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EmotionEmotion

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EmotionEmotion

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EmotionEmotion

Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and

3) conscious experience.3) conscious experience.

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ControversyControversy

1)1) Does physiological arousal precede or Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience?follow your emotional experience?

2)2) Does cognition (thinking) precede Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?emotion (feeling)?

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Commonsense ViewCommonsense View

When you become happy, your heart starts When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious beating faster. First comes conscious

awareness, then comes physiological activity.awareness, then comes physiological activity.B

ob

Sach

a

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James-Lange TheoryJames-Lange Theory

William James and William James and Carl Lange proposed Carl Lange proposed

an idea that was an idea that was diametrically opposed diametrically opposed to the common-sense to the common-sense

view. The James-view. The James-Lange Theory Lange Theory proposes that proposes that

physiological activity physiological activity precedes the precedes the

emotional experience.emotional experience.

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Cannon-Bard TheoryCannon-Bard Theory

Walter Cannon and Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard Phillip Bard

questioned the questioned the James-Lange Theory James-Lange Theory and proposed that and proposed that

an emotion-an emotion-triggering stimulus triggering stimulus

and the body's and the body's arousal take place arousal take place

simultaneously.simultaneously.

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Two-Factor TheoryTwo-Factor Theory

Stanley Schachter Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer and Jerome Singer

proposed yet proposed yet another theory another theory

which suggests our which suggests our physiology and physiology and

cognitions create cognitions create emotions. Emotions emotions. Emotions have two factors–have two factors–physical arousal physical arousal

and cognitive label.and cognitive label.

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Schachter & Singer studySchachter & Singer study

epinephrine injectionepinephrine injection confederate acting irritable or euphoricconfederate acting irritable or euphoric

if told about the epinephrine > no emotionif told about the epinephrine > no emotion if not told > experience the emotion if not told > experience the emotion

consistent with the confederateconsistent with the confederate

*take home point: the interpretation of the *take home point: the interpretation of the bodily arousal determines the emotional bodily arousal determines the emotional experience experience

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Cognition and EmotionCognition and Emotion

What is the connection between how we What is the connection between how we thinkthink (cognition) and how we (cognition) and how we feelfeel (emotion)? (emotion)?

Can we change our emotions by changing our Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?thinking?

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Cognition Does Not Always Cognition Does Not Always Precede EmotionPrecede Emotion

When fearful eyes were subliminally When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed

higher levels of activity in the amygdala higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).(Whalen et al. 2004).

Courtesy of P

aul J. Whalen, P

hD, D

artmouth

College, w

ww

.whalenlab.info

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Embodied EmotionEmbodied Emotion

We know that emotions involve bodily We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to fear arises), but others are more difficult to

discern (neurons activated in the brain).discern (neurons activated in the brain).

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Emotions and Autonomic Emotions and Autonomic Nervous SystemNervous System

During an emotional experience, our During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us.energy in the body that arouses us.

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Physiological SimilaritiesPhysiological Similarities

Physiological responses related to the Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, and love look emotions of fear, anger, and love look

very similar.very similar.

Excitement and fear involve a similarphysiological arousal.

M. G

recco/ Stock Boston

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Physiological DifferencesPhysiological Differences

The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from

the right (depressed) for emotions.

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Two Routes to EmotionTwo Routes to Emotion

Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal. emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal.

Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.that appraisal also determines emotions.

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Expressed EmotionExpressed Emotion

Emotions are expressed on the face, by the Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?non-verbal language of emotion universal?

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Nonverbal Nonverbal CommunicationCommunication

Most of us are good at deciphering Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal emotions through non-verbal

communication. communication.

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Emotional ExpressionEmotional Expression

When culturally diverse people were shown When culturally diverse people were shown basic basic facial expressionsfacial expressions, they did fairly well at , they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).

Elkm

an & M

atsumoto, Japanese and

Caucasian F

acial Expression of E

motion

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Experienced EmotionExperienced Emotion

Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most ofthem are present in infancy, except for contempt,

shame, and guilt.Even blind children display these facial expressions.

Lew

Merrim

/ Photo R

esearchers, Inc.

Nancy B

rown/ T

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cCarthy/ R

ainbow

Patrick Donehue/ P

hoto Researchers, Inc.

Marc G

rimberg/ T

he Image B

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Bob D

aemm

rich/ The Im

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Michael N

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an/ PhotoE

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The Effects of Facial The Effects of Facial ExpressionExpression

If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowingbrows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.

Attaching two golf tees to the face and making Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.

Courtesy of L

ouis Schake/ M

ichael Kausm

an/ T

he New

York T

imes P

ictures

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Gestures and Cultural Gestures and Cultural DifferencesDifferences

Cultural differences in the use and Cultural differences in the use and meaning of gesturesmeaning of gestures

Cultural differences in the display of Cultural differences in the display of emotion emotion

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Subjective Well-BeingSubjective Well-Being

Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on

new positive psychology is on the rise.new positive psychology is on the rise.http://w

eb.fineliving.com

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Does Money Buy Does Money Buy Happiness?Happiness?

Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can

breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.

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Values & Life SatisfactionValues & Life Satisfaction

Students who value love more than money report higher life satisfaction.

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Predictors of HappinessPredictors of Happiness

Why are some people generally more Why are some people generally more happy than others?happy than others?