What is classification?

• the grouping of objects or information based on similarities

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=7339&rendTypeId=4

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1053/55071543.JPG

Animal Classification

http://www.saigan.com/kidscorner/animalsvlove/anib.jpg

What is taxonomy?

• the branch of biology that groups or names organisms based on the study of their different characteristics

Aristotle’s System of Classification

• Greek Philosopher (384 -322 BC)• Grouped plants and animals

– Plants: Herbs, Shrubs and Trees– Animals: on land, in the air, or in water

• Based on structural characteristics• Example: classified birds, bats and flying insects

together

http://www.kidsbiology.com/images/classification_aristotle.jpg

Linnaeus’ System of Classification• Lived:1707-1778• GOAL: To classify all known

organisms• Used flower parts to assign

different categories (species, genus, order, class)

• Based on morphology (physical and structural similarities)

• Biologists realized that bats and birds can both fly, but bats have hair and produce milk for their young and now classified as mammals

http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/images/linnaeus.jpg

Binomial Nomenclature

• Bi- means 2

• Nom- means name

Binomial Nomenclature

• In Latin or Greek• Genus species• Genus means plural or genera and

consists of a group of similar species• Species describes a characteristic of the

organism• Genus is capitalized and species is

lowercase• If written (underline) or if typed (italics)

Example: European Honeybee: Apis mellifera

http://slog.thestranger.com/2007/03/where_have_all_the_bumblebees_gone

Scientific Name

• Genus species is the combination of genus and species

• Species alone is just the description of a characteristic

• Characteristics include: size, color (of body, feet, wings)

Examples of current scientific names

• Quercus: Oak trees which produce acorns

• Red Oak: Quercus rubra• Willow Oak: Quercus

phellos

• Quercus: oak, oak-tree; garland of oak leaves;

• Rubra: red, ruddy, painted red (Rubrum Mare => Red Sea, Arabian/Persian Gulf)

• Phellos: corky - bark has rough, corky ridges

http://www.jvh-nurseries.com/language/multilingual/plants/list/quercus%20rubra.jpg

http://www.fast-growing-trees.com/images/Oak-Willow-1-220w.jpg

Biological Classification based on:• Relationships between organisms

• Fossil record interpretation

• Similarities in structural and chemical makeup

• External and Internal structures

• Geographical distribution

• Chemical makeup

Why Latin?

• Common names (honeybee) varies from country to country due to language differences

• Universal language between scholars

• Most scholars were scientists

• Scientific names are universal

The Six Kingdoms

17.2

Types of characteristics used in classification:

• Morphology

• Embryology

• Chromosomes

• Biochemistry

• Physiology

• Phylogeny

• Biosystematics

Morphology

• Structure and anatomy; Reflects evolutionary relationships

Morphology

• Example: Wings of a bird and wings of an insect arise from different tissue within the embryo; Bones of the forelimb in a lizard are similar to those in the forelimb of the cat

http://mysite.verizon.net/vzepz6a9/biorefweb/homologous_structures.jpg

Homologous Structures

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/homobones.jpg

having the same relative position, value, or structure

Homologous Structures

http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio336/Bio336/Lectures/Lecture5/pentadactyl.jpg

Vestigial Structuresa bodily part or organ that is small and degenerate or imperfectly developed in comparison to one more fully developed in an earlier stage of the individual, in a past generation, or in closely related forms

http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/magazines/tj/images/v14n2_vestigial_structures.gif

http://www.vidyavahini.ernet.in/shishya/products/AcademicContent/CBSE/XII/Zoology/xii%20relationship%20among%20organisms/Relationship%20among%20organisms_files/image005.gif

Embryology

• Development of plants and animal cells still inside seed or egg

http://www.sspx.org/IMAGES/Miscellaneous/embryonic_comparison455x220.jpg

http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_01_img0111.jpg

Chromosomes

• Structure enclosed in the DNA of a cell, which carries genetic information; Chromosome number and shape (circular or linear)

http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/images/chromosome.gif

Phylogenetic Tree

http://www.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_3846_404_1617_43/http%3B/public-content%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/ecological_issues/genetic_biodiversity/phylogenetic_trees_intro/tree.gif

