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Transcript of THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY (CHAPTER 11) Dr....
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THE LATER MIDDLE AGES:CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN
THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY(CHAPTER 11)
Dr. Matthew’s Western Civilization to
1648
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TIMELINE
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A TIME OF TROUBLES: BLACK DEATH AND SOCIAL
CRISIS
“
Little Ice Age”• Small drop in average temperatures
F
amine• Heavy rain (1315 – 1317) led to food shortages
P
opulation growth up to 1300 put pressure on food
supply
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THE BLACK DEATHM
ost devastating natural disaster in European HistoryB
ubonic Plague• Rats and Fleas• Yersinia Pestis
Spread of the Plague
• Originated in Asia• Arrived in Europe in 1347• Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas• Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European
population (19 – 38 million dead in four years)• Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369
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MAP 11.1: SPREAD OF THE BLACK DEATH
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LIFE AND DEATH: REACTIONS TO THE
PLAGUE
P
lague as a punishment from God
T
he flagellants
A
ttacks against Jews
V
iolence
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ECONOMIC DISLOCATION AND SOCIAL UPHEAVAL
Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural products = Drop in aristocratic incomes
Statute of Laborers (1351) sought to limit wages
Social Mobility
Peasant Revolts
• Jacquerie in France (1358)• English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)
Revolts in the Cities
• Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)
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CHART 11.1: BACKGROUND TO THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR: KINGS OF FRANCE
AND ENGLAND
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THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WARC
auses• Entanglement of French and English royal families• King Edward III (1327 – 1377) claims French crown• French seize duchy of Gascony (1337) sparking war
Conduct and Course of the War
• Differences in the armies• Battle of Crecy (1346)• Henry V (1413 – 1422)
• Battle of Agincourt (1415)• Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne)• Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431)
• Siege of Orleans• Captured by allies of the English in 1430• Burned at the stake (1431)
• Gunpowder• War ends with French victory (1453)
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MAP 11.2: THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
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POLITICAL INSTABILITY
B
reakdown of Feudal Institutions• Scutage
N
ew Royal Dynasties
F
inancial Problems• Parliaments gain power
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THE GROWTH OF ENGLAND’S POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
Edward III (1327 – 1377)
• Parliament• House of Lords• House of Commons
Richard II (1377 – 1399)
• Aristocratic factionalismH
enry IV (1399 – 1413)• Deposed Richard II
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THE PROBLEMS OF THE FRENCH KINGS
W
eakness of the French Monarchy
E
states-General• 1357 meeting
C
harles VI (1380 – 1422)• Competition between the dukes of Burgundy and
Orléans to control Charles
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GERMANY & ITALY
The German Monarchy
• Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire• Hundreds of States• Elective Monarchy
• The Golden Bull (1356)• Weak kings
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THE STATES OF ITALY
T
he States of Italy• Lack of centralized authority• Republicanism to Tyranny• Development of regional states
• Milan• Florence• Venice
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THE PONTE VECCHIO – VENICE
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THE DECLINE OF THE CHURCH
Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State
• Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303)• Conflict with Philip the Fair of France• Unam Sanctam (1302)• Captured by French at Anagni
• Clement V (1305 – 1314)T
he Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1377)• Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige• Captives of the French monarchy• New sources of revenue• Catherine of Siena (c. 1347 – 1380)
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BRIDGE AT AVIGNON – THE CITY OF THE POPES
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THE GREAT SCHISM
Papacy returns to Rome in 1378
Rival popes elected
• Pope Urban VI• Pope Clement VII
The Great Schism divides Europe
Calls for systematic reform
• Marsiglio of Padua (c. 1270 – 1342), Defender of the PeaceC
onciliarism• Council of Pisa (1409)
• Deposed both popes and elected a new pope• Popes refuse to step down• Results in three popes
• Council of Constance (1414 – 1418)• End of the Schism• Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431)
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POPULAR RELIGION
T
rends• Mechanical paths to salvation
M
ysticism and Lay Piety• Meister Eckhart (1260 – 1327)• Modern Devotion
• Gerard Groote (1340 – 1384) and the Brothers of the Common Life
U
nique Female Mystical Experiences
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CHANGES IN THEOLOGY
C
hallenges to Scholastic Thought
W
illiam of Occam (1285 – 1329)• Nominalism• Consequences of William’s ideas
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF VERNACULAR LITERATURE AND NEW DIRECTIONS
IN ART
Dante (1265 – 1321)
• The Divine ComedyP
etrarch (1304 – 1374)• Sonnets
Boccaccio (1313 – 1375)
• DecameronC
haucer (c. 1340 – 1400)• The Canterbury Tales
Christine de Pizan (c. 1364 – 1430)
• The Book of the City of LadiesA
rt and the Black Death• Giotto (1266 – 1337)• Morbidity of late fourteenth-century art
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GIOTTO, LAMENTATION
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CHANGE & INVENTION
Changes in Urban Life
• Greater Regulation• Marriage• Gender Roles
• Male: active and domineering• Women: passive and submissive
• Medieval childrenN
ew Directions in Medicine• Hierarchy• Trends
Inventions and New Patterns
• The mechanical clock• New conception of time
• Gunpowder and cannons
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A MEDICAL TEXTBOOK
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MECHANICAL CLOCK IN THE PRAGUE TOWN HALL