Survey of the Animal PhylaNotes

Characteristics of ALL Animals

1. Eukaryotic (cells with a nucleus)2. Multicellular (organisms are generally large3. Motile (can move at some point of its life)4. Heterotrophic (feeds on other organisms)

There are 31 Animal Phyla identified by Scientists

Major Evolutionary developments occur along the roughly 600 Million years of the Animal Kingdom

We will Identify the 10 Largest Phyla of Animals

Phyla of Life

Lack True Tissues Are Filter Feeders Have Choanocytes for Water movement Entirely aquatic 9000 Species Parametazoa- Animals without Tissues

Examples include All variety of salt water and fresh water Sponges

Porifera

First Eumetazoans- Animals with tissues All members of this phyla have “Stinging

Cells” called nematocysts Have gel-like bodies Salt or fresh water Body form are Polyp (mouth up) or Medusa

(mouth down) All have Tentacles with Nematocysts

Cnidaria

All have Tentacles with Nematocysts

Have extra-cellular digestion with a gastrovascular cavity “sac body plan”

Have Radial Body Plans 10,000 Species

Examples: Hydra, Jellyfish, Man-o-war, Coral, Sea Anemone, Sea Fans

Cnidaria

First Animals with Bilateral Symmetry

All are “Flatworms” with ribbon-like bodies

Simplest organisms with specialized organs

Single opening into a digestive gut.

Can absorb nutrients directly into body

Platyhelmenthes

Simple Nervous system

Many are parasitic living in hosts

Free living flatworms live in water

20,000 species

Examples include….Planaria, Tapeworms, Flukes, and Marine Flatworms.

Platyhelmenthes

First organism with an alimentary canal with both mouth and anus

Microscopic fresh water organism

Has jaws surrounded by cilia to bring in food

2200 Species

Rotifera (Rotifers) aka Wheel Mouth

Non-segmented One way digestive tract Covered by a Thick cuticle First organism with a pseudo-coelom 12,000 species Free living and Parasite species Examples: Pinworms, Ascaris, Hookworms,

heartworms, Trichina spiralis (Pork)

Nematoda ( Round Worms)

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110,000 species (Second Largest)

Breathe by Gills

Mantle secrets a shell in most species

Have a true visceral mass with many complex internal organs.

Has a muscular “foot” for movement

Mollusca---animals with Mantles

Three main classes of Mollusca◦ 1. Gastropods-single spiral shell, scraping mouth

piece called a “radula”◦ Examples are snails, slugs, conches ◦ 2. Bivalves-two piece hinged shell, two siphons

for filter feeding. ◦ Examples : Clams, Oysters, Scallops, Mussels◦ 3. Cephalopods-no shell but has a well developed

head region, 8 arms/tentacles, mouth part includes a Beak. Eyes very similar to Humans

◦ Examples: Squid, Cuttlefish Octopus, Nautilus

Mollusca

Gastropods

Bivalves

Cephalopods

12,000 Species Internally and externally segmented

Well developed nervous system

Have a closed circulatory system

First organisms with a true body cavity

Annelida --segmented round worms

Three Classes: 1. Oligochaeta- terrestrial Earthworms and

bloodworms

2. Hirudnia- Parasitic worms like Leeches

3. Polychaeta- marine worms like sandworms, bristleworms, tubeworms and fanworms

Annelids

Annelids

Largest Animal phyla with over 1.5 million species

General Characteristics◦ 1. True body cavity◦ 2. Segmented◦ 3. Jointed Appendages◦ 4. Exoskeleton made of Chitin◦ 5. Must “Molt” to grow

Arthopoda---- animals with exoskeletons and jointed legs

7 Classes of Arthropods Trilobite- Extinct aquatic species

Merostomate- Includes only Horseshoe Crabs

Crustacians-mostly aquatic, Crabs, Lobster, Shrimp, Barnacles, Pill bugs

Insects- largest arthropod class, undergo Metamorphosis, 3 pr. of legs, only group that can fly.

Arthropoda

Insects- largest arthropod class, undergo Metamorphosis, 3 pr. of legs, only group that can fly. Includes beetles, ants, butterflies, bees, mosquitoes, weevils and grasshoppers

Arachnids- 4 pair of legs, have fangs instead of jaws, most produce venom, includes spiders, ticks, scorpions, chiggers

Diplopods- four legs per segment, herbivores, includes all Millipedes.

Chilopods- two legs per segment, aggressive carnivores, includes all centipedes

10,000 Species Endoskeleton with interlocking plates called

ossicles 5 part Radial Body Plan Fundamentally Bilateral Has a Water Vascular system that controls

water flow, suction and tube feet. Uses skin gills for respiration Remarkable regenerative abilities.

Echinodermata- “Spiney Skin”

Examples include, sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and sand dollars

Echinodermata

Animals with a Notocord 42,500 species All chordates have Bilateral Symmetry,

notochord, spinal cord and highly developed Head region and brain.

Three Sub Phyla 1. Urochordates- 2. Cephalochordates- 3. Vertebrates-

Chordata

Vertebrates- Largest Group of Chordates

Notocord becomes the Vertebrae during embryo development

Largest group of Vertebrates are fish

First Vertebrates originated around 500 million years ago.

Chordates

Seven Classes of Vertebrates

1. Agnatha- Primitive jawless Fish. Long tube bodies breathe by gills, Salt Water…. Lampreys

Chordates

2. Chondrichthytes----Cartilage Fish Has a skeleton made of cartilage, All Salt

Water species, gills Includes Sharks, Skates and Sting Rays

Chordates

3. Osteichthyes—Boney Fish----fresh or salt water, skeleton made of calcium bone. Gill Breathers…. Ex. Include, Bass, Goldfish, Eels, Marlin, Catfish and Tuna

4. Amphibians---Four Legged creatures that can live out of water but need water for reproduction. Lung Breathers as adults, gill breathers as young, Soft Moist skin…. Includes Frogs, Toads, Salamanders and Newts

5. Reptiles- Breathe by lungs in all stages.

Body covered by scales.

Eggs produced on land are tough and leathery.

First to have Internal Fertilization.

Includes Lizards, Snakes, Turtles, Alligators and relatives. Most include Dinosaurs based on general characteristics

.6 Aves----the Birds

All Aves….. Have feathers instead of scales Are warm blooded Have a 4 chambered heart Produce hard shelled eggs Provide much parental involvement in the

young

EaglesHawksPartridgeChickenPeacockSparrowOwlPenguinOstrich

7. Mammalia--- the Advanced Vertebrates

All have hair on the body Warm blooded Have a Four chambered heart Internal fertilization Give live birth Nurse the young with milk External ears

1- Parametazoans to Eumetazoans 2. Radial symmetry to Bilateral Symmetry 3. Acoelomate to Coelomate 4. Gill Breathing to Lung Breathing 5. Protostome to Deuterostome 6. Invertebrates to Vertebrates

Major Evolutionary Developments in the Animal Kingdom