Cladogram

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/patterns_intro.gif

Biochemistry

• Chemical make-up of the body and its systems; Metabolism; Sequence of nucleotide bases (DNA); Comparing: Proteins, amino acids sequences, DNA and RNA

Physiology

• Biological function of how the organism works; Bacteria: Fermentation of sugar (lactose), Uses citric acid as their sole source of carbon; Organisms may look similar, but different based on physiology http://www.latech.edu/tech/engr/bme/gale_classes/physiology/physiology%20picture.jpg

Phylogeny

• Evolutionary history; Line of evolutionary descent; How organisms have evolved; Characteristics based upon the same characteristics (by ancestry); GOAL: to produce classification system that is easy to use and informative regarding patterns of evolution.

Biosystematics

• Reproductive compatibility and gene flow; Classification hierarchy; Determined by similar characteristics; Characteristics: structural, chromosomal, or molecular feature distinguishing one group from another

Know the classification hierarchy:

• Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species

• Least Similar……to……Most Similar

Classification Hierarchy

Order Learning Device Hierarchy Similarities

K

P

C

O

F

G

S

King

Phillip

Came

Over

Species

Genus

Family

Order

Class

Phylum

Kingdom

For

Great

Spaghetti

General Groups Contains like Phyla

Contains like Classes

Contains like Orders

Contains like Families

Contains like Genera

Contains like Species

Specific GroupsContains one group or multiple sub species

Animalia

• Eukaryotic (has cell nucleus); motile; multi-cellular; no cell walls or chlorophyll; internal cavity for digestion of nutrients

http://www.kingore.com/animalia-f.jpg

Chordata

• Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, and pharyngeal pouches

Mammalia

• Warm-blooded; mammary glands; more or less covered with hair; well-developed brain

http://www.feenixx.com/science/images/a151-mammals_poster.jpg

Primate

• Good brain development; opposable thumb; sometimes big toes; lacking claws, scales, horns and hooves

http://updatecenter.britannica.com/eb/image?binaryId=52984&rendTypeId=4http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/e/e5/180px-PrimateFeet.jpg

Non-Human Primates

http://investigate.conservation.org/ImageCache/IB/content/images/primates/primates_5fmap_2ejpg/v1/image-data/1/primates_5fmap.jpg

Hominidae• Limb anatomy suitable for upright stance and

bipedal locomotion

http://updatecenter.britannica.com/eb/image?binaryId=79536&rendTypeId=4

Bipedal Locomotion

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=55495&rendTypeId=4

Homo

• Maximum brain development (particular portions); Hand anatomy suitable for making tools

Homo sapiens

• Body proportion of modern humans; speech centers of brain well-developed; sapiens means “wise”

Hierarchy

Hierarchy Humans Gorillas

Kingdom Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Chordata

Class Mammalia Mammalia

Order Primate Primate

Family Hominidae

Genus Homo

Species Homo sapiens

DefinitionsProkaryote

Eukaryote

Single Cellular

Multi-cellular

Autotroph

Heterotroph

That lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Organisms that have nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Having or consisting of a single cell

Having or consisting of more than one single cell

Makes its own food from energy taken from the sun

Gains energy from eating other organisms

Six Kingdoms

Kingdom Prokaryote or Eukaryote

Cellular Organization

Mode of Nutrition Examples

Archae-bacteria

Eubacteria

Protists

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic

Unicellular

Unicellular and Multicellular

Multicellular

Multicellular

Unicellular and Multicellular

Unicellular

Heterotroph or Autotroph

Heterotroph

Autotroph

Heterotroph

Heterotroph or Autotroph

Heterotroph or Autotroph

Bacteria, Cyanobacteria

Clostridium

Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium

Mushrooms, Bracket fungi, Bread mold

yeastNon-vascular,

vascular

Invertebrates, vertebrates

P= Prokaryotic

E=Eukaryotic

U= Unicellular

M=Multicellular

H= Heterotroph

A=Autotroph

Archaebacteria

http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomArchaebacteria.jpg

Eubacteria

http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomEubacteria.jpg

Protista

http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomProtista.jpg

Fungi

http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomFungi.jpg

Plantae

http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomPlantae.jpg

Animalia

http://www.chesterfield.k12.sc.us/Cheraw%20Intermediate/DaveEvans/BiologyICP/KingdomAnimalia.jpg