Kingdom Kingdom AnimaliaAnimalia

InvertebratesInvertebrates

Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

EukaryoticEukaryotic MulticellularMulticellular HeterotrophicHeterotrophic No cell wallsNo cell walls MotileMotile Embryo DevelopmentEmbryo Development

Animal PhylogenyAnimal Phylogeny

Porifera Platehylmenthys Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata

Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Echinodermata

Chapter 7: InvertebratesChapter 7: Invertebrates

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All Animals

InvertebratesVertebrates

Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera

““Pore-bearer”Pore-bearer” Sessile Sessile = attached= attached ParazoaParazoa = no tissue = no tissue 5,000 modern 5,000 modern

species species 150 freshwater150 freshwater

Intertidal to 29,000 ftIntertidal to 29,000 ft Evolved over 500 Evolved over 500

mya from protozoansmya from protozoans

Sponge AnatomySponge Anatomy

Ostia: many poresOstia: many pores CellsCells

Pinacocyte: flat Pinacocyte: flat cellcell

Porocyte: pore cellPorocyte: pore cell Choanocyte: collar Choanocyte: collar

cell – has flagellacell – has flagella Osculum: openingOsculum: opening

FeedingFeeding

Filter Filter feedersfeeders

Organic Organic particles & particles & plankton plankton

ChoanocyteChoanocytes - collects - collect

AmoebocyteAmoebocytes -carrys -carry

PhysiologyPhysiology

No tissues = no organs = no organ No tissues = no organs = no organ systemssystems

Digestion - choanocytesDigestion - choanocytes Circulation - water currentCirculation - water current DiffusionDiffusion

Waste RemovalWaste Removal RespirationRespiration

ReproductionReproduction

AsexuallyAsexually BuddingBudding

External = bud External = bud outside body - break outside body - break away or stay away or stay connected connected

Internal = Internal = archaeocytes collect archaeocytes collect and become and become surrounded by surrounded by sponginspongin

– GemmeuleGemmeule

New sponge has New sponge has exactly the same exactly the same genetic material as genetic material as the parent = clone the parent = clone

SexuallySexually HermaphroditicHermaphroditic Don’t fertilize their Don’t fertilize their

own eggs with their own eggs with their own spermown sperm

SpawningSpawning Free-swimming Free-swimming

larva larva CiliaCilia

Larva settles on the Larva settles on the sea floor, becomes sea floor, becomes sessile and grows sessile and grows into an adult.into an adult.

ClassesClasses Demospongia – sponginDemospongia – spongin

Largest class (90%)Largest class (90%) Much diversity and Much diversity and

vairety in shape and vairety in shape and colorcolor

Most marineMost marine Calcara – bony Calcara – bony

Variety in shapeVariety in shape Shallow tropical waters Shallow tropical waters Small Small Mesh or honeycomb Mesh or honeycomb

skeletonskeleton Lack hollow canals = Lack hollow canals =

strongerstronger

Hexactinellid - Hexactinellid - glass glass Uncommon Uncommon Cup-shaped with Cup-shaped with

sturdy internal sturdy internal skeletons skeletons

Can’t contractCan’t contract Conduct electrical Conduct electrical

impulses impulses Optical fibersOptical fibers

Class Class DemospongiDemospongiaeae

Class Class CalcaraCalcara

HexactinellidHexactinellid

UsesUses

ToolsTools Dolphin ArticleDolphin Article Sponges for cleaningSponges for cleaning

MacerationMaceration - - bacteria eat away the bacteria eat away the cells leaving just the cells leaving just the sponginspongin

Fisheries in the Fisheries in the Mediterranean & Mediterranean & West Indies West Indies

Synthetic sponges Synthetic sponges has reduced the has reduced the commercial sponge commercial sponge fishing industryfishing industry

MedicinesMedicines Antimicrobial Antimicrobial

compounds from compounds from bacteriabacteria

60% biomass is 60% biomass is bacteriabacteria

Current Medicines –Current Medicines –www.marinebiotech.org

VidarabineVidarabine - anti-viral - anti-viral drug (Herpes)drug (Herpes)

