:
The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
World Civilizations: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 31: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyII. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic HeartlandsIII. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China
Chapter 31: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Ottoman declineBy early 1700sPower strugglesRivalry with the West for trade
ResultsAustrian HabsburgsOttomans driven from Hungary, northern BalkansRussians expand into Caucasus, CrimeaChristian Balkans challenge OttomansGreeks, independent, 1830Serbia, 1867
By 1870, most of the BalkansCapital threatened
Chapter 31: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to World War I
Chapter 31: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey
A. Reform and SurvivalEuropeans fear Ottoman breakupBritish support Ottomans v. Russia
Selim IIIReforms anger Janissaries1807, deposed, assassinated
Mahmud IIProfessional armyReplaces Janissaries, 1826Reforms: TanzimatUniversities on Western modelsRailways1876, European-style constitution
Chapter 31: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands
A. Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in EgyptNapoleonDefeats Ottoman Mamluk vassals in Egypt
Muhammad AliEmerges after French withdrawAlbanian OttomanReformsMilitary: army, navyAgricultural modernization
Chapter 31: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands
B. Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of ResistanceMuhammad Ali's successors
Drop reformAyans profit from peasantry
CottonCrucial export crop
Indebtedness to foreign creditors
Suez Canal, open, 1869
University of al-AzharCenter of Muslim thinkersal-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh
Push for WesternizationUnderline traditional Muslim rationalism
Ahmad OrabaiRevolt against khedive, 1882British intervene
Period of puppet khedives under British
Chapter 31: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands
C. Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the SudanSudan challenges British
Can't control camel nomads
Muhammad Achmad, the MahdiProclaims jihad against Egyptians, BritishControls SudanSucceeded by Khalifa Abdallahi
General Kitchner
Omdurman, 1896Mahdists crushed
Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to World War I
Chapter 31: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China
Nurhaci (1559-1626)Manchu leaderDrives Chinese south of Great WallSignification of Manchuria
1644, take BeijingFound Qing dynasty
QingRetain Ming rule
Qing Empire from Opium War of 1839-1841 to World War I
Chapter 31: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China
A. Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing RuleQing social system maintained
Manchu Rural reformsInfrastructure maintainedBurdens lessened
Silver influx to 1800
CompradorsMerchants along coastTie China to outside
Chapter 31: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China
B. Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social DisintegrationQing decline
Exam system corrupt
Yellow River dikes not maintainedFlooding
Unrest: migration, outlaws
C. Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After
BritishImport Indian opium to ChinaChinese reactLin Zexu
Blockades European trade
British invade, 1839Chinese defeatedHong Kong to BritishPorts forced to reopen
Chapter 31: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China
D. A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed ReformsHong Xiuquan
Taiping rebellionCalls for social, land reformsCriticize Qing, ManchusCrushed by Empress Cixi, 1898
Boxer Rebellion
Anti-foreign conflictCrushed by Western powers
E. The Fall of the Qing: The End of a Civilization?Resistance goes underground
Plots to push WesternizationSun Yat-sen
1905, civil service exams endedEnd of scholar-gentry
1911, rebellions
1912, last Qing emperor removed
