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CE403Construction Methodology

ExcavatorsShovels, Draglines,Hoes, andClamshells

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL8Oymr5vqE

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Back Hoe Production Estimating

Production, LCY/h = C x S x V x B x E

C = Cycles/h (Table 3-3)S = Swing-Depth Factor (Table 3-4)V = Heaped Volume , LCY

B = Bucket Fill Factor (Table 3-2)E = Job Efficiency

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Standard Cycles per Hour

for Hydraulic Backhoes

Small Medium Large< 1.0 YD 1¼ to 2¼ YD ³ 2½ YD

sand, gravel,

loam

common

earth,soft clay

to ugh clay,

rock

120

Hard 110 160 130 100

Average 135 200 160

Type of MaterialWheelTractor

Excavator Machine Size

Soft 170 250 200 150

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Swing-Depth Factor

Depth of

Cut(% ofMax)

45º 60º 75º 90º 120º 180º

30 1.33 1.26 1.21 1.15 1.08 0.9550 1.28 1.21 1.16 1.10 1.03 0.9170 1.16 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.8390 1.04 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75

Angle of Swing, deg

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Bucket Fill Factors for Excavators

Material Bucket Fill FactorCommon Earth, Loam 0.80-1.10Sand & Gravel 0.90-1.00Hard Clay 0.65-0.95Wet Clay 0.50-0.90Rock, Well-Blasted 0.70-0.90

Rock, Poorly-Blasted 0.40-0.70

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Back Hoe Production EstimatingEfficiency Dependent on: – Management Con di t ion s

Skill, Training & Motivation of WorkersSelection, Operation & Maintenance of EquipmentPlanning, Job Layout, Supervision & Coordination of Work

– Job Cond i t ionsTopography & Work DimensionsSurface & Weather ConditionsSpecification Requirements for Work Methods or Work SequenceRequired

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Management ConditionsJob-Site

Conditions Excellent Good FairExcellent 0.84 0.81 0.76

Good 0.78 0.75 0.71Fair 0.72 0.69 0.65

Poor 0.63 0.61 0.57

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Can also estimate efficiency through number of

effective working minutes per hour.Eg., 50-min/h – actual work is done 50 minutesper hour…the other ten minutes spent onbreaks, smoke break, bath room, thinking…

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Standard Cycles per Hour

for Hydraulic Backhoes ( Tab 3-3 )

Small Medium Large< 1.0 YD 1¼ to 2¼ YD ³ 2½ YD

sand, gravel,

loam

common

earth,soft clay

to ugh clay,

rock

120

Hard 110 160 130 100

Average 135 200 160

Type of MaterialWheelTractor

Excavator Machine Size

Soft 170 250 200 150

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Example 3-4

Solu t ion

Cyclic Output = 250 cycles/60min (Table 3-3)Swing-Depth Factor = 1.00 (Table 3-4)Bucket Fill Factor = 0.95Job Efficiency = 50 /60 = 0.833

Production= 250 cycles x 1.00 (swing-depth) x 0.75 CY x 0.95

(bucket fill factor) x 0.833 (job eff.)= 148 L CY/h

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Swing-Depth Factor ( Tab 3-4 )

Depth of

Cut(% ofMax)

45º 60º 75º 90º 120º 180º

30 1.33 1.26 1.21 1.15 1.08 0.9550 1.28 1.21 1.16 1.10 1.03 0.91

70 1.16 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.8390 1.04 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75

Angle of Swing, deg

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Example 3-4

Solu t ion

Cyclic Output = 250 cycles/60min (Table 3-3)Swing-Depth Factor = 1.00 (Table 3-4)Bucket Fill Factor = 0.95Job Efficiency = 50 /60 = 0.833

Production= 250 cycles x 1.00 (swing-depth) x 0.75 CY x 0.95

(bucket fill factor) x 0.833 (job eff.)= 148 L CY/h

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Job Management

Major Factor Controlling Hydraulic Excavator

– Maximum depth – Working radius – Dumping Height –

Density of Material

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Shovels

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Crowding & Breakout Forces

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Shovel ~ Production Estimating

Produc t ion , LCY/h = C x S x V x B x E

C = Cycles/hour (Table 3-6)S = Swing Factor (Table 3-6)V = Heaped Bucket Volume, LCYB

= Bucket Fill Factor (Table 3-2)E = Job Efficiency

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Standard Cycles per Hour for

Hydraulic ShovelsMach ine Size

Small Medium Large

MaterialBottomDump

FrontDump

BottomDump

FrontDump

BottomDump

FrontDump

Soft 190 170 180 160 150 135 Average 170 150 160 145 145 130Hard 150 135 140 130 135 125

Adjus tment for Swing Angle Angle of Swing, degrees

45 60 75 90 120 180 SwingFactor 1.16 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.83

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Shovel Production Example

Prob lemFind the expected production in LCY per hour of 3 CY

hydraulic shovel equipped with a front-dump bucket.The material is common earth with a bucket fill factor

of 1.0.The average angle of swing is 75 degrees.The job efficiency is 0.80.

