1-1 Anatomy and Physiology, Seventh Edition Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University Trent D. Stephens...
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Transcript of 1-1 Anatomy and Physiology, Seventh Edition Rod R. Seeley Idaho State University Trent D. Stephens...
1-1
Anatomy and Physiology, Seventh Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State UniversityTrent D. StephensIdaho State UniversityPhilip TatePhoenix College
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Chapter 01Chapter 01
Lecture OutlineLecture Outline**
1-2
Chapter 1
The Human Organism
1-3
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure
• Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
1-4
Topics of Anatomy
• Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope– Regional: studied area by area– Systemic: studied system by system– Surface: external form and relation to deeper
structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
• Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope– Cytology: cellular anatomy– Histology: study of tissues
1-5
Topics of Physiology
• Reveals dynamic nature of living things
• Considers operations of specific organ systems– Cell physiology: examines processes in cells– Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous
system– Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels
1-6
Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology
• Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease
• Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise
1-7
Structural & Functional Organizations
• Chemical Level: interaction of atoms
• Cell Level: functional unit of life
• Tissue Level: group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
• Organ Level: one or more tissues functioning together
• Organ System Level: group of organs functioning together
• Organism Level: any living thing.
1-8
Organs of the Body
1-9
Organ Systems of the Body
1-10
Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
1-11
Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
1-12
Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
1-13
Characteristics of Life
• Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
• Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body• Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust• Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells• Development: changes in an organism over time
– Differentiation: change from general to specific
– Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs
• Reproduction: new cells or new organisms
1-14
Homeostasis
• Values of variables fluctuatearound the set point to establish a normal range of values.
• Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable.
• What is the set point for body temperature?
1-15
Feedback Systems
• Two types: negative and positive• Components
– Receptor: monitors the value of some variable– Control center: establishes the set point– Effector: can change the value of the variable
• Stimulus: deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor
• Response: produced by the effector
1-16
Negative Feedback
• Any deviation from the set point is made smaller (resisted)
• Examples: regulation of blood pressure, body temperature, blood sugar levels
1-17
Example of Negative Feedback
1-18
Changes in B.P. During Exercise
1-19
Positive Feedback
• When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater– Unusual in normal, healthy
individuals, leads away from homeostasis and can result in death
– Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth
– Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases
1-20
Terminology and Body Plan• Anatomical Position
– Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
• Other Body Positions– Supine: lying face upward– Prone: lying face downward
• Directional Terms– Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior
(Caudal) toward or away from the head
– Medial vs. Lateral relative to the midline
– Proximal vs. Distal used to describe linear structures
– Superficial vs. Deep relative to the surface of the body
1-21
Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)
• Directional Terms (cont.)– Anterior (Ventral) vs.
Posterior (Dorsal). Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back.
1-22
1-23
Body Parts and Regions
1-24
Body Parts and Regions
1-25
Abdominal Subdivisions
1-26
Body Planes
• Median (through the midline) and Sagittal (same plane, but to the left or right of median
• Frontal or Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections
• Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections
• Oblique: Other than at a right angle
1-27
Planes of Section Through an Organ
• Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ
• Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ
• Oblique: cut at any but a right angle
1-28
Trunk Cavities
• Diaphragm: divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
• Mediastinum: contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs
1-29
Serous Membranes• Cover the organs of trunk
cavities & line the cavity
• Fist represents an organ
• Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane
• Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane
• Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the membranes
• Inflammation of the serous membranes
1-30
Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs
– Pericardium refers to heart.
– Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity
– Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity
1-31
Imaging Techniques
• Radiography
• Computed Tomography (CT)
• Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
• Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
• Ultrasound (US)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
1-32
•Radiography: Shadowy negative of internal body structures
1-33
• Computed Tomography (CT
Scan): computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices
of body.• Dynamic Spatial
Reconstruction (DSR): 3-D version of CT using multiple slices.
1-34
•Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.
1-35
•Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.
1-36
•Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.
1-37
•Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses radioactively-labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.