14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König1 Structure of quarkonium states and potential models.
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Transcript of 14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König1 Structure of quarkonium states and potential models.
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 1
Structure of quarkonium states and potential models
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 2
Outline
• Introduction
• Phenemonological Approach– Positronium– Quarkonium
• Theoretical Approach– Lattice QM– Lattice QCD
• Decay of quarkonium
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 3
Introduction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model
q
q2
1q
q1
1
mesonquarkoniumquarks
P
• some sets of quantum numbers are absent -> exotic
• some occur twice. There is the possibility of, e.g., mixing, as for the deuteron
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 4
Phenomenological Approach
Positronium
• Bound e e –system
• Coulomb potential
• Solving the Schrödinger
equation
-> Energy eigenvalues http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronium
+ -
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 5
Positronium
Schrödinger eq.
Ansatz
radial eq.
energy eigenvalues ,4
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 6
Positronium
• Global
• Fine structure
• Hyperfine structure
• FS and HFS effects of same order
B. Povh, Teilchen und Kerne, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2009)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 7
Model/potential which describes characteristics• reasonable motivation
• produce concrete results
• can be directly confirmed or falsified by experiment
• may guide experimental searches
Phenomenological Approach
B. Povh, Teilchen und Kerne, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2009)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 8
Cornell potential
• Coulomb-like at small distances
-> asymptotic freedom
• Increasing linear at large distances
-> confinement
B. Povh, Teilchen und Kerne, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2009)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 9
Solving the SE
Central potential -> same ansatz as for positronium
No analytic solution. But e.g. the Nikiforov-Uvarov method yields approximate analytic formulas
where and
S. Kuchin, N. Maksimenko, Analytical Solution the Radial Schrödinger Equation for the Quark-Antiquark System (2013)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 10
Results
States Presentmodel
Quadratic + Coulomb pot.
Linear + Coulomb pot. +
Constant
Experiment
1S 3.096 3.096 3.068 3.096
1P 3.255 3.433 3.526
2S 3.686 3.686 3.676 3.686
1D 3.504 3.767 3.829
2P 3.779 3.910 3.993 3.773
3S 4.040 3.984 4.144 4.040
4S 4.269 4.150 4.263
5S 4.425 4.421 ± 0.004
Mass spectra of charmonium (in GeV)m =1.209 GeV, a = 0.2 GeV , b = 1.244, δ = 0.231 GeVc
2
S. Kuchin, N. Maksimenko, Analytical Solution the Radial Schrödinger Equation for the Quark-Antiquark System (2013)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 11
Mass spectra of cc and bb
Similar structure -> model is flavor independentB. Povh, Teilchen und Kerne, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2009)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 12
Hyperfine structure
• Spin-spin interaction causes hyperfine splittings• The interaction is only strong at small distances• Coulomb part is responsible (1 gluon exchange)• Similar to the positronium (1 photon exchange)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 13
Hyperfine structure
B. Povh, Teilchen und Kerne, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2009)
K. Seth, Hyperfine interaction in heavy quarkonia (2012)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 14
More interactions are needed to describe the splitting of e.g. the triplet states P , P , P
-> Spin orbit coupling and tensor force
Calculating the factors of the triplet P-states yield
Fine structure
where and
where M is the average triplet masst
3 3 30 1 2
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This can be inverted as
The experiment shows that M is above the naive weighted average
-> One can estimate the size and the sign of V
Fine structure
t
ss
M / GeV Mt / GeV <Vls> / GeV <Vt> / GeV1P(cc) 3.520 3.525 0.035 0.01
1P(bb) 9.890 9.900 0.014 0.003
2P(bb) 10.260 10.260 0.009 0.002J. Richard, An introduction to the quark model (2012)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 16
More improvements
• Relativistic corrections
• Orbital mixing
• Coupling to decay channel
• Strong decay of quarkonia
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 17
Other potentials
• Other simplest choices for the interquark potential:Powerlaw, logarithm, Coulomb+linear+constant, Coulomb+quadratic
• More elaborate potentials – the linear part is smoothed by pair-creation effects– the Coulomb term (at short distance) is weakened by
asymptotic freedom -> running coupling constant
A.M. Badalian, V.D. Orlovsky, Yu.A. Simonov Microscopic study of the string breaking in QCD
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 18
Theoretical approach
Lattice: Numeric method for the QM and the QFT
Example to understand the basic principle
-> 1D quantum mechanical oscillator
Euclidean action of the harmonic oscillator
Calculate the mean quadratic displacement in the ground state
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 19
Lattice QM
The path integral formalism is identical to the SE
Integral over all possible pathes x(t)
-> Integral over a function space
Weighting factor which contains the action
-> The pathes near to the classical one (minimum of S[x]) have a strong influence to the observable
-> The pathes far away have a small influence
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 20
Lattice QM
Discretize and compactify the time (1D)
-> The path integral is reduced to a normal finite dimensional integral
M. Wagner, B-Physik mit Hilfe von Gitter-QCD (2011)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 21
Lattice QCD
Euclidean action of the QCD
field strength tensor
quarkfields and gluonfields
Ground state / vacuum expectation value
Observable (function of the quark- and gluonfields)
Weighting factor
Integral over all possible quark- and gluonfield configurations
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 22
Lattice QCD
Discretize the space time with sufficent small lattice spacing
Compactify the space time with sufficent large size
Typical dimension of a QCD path integral
24 quark degrees of freedom per flavor(x2 particle/antiparticle, x3 color, x4 spin), 2 flavors32 gluon degrees of freedom (x8 color, x4 spin)
In total: 32 x (2 x 24 + 32) ≈ 83 x 10 dimensional integral64
32 ≈ 10 lattice sites 4 6
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 23
Lattice QCD• Verification/falsification of the QCD by comparing the lattice
results with the experiment
• Predictions for hadrons and other QCD observables which are not seen yet experimentally
• Solving the existing conflicts between experimental results and model calculations
• Examples:– the mass of the proton has been determined theoretically with an
error of less than 2%– Simulation of the forces in hadrons
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gittereichtheorie
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 24
Decay of quarkonia
• Change of the excitation level via photon emission
• Quark-antiquark annihilation into real or virtual photons or gluons (electromagnetic or strong)
• Creation of one or more light qq pairs from the vacuum to form light mesons (strong interaction)
• Weak decay of one or both heavy quarks
B. Povh, Teilchen und Kerne, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2009)J. Richard, An introduction to the quark model (2012)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 25
Decay of quarkonia
J. Richard, An introduction to the quark model (2012)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 26
Thanks for the attention
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References
• Special thanks to Prof. Wambach
• A.M. Badalian, V.D. Orlovsky, Yu.A. Simonov, Microscopic study of the string breaking in QCD, Phys.Atom.Nucl. 76 (2013) 955-964
• W. Buchmüller, Quarkonia, North Holland, Amsterdam (1992)
• E. Eichten, K. Gottfried, T. Kinoshita, K. D. Lane, and T. -M. Yan, Charmonium: The model, Phys. Rev. D 17, 3090–3117 (1978)
• R. Gupta, Introduction to lattice QCD (1998)
• S. Kuchin, N. Maksimenko, Analytical Solution the Radial Schrödinger Equation for the Quark-Antiquark System (2013)
• B. Povh, Teilchen und Kerne, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg (2009)
• J. Richard, An introduction to the quark model (2012)
• K. Seth, Hyperfine interaction in heavy quarkonia (2012)
• M. Wagner, B-Physik mit Hilfe von Gitter-QCD (2011)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 28
Back-up
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J. Richard, An introduction to the quark model (2012)
14.11.2013 | TU Darmstadt | Kristian König 30