1 Classification. 2 What is Classification? Classification/taxonomy is the arrangement of organisms...

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ClassificatioClassificationn

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What is Classification?What is Classification?

Classification/taxonomyClassification/taxonomy is is the arrangement of the arrangement of organisms into orderly organisms into orderly groupsgroups based on their based on their similaritiessimilarities

Taxonomists Taxonomists are scientists are scientists that identify & name that identify & name organismsorganisms

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Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying

•Accurately & uniformlyAccurately & uniformly names organisms names organisms

•Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such such as starfish & jellyfish that as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish aren't really fish

•Uses Uses same language same language (Latin or some Greek)(Latin or some Greek) for for all names all names

Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??

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Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesLanguages for Names

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Latin Names are Understood Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomistsby all Taxonomists

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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus 1707 – 17781707 – 1778

•Called the Called the “Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”

•Developed the Developed the modern system of modern system of naming known as naming known as binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature

•Two-wordTwo-word name name (Genus & species)(Genus & species)

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Standardized Standardized NamingNaming

•Binomial Binomial nomenclature nomenclature

•Genus speciesGenus species

•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek

Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius

American American RobinRobin

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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

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Classification GroupsClassification Groups

•TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a category into which related category into which related organisms are placedorganisms are placed

•There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of of groups (taxa) from groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificbroadest to most specific

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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups

DomainKingdom

Phylum (Division – used for plants)

Class Order Family

Genus Species

BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON

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KKinging

PPhilliphillip

CCameame

OOverver

FForor

GGoodood

SSoup!oup!

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•BroadestBroadest, most inclusive , most inclusive taxontaxon

•ThreeThree domains domains

•Archaea and EubacteriaArchaea and Eubacteria are are unicellular prokaryotes (no unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)organelles)

•EukaryaEukarya are more complex are more complex and have a nucleus and and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesmembrane-bound organelles

DomainsDomains

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ArchaeaArchaea live in live in harsh environmentsharsh environments and may represent the first cells to and may represent the first cells to have evolved.have evolved.

Sewage Sewage treatment treatment

plants, plants, thermal thermal

vents, etc.vents, etc.

Domain Domain ArchaeaArchaea

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EubacteriaEubacteria, some of which , some of which cause human diseases, are cause human diseases, are

present in almost present in almost all habitatsall habitats on earth.on earth.

Many bacteria are important Many bacteria are important environmentally and environmentally and

commercially.commercially.

Live in the Live in the intestines intestines of animalsof animals

Domain EubacteriaDomain Eubacteria

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Domain Eukarya is Domain Eukarya is Divided into KingdomsDivided into Kingdoms

•ProtistaProtista (protozoans, algae…) (protozoans, algae…)

•FungiFungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) (mushrooms, yeasts …)

•PlantaePlantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants)

•AnimaliaAnimalia (multicellular animals) (multicellular animals)

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ProtistaProtista

•Most are Most are unicellularunicellular

•Some are Some are multicellularmulticellular

•Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic, , while others are while others are heterotrophicheterotrophic

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FungiFungi•Multicellular,Multicellular,

except yeastexcept yeast

•Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophsheterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)

•Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin

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PlantaePlantae

•MulticellularMulticellular

•AutotrophicAutotrophic

•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose to make glucose – Photosynthesis– Photosynthesis

•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose

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AnimaliaAnimalia

•MulticellularMulticellular

•Ingestive Ingestive heterotrophs heterotrophs (consume (consume food & digest food & digest it inside their it inside their bodies)bodies)

•Feed on Feed on plants or plants or animalsanimals

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Dichotomous KeyingDichotomous Keying

•Used to identify Used to identify organismsorganisms

•Characteristics given in Characteristics given in pairspairs

•Read both Read both characteristicscharacteristics and either and either go to another set of go to another set of characteristics characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism

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Example of Dichotomous Example of Dichotomous KeyKey

1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 2

1b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 3

2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus

2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 3

3a Tentacles hang down – go to 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 44

3b Tentacles upright–Sea 3b Tentacles upright–Sea AnemoneAnemone

4a Balloon-shaped body–4a Balloon-shaped body–JellyfishJellyfish

4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.duewestcharter.bc.ca/images/Links/Sea%2520Anemone.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.duewestcharter.bc.ca/Helpful%2520Links.htm&h=803&w=1071&sz=95&hl=en&start=15&tbnid=u31TMeW8tnm4iM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsea%2Banemone%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3DGGIC,GGIC:2006-38,GGIC:en

Classification of Living Things


KingdomKingdom EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaebacteriArchaebacteriaa

ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia

Cell TypeCell Type

Cell Cell StructuresStructures

NumberNumber

of of

CellsCells

Mode Mode

of of

NutritionNutrition

ExamplesExamples


KingdomKingdom EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaebactArchaebacteriaeria

ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia

Cell TypeCell TypeProkaryoticProkaryotic


FlagellaFlagella

NumberNumber

of of

CellsCells

UnicellularUnicellular

Mode Mode

of of

NutritionNutrition

AutotrophicAutotrophic

OROR

HeterotrophicHeterotrophic

ExamplesExamplesSalmonellaSalmonella

E. ColiE. Coli

AnthraxAnthrax


KingdomKingdom EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria ProtistaProtista FungiFungi PlantaePlantae AnimaliaAnimalia