Ara-CAra-C - anti-cancer drug - anti-cancer drug Halichondrin BHalichondrin B - anti- - anti-

cancer drug cancer drug DiscodermolideDiscodermolide – breaks – breaks

down solid tumorsdown solid tumors AgelasphinsAgelasphins - antitumor - antitumor

and immunostimulatory and immunostimulatory propertiesproperties

ContignasterolContignasterol - asthma - asthma and inflammation of the and inflammation of the skin and eyeskin and eye

                                                               

                                        

CnidariansCnidarians

FormsForms• Cnidarians (coelenterates) occur Cnidarians (coelenterates) occur in two in two

basic forms:basic forms: PolypPolyp: sac-like attached: sac-like attached

stage with the mouth stage with the mouth

and tentacles upward.and tentacles upward. MedusaMedusa: sac-like structure: sac-like structure

with tentacles hanging with tentacles hanging

downward; downward;

upside-down polypupside-down polyp

Physical Physical CharacteristicsCharacteristics

1.1. Radial SymmetryRadial Symmetry

2. Anatomy2. Anatomy Exoskeleton or EndoskeletonExoskeleton or Endoskeleton: made : made of of

chitinous, calcareous, or protein in chitinous, calcareous, or protein in somesome Gastrovascular SystemGastrovascular System: with a single : with a single

opening that serves as a mouth and opening that serves as a mouth and anus;anus;

tentacles encircling mouthtentacles encircling mouth Nerve netNerve net: nerve cells connected : nerve cells connected throughout throughout

body; body; statocystsstatocysts tell sense of balance tell sense of balance No excretory or respiratory systemNo excretory or respiratory system

Physical Characteristics Physical Characteristics (cont.)(cont.)

3. Tissues performing specific 3. Tissues performing specific functionfunction

EpidermisEpidermis: external layer of cells: external layer of cells GastrodermisGastrodermis: internal layer of cells: internal layer of cells MesogleaMesoglea: gelatinous middle layer : gelatinous middle layer

(usually doesn’t contain cells)(usually doesn’t contain cells) NematocystsNematocysts: specialized stinging : specialized stinging

cells for defense & attackingcells for defense & attacking

Physical Characteristics Physical Characteristics (cont.)(cont.)

HydrozoaHydrozoa• Mainly consist of bushy or feathery colonies of tiny Mainly consist of bushy or feathery colonies of tiny

polyps. polyps.

•SiphonophoresSiphonophores: form drifting colonies of polyps; : form drifting colonies of polyps; somesome

have specialized floats have specialized floats

(i.e. Portuguese Man-o-War)(i.e. Portuguese Man-o-War)

ScyphozScyphozoaoa

• These include the larger jellyfish.These include the larger jellyfish.• Common in all oceansCommon in all oceans• Large medusae are the dominant stage of this classLarge medusae are the dominant stage of this class• Polyps are very small and release juvenile medusa. Polyps are very small and release juvenile medusa. Few Few

species skip polyp stage altogether.species skip polyp stage altogether.• Swim with rhythmic contractions of rounded body, Swim with rhythmic contractions of rounded body, or or bellbell..• Known to give fatal or lethal stings.Known to give fatal or lethal stings.

AnthozoAnthozoaa

• Solitary or colonial polyps that Solitary or colonial polyps that lacklack medusae stage.medusae stage.

•Include Sea anemones (colorful large Include Sea anemones (colorful large polyps),polyps),

Sea pens, and Corals (colonial Sea pens, and Corals (colonial anthozoans).anthozoans).• Some corals include gorgonians (sea fans), Some corals include gorgonians (sea fans),

precious corals, and black corals.precious corals, and black corals.

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WormsWorms

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry Allows for animal to be more active in Allows for animal to be more active in

the pursuit of prey.the pursuit of prey.

