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ClassificatioClassificationn

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What is Classification?What is Classification?

ClassificationClassification is the is the arrangement of organisms arrangement of organisms into orderly into orderly groupsgroups based based on their on their similaritiessimilarities

Classification is also known Classification is also known as as taxonomytaxonomy

Taxonomists Taxonomists are scientists are scientists that identify & name that identify & name organismsorganisms

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Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying

•Accurately & uniformlyAccurately & uniformly names organisms names organisms

•Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such such as starfish & jellyfish that as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish aren't really fish

•Uses Uses same language same language (Latin or some Greek)(Latin or some Greek) for for all names all names

Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??

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Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesLanguages for Names

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Latin Names are Understood Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomistsby all Taxonomists

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Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists

•2000 years ago, 2000 years ago, AristotleAristotle was the was the first taxonomistfirst taxonomist

•Aristotle divided Aristotle divided organisms into organisms into plants & animalsplants & animals

•He He subdividedsubdivided them by their them by their habitathabitat ---land, sea, ---land, sea, or air dwellers or air dwellers

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Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists•John Ray, a John Ray, a

botanist,botanist, was was the first to use the first to use Latin for Latin for namingnaming

•His His namesnames were were very longvery long descriptions descriptions telling telling everything everything about the plantabout the plant

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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778

•18th century taxonomist

•Classified organisms by their structure

•Developed naming system still used today

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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

•Called the Called the “Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”

•Developed the modern Developed the modern system of naming system of naming known as known as binomial binomial nomenclaturenomenclature

•Two-wordTwo-word name (Genus name (Genus & species)& species)

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Standardized Standardized NamingNaming

•Binomial Binomial nomenclature nomenclature usedused

•Genus speciesGenus species

•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek

•ItalicizedItalicized in print in print

•Capitalize genusCapitalize genus, , but NOT speciesbut NOT species

•UnderlineUnderline when when writingwriting

Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius

American American RobinRobin

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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

Which TWO are more closely related?

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Rules for Naming OrganismsRules for Naming Organisms

•The The International Code for International Code for Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for contains the rules for naming organismsnaming organisms

•All names must be approved All names must be approved by by International Naming International Naming CongressesCongresses (International (International Zoological Congress)Zoological Congress)

•This This prevents duplicatedprevents duplicated namesnames

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Classification GroupsClassification Groups

•TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a category into which related category into which related organisms are placedorganisms are placed

•There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of of groups (taxa) from broadest groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificto most specific

•Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Genus, speciesspecies

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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups

DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamily

GenusSpecies

BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON

Most Specific

DidKingPhillipComeOverForGoodSpaghetti

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Ursus americanus

American Black Bear

Human Taxonomy

Domain: EukaryaKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesFamily: HominidaeGenus: HomoSpecies: Sapien

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•BroadestBroadest, most inclusive , most inclusive taxontaxon

•ThreeThree domains domains

•Domain Archaea and Domain Domain Archaea and Domain BacteriaBacteria consist of unicellular consist of unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)membrane-bound organelles)

•Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya consist of consist of more complex eukaryotes and more complex eukaryotes and have a nucleus and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesmembrane-bound organelles

DomainsDomains

The grouping of organisms into domains and kingdoms is based on three factors:

1. Cell type

2. Cell number

3. Feeding type

1. Cell type – The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or cell wall.

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Do not have:

* A membrane bound nucleus

* No membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotes

Do Have:

* DNA

* Ribosomes

* Cytoplasm

* Cell membrane

Typical Prokaryotic Cell

EukaryotesDo Have:* A membrane bound Nucleus* Other smaller Organelles - any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

Typical Eukaryotic Cell

2. Cell Number – whether the organism exist as a single cell or as many cells.

Unicellular – single celled organism

Multi-cellular – many celled organism

3. Feeding Type – How organisms get their food.

Autotrophs – (producer) Makes it’s own food

Heterotrophs – (consumer)Must eat other organisms to survive

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DOMAIN ARCHAEA•Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA

•Probably the 1st cells to evolve

•Live in HARSH environments

•Found in:

–Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens)

–Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles)

–Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid

–Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles

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ARCHAEAN

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DOMAIN BACTERIA

•Kingdom - EUBACTERIA

•Some may cause DISEASE

•Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones

•Important decomposers for environment

•Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

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Live in the intestines of animalsLive in the intestines of animals

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Domain Eukarya is Domain Eukarya is Divided into KingdomsDivided into Kingdoms•Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista

(protozoans, algae…)(protozoans, algae…)

•Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi

(mushrooms, yeasts …)(mushrooms, yeasts …)

•Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

(multicellular plants)(multicellular plants)

•Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia

(multicellular animals) (multicellular animals)

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Kingdom Kingdom ProtistaProtista

•Most are Most are unicellularunicellular

•Some are Some are multicellularmulticellular

•Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic, , while others are while others are heterotrophicheterotrophic

•AquaticAquatic

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Kingdom Kingdom FungiFungi•Multicellular,Multicellular,

except yeastexcept yeast

•Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophsheterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)

•Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin

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Kingdom Kingdom PlantaePlantae

•MulticellularMulticellular

•AutotrophicAutotrophic

•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose – to make glucose – PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose

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Kingdom Kingdom AnimaliaAnimalia

•MulticellularMulticellular

•Ingestive Ingestive heterotrophsheterotrophs (consume (consume food & digest food & digest it inside their it inside their bodies)bodies)

•Feed on Feed on plantsplants or or animalsanimals

Kingdom Cell Type Cell Number

Feeding Type

Cell Wall

Archaebacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Autotrophs Yes

Eubacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Both Yes

Protista Eukaryote MostUnicellular

Both YesAndNo

Fungi Eukaryote MostMulticellular

Heterotroph Yes

Plantae Eukaryote Multicellular Autotroph Yes

Animalia Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotroph No

AnimalsAnimals are divided into Phyla based on their different characteristics. Two major characteristics are...

1. Backbone

a.Vertebrate

b.Invertebrate

2. Symmetrya. Bilateral (mirror halves) b. Radial (circular)

c. Asymmetry (no equal divisions)

Symmetry - the trait of being made up of similar parts facing each other or around an axis.

Vertebrates There are five groups of vertebrates:

Birds Fish

Reptiles

Amphibians

Mammals

Amphibians*Have moist skin*Lay jelly coated eggs in water*Lives on land and water

Birds*Have feathers and hollow bones

*Lay hard shelled eggs

*Endotherm/Warm blooded

Fish*Have wet scales

*Lays eggs in water

*Live in water

Mammals

*Have hair and produce milk

*Give birth to live offspring

*Endotherm/Warm blooded

Reptiles

*Have dry scales

*Lay leathery shelled eggs

*Ectotherm/Cold blooded

Summary of Vertebrates

InvertebratesThese are animals without a backboneThere are eight groups of invertebrates:

MollusksFlatworms AnnelidsRoundwormsSpongesEchinodermsCnidariansArthropods

Mollusks*Crawl on a single fleshy pad.

*Can have a shell

Flatworms

Have flat worm like bodies

Annelids*Have round worm like bodies

*Have bodies divided into segments

Roundworms*Have long thin round worm like bodies

*Have bodies with no segments

Sponges

Have bodies made of loosely joined cells

Echinoderms

*Have bodies divided into five parts

*Have spiny outer covering

Cnidarians*Have thin sack like bodies

*Have tentacles

*Have stinging cells (nematocyst)

Arthropods

Have lots of legs and segmented bodies.

There are four group of arthropods:

Arachnids

Centipedes & Millipedes

Crustaceans

Insects

Arthropods - Arachnid

*Have four pairs of legs.

*Have bodies divided into two sections

Arthropods – Centipedes & Millipedes

Have long thin bodies and pairs of legs on each of their many body sections

Arthropods - Crustacean

*Have five-seven pairs of legs

*First pair often used as pincers

*Bodies covered in shell

Arthropods - Insects*Have three pairs of legs

*Bodies divided into three sections

*Often have wings

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Basis for Modern Basis for Modern TaxonomyTaxonomy

•Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same structure, (same structure, different function)different function)

•Similar Similar embryoembryo developmentdevelopment

•Molecular SimilarityMolecular Similarity in in DNADNA, , RNARNA, or , or amino acidamino acid sequence of Proteinssequence of Proteins

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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.shows Similarities in mammals.

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Similarities in Vertebrate Similarities in Vertebrate EmbryosEmbryos

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CladogramCladogramDiagram showing how organisms are related Diagram showing how organisms are related

based on based on shared, derived characteristicsshared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scalessuch as feathers, hair, or scales

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Primate Primate CladogramCladogram

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Dichotomous KeyDichotomous Key

•Used to identify Used to identify organismsorganisms

•Characteristics given in Characteristics given in pairspairs

•Read both Read both characteristicscharacteristics and and either go to another set either go to another set of characteristics of characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism

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Example of Dichotomous Example of Dichotomous KeyKey

1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 2

1b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 3

2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus

2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 3

3a Tentacles hang down – go to 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 44

3b Tentacles upright–Sea 3b Tentacles upright–Sea AnemoneAnemone

4a Balloon-shaped body–4a Balloon-shaped body–JellyfishJellyfish

4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5