Cell TypeCell TypeProkaryoticProkaryotic ProkaryoticProkaryotic


FlagellaFlagella

CapsuleCapsule

Cell WallCell Wall

CapsidCapsid

Nucleic AcidNucleic Acid

EnvelopeEnvelope

NumberNumber

of of

CellsCells

UnicellularUnicellular UnicellularUnicellular

Mode Mode

of of

NutritionNutrition


OROR

HeterotrophiHeterotrophicc


OROR



E. ColiE. Coli

AnthraxAnthrax

HIV HIV

HepatitisHepatitis

Tobacco Tobacco Mosaic VirusMosaic Virus



Cell TypeCell TypeProkaryoticProkaryotic ProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic


FlagellaFlagella

CapsuleCapsule

Cell WallCell Wall

CapsidCapsid


EnvelopeEnvelope

FlagellaFlagella

CiliaCilia

SporesSpores

PseudopodsPseudopods

NumberNumber

of of

CellsCells

UnicellularUnicellular UnicellularUnicellular Unicellular Unicellular OR Multi-OR Multi-cellularcellular

Mode Mode

of of

NutritionNutrition


OROR



OROR


Autotrophic Autotrophic OR OR



E. ColiE. Coli

AnthraxAnthrax

HIV HIV

HepatitisHepatitis


ProtozoansProtozoans

AlgaeAlgae

Water MoldWater Mold

Slime MoldSlime Mold



Cell TypeCell TypeProkaryoticProkaryotic ProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic EukkaryoticEukkaryotic


FlagellaFlagella

CapsuleCapsule

Cell WallCell Wall

CapsidCapsid


EnvelopeEnvelope

FlagellaFlagella

CiliaCilia

SporesSpores


-Cell walls made of -Cell walls made of chitinchitin

-Filamentous forms -Filamentous forms with specialized, with specialized,

complex cellscomplex cells

NumberNumber

of of

CellsCells


All All

Multi-cellular Multi-cellular except for except for

yeast yeast (unicellular)(unicellular)

Mode Mode

of of

NutritionNutrition


OROR


Autotrophic Autotrophic

OROR




Absorpotive Absorpotive heterotrophsheterotrophs


E. ColiE. Coli

AnthraxAnthrax

HIV HIV

HepatitisHepatitis



AlgaeAlgae



MoldsMolds

YeastsYeasts

MushroomsMushrooms



Cell TypeCell TypeProkaryoticProkaryotic ProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic EukkaryoticEukkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic


FlagellaFlagella

CapsuleCapsule

Cell WallCell Wall

CapsidCapsid


EnvelopeEnvelope

FlagellaFlagella

CiliaCilia

SporesSpores


-Cell walls made of -Cell walls made of chitinchitin

-Filamentous forms -Filamentous forms with specialized, with specialized,


ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Central Central vacuolevacuole

Cell wallCell wall

NumberNumber

of of

CellsCells


All All



Multi-cellularMulti-cellular

Mode Mode

of of

NutritionNutrition


OROR



OROR




Absorpotive Absorpotive heterotrophsheterotrophs AutotrophicAutotrophic


E. ColiE. Coli

AnthraxAnthrax

HIV HIV

HepatitisHepatitis



AlgaeAlgae



MoldsMolds

YeastsYeasts

MushroomsMushrooms

MossesMosses

FernsFerns

Non-woody & Non-woody & woody woody

flowering flowering plantsplants



Cell TypeCell Type ProkaryoticProkaryotic ProkaryoticProkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic EukkaryoticEukkaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic EukaryoticEukaryotic


FlagellaFlagella

CapsuleCapsule

Cell WallCell Wall

CapsidCapsid


EnvelopeEnvelope

FlagellaFlagella

CiliaCilia

SporesSpores


-Cell walls -Cell walls made of chitinmade of chitin

-Filamentous -Filamentous forms with forms with specialized, specialized,


ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Central Central vacuolevacuole

Cell wallCell wall

Specialized, Specialized, complex complex

cellscells

NumberNumber

of of

CellsCellsUnicellularUnicellular UnicellularUnicellular

Unicellular Unicellular OR Multi-OR Multi-cellularcellular

All All



Multi-cellularMulti-cellular Multi-cellularMulti-cellular

Mode Mode

of of

NutritionNutrition

Autotrophic Autotrophic

OROR



OR OR




Absorpotive Absorpotive heterotrophsheterotrophs AutotrophicAutotrophic HeterotrophiHeterotrophi

cc


E. ColiE. Coli

AnthraxAnthrax

HIV HIV

HepatitisHepatitis



AlgaeAlgae



MoldsMolds

YeastsYeasts

MushroomsMushrooms

MossesMosses

FernsFerns

Non-woody & Non-woody & woody woody

flowering flowering plantsplants

InvertebratesInvertebrates

FishesFishes

ReptilesReptiles

AmphibiansAmphibians

Birds Birds

MammalsMammals

Your assignmentWrite a letter explaining the classification of

living things. You must describe each kingdom from the Eukarya domain in detail. Include cell type, cell structures, number of cells, mode of nutrition and some examples this person may have heard of. REMEMBER, this person most likely does not understand what the terms eukaryotic, prokaryotic, unicellular, multi-cellular, autotrophs, heterotrophs or various cell structures mean. Be sure to include an explanation of the terms or lose 50 valuable points!

1 Classification. 2 What is Classification? Classification/taxonomy is the arrangement of organisms...

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