Excretory & Nervous SystemsExcretory & Nervous Systems Most worms have an excretory system: Most worms have an excretory system:

complete with mouth, gut, & anuscomplete with mouth, gut, & anus Worms have a complete nervous system:Worms have a complete nervous system:

Most have eyes & brain with nerve cord Most have eyes & brain with nerve cord running along its bodyrunning along its body

Main WormsMain Worms

Six Main TypesSix Main Types

1)1) Flatworms Flatworms

2)2) Ribbon Worms Ribbon Worms

3)3) Nematodes Nematodes

4)4) Segmented Segmented Worms Worms

5)5) Peanut Worms Peanut Worms

6)6) Echiurans Echiurans

1)1)FlatwormsFlatwormsAbout 20,000 species; most carnivorous & free About 20,000 species; most carnivorous & free

swimmingswimming

1.1. FlukesFlukes Largest group of flatworms; Mainly parasitic living in Largest group of flatworms; Mainly parasitic living in

organismorganism– Adult attaches itself to intestine of organism. Adult attaches itself to intestine of organism. – Produces Eggs in large quantity.Produces Eggs in large quantity.

2.2. TapewormsTapeworms Parasites that have long body of repeated units. Head Parasites that have long body of repeated units. Head

attaches to organism with suckers.attaches to organism with suckers. Lacks a mouth & gut. Ingests nutrientsLacks a mouth & gut. Ingests nutrients

through body.through body.

2)2)Ribbon WormsRibbon Worms Look like long flatworms, ribbon-likeLook like long flatworms, ribbon-like Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract Circulatory system: blood transports nutrients & Circulatory system: blood transports nutrients &

gases to tissuesgases to tissues

Most Unique FeatureMost Unique Feature ProboscisProboscis: long, fleshy tube used to entangle prey: long, fleshy tube used to entangle prey Longest Invert on earth: reaches 30 m (100ft) long Longest Invert on earth: reaches 30 m (100ft) long

2)2)Ribbon WormsRibbon Worms There are ~900 species, mainly There are ~900 species, mainly

marine. marine. Found in all oceans, most nocturnalFound in all oceans, most nocturnal Incredibly elastic, with proboscis Incredibly elastic, with proboscis

extending a meter past body.extending a meter past body. Longest Invert on earth: reaches 30 m Longest Invert on earth: reaches 30 m

(100ft) long (100ft) long

3)3)NematodeNematode Known as the Known as the RoundwormsRoundworms Mainly parasitic and marineMainly parasitic and marine Larva found on many fish and can be eatenLarva found on many fish and can be eaten Adapted to live in sediments or in organismsAdapted to live in sediments or in organisms Hydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic Skeleton: has fluid filled : has fluid filled

cavity covering the gut, which transports cavity covering the gut, which transports nutrients; aides in nutrients; aides in support & locomotionsupport & locomotion

4)4)Segmented WormsSegmented Worms Known as Annelids; contain ~20,000 speciesKnown as Annelids; contain ~20,000 species AnatomyAnatomy

SegmentationSegmentation: body consists of series of : body consists of series of compartments, or segmentscompartments, or segments

Gut goes through all segments and lies in a cavity Gut goes through all segments and lies in a cavity called the called the coelomcoelom. It’s filled with fluid and divided . It’s filled with fluid and divided by partitions, which act as by partitions, which act as hydrostatic skeletonhydrostatic skeleton and and can be contracted by means of can be contracted by means of musclesmuscles in the in the body wall. body wall.

3 main types: Polychaetes, Oligochaetes, & Leeches3 main types: Polychaetes, Oligochaetes, & Leeches

5)5)Peanut WormsPeanut Worms(Sipunculoidea)(Sipunculoidea)

Soft Soft unsegmented bodiesunsegmented bodies All are marine & live in mud, rocks, corals, or All are marine & live in mud, rocks, corals, or

empty shellsempty shells Anterior portion contains the Anterior portion contains the mouthmouth and set of and set of

branching tentaclesbranching tentacles, which can be contracted , which can be contracted into body, making it look like a peanut. into body, making it look like a peanut.

6)6)EchiuransEchiurans Look like soft unsegmented sausages Look like soft unsegmented sausages

buried in mud or coral. buried in mud or coral. Look like Peanut Worms, except for non-Look like Peanut Worms, except for non-

retractable , spoon-like or forked proboscis.retractable , spoon-like or forked proboscis. Deposit FeedersDeposit Feeders: Use proboscis to feed: Use proboscis to feed