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Standard Cycles per Hour for

Hydraulic ShovelsMach ine Size

Small Medium Large

MaterialBottomDump

FrontDump

BottomDump

FrontDump

BottomDump

FrontDump

Soft 190 170 180 160 150 135 Average 170 150 160 145 145 130Hard 150 135 140 130 135 125

Adjus tment for Swing Angle Angle of Swing, degrees

45 60 75 90 120 180 SwingFactor 1.16 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.83

< 5 yd)

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Shovel Production Example

Solu t ion Standard Cycles = 150/60 min ( Table 3-6 )Swing factor = 1.05 ( Table 3-6 )Bucket Volume = 3.0 LCYBucket Fill Factor = 1.0

Job Efficiency = 0.80QProduction = 150 cycles x 1.05 (swing factor) x 3.0 cy x

1.0 (bucket fill factor) x 0.80 (eff) = 378 LCY/h

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Draglines

Longest reach for

digging anddumping of anymember of thecrane-shovel family.

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Dragline

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Optimal Digging Area

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Dragline Production

Expected Production= Ideal Output

x Swing-Depth Factorx Efficiency

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Ideal Dragline Output, in BCY/hr

(Tab 3-7 )

¾ 1 1¼ 1½ 1¾ 2 2½ 3 3½ 4 5Light moist clay or loam 130 160 195 220 245 265 305 350 390 465 540Sand and gravel 125 155 185 20 235 255 295 340 380 455 530Common earth 105 135 165 190 210 230 265 305 340 375 445Tough clay 90 110 135 160 180 195 230 270 305 340 410Wet, sticky clay 55 75 95 110 130 145 175 210 240 270 330

Type of Material

Bucket Size, CY

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Swing-Depth Factor ( Tab 3-9 )Depth of

Cut% of

Optimum 30º 45º 60º 75º 90º 120º 150º 180º

20 1.06 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.81 0.75 0.7040 1.17 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.93 0.85 0.78 0.7260 1.25 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.88 0.78 0.7280 1.29 1.17 1.09 1.04 0.99 0.90 0.82 0.76100 1.32 1.19 1.11 1.05 1.00 0.91 0.83 0.77120 1.29 1.17 1.09 1.03 0.98 0.90 0.82 0.77140 1.25 1.14 1.06 1.00 0.96 0.88 0.81 0.75180 1.15 1.05 0.98 0.94 0.90 0.82 0.76 0.71200 1.10 1.09 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.79 0.73 0.69

Angle of Swing, deg

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Dragline ExampleDetermine the expected dragline production inLCY per hour based on the followinginformation: – Dragline Size: 2 cyd – Swing Angle: 120 degrees – Average Depth of Cut: 7.9 ft – Material: Common Earth – Job Efficiency: 50min/h – Soil Swell = 25%

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Ideal Dragline Output, in BCY/hr

¾ 1 1¼ 1½ 1¾ 2 2½ 3 3½ 4 5Light moist clay or loam 130 160 195 220 245 265 305 350 390 465 540Sand and gravel 125 155 185 20 235 255 295 340 380 455 530Common earth 105 135 165 190 210 230 265 305 340 375 445Tough clay 90 110 135 160 180 195 230 270 305 340 410Wet, sticky clay 55 75 95 110 130 145 175 210 240 270 330

Type of Material

Bucket Size, CY

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Dragline ExampleSolution: – Ideal Output: 230 BCY/h – Optimum Depth of Cut: 9.9 ft – Actual Depth/Optimum Depth: 7.9/9.9 x 100 = 80% – Swing Depth Factor: 0.90 – Efficiency factor: 50/60 = 0.833 – Volume Change Factor = 1+0.25 = 1.25 – Estimated Production = 230 x 0.90 x 0.833 x 1.25 =

216 LCY/h

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Dragline ExampleSolution: – Ideal Output: 230 BCY/h – Optimum Depth of Cut: 9.9 ft ( Tab 3-8 ) – Actual Depth/Optimum Depth: 7.9/9.9 x 100 = 80% – Swing Depth Factor: 0.90 – Efficiency factor: 50/60 = 0.833 – Volume Change Factor = 1+0.25 = 1.25 – Estimated Production = 230 x 0.90 x 0.833 x 1.25 =

216 LCY/h

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Swing-Depth FactorDepth of

Cut% of

Optimum 30º 45º 60º 75º 90º 120º 150º 180º

20 1.06 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.81 0.75 0.7040 1.17 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.93 0.85 0.78 0.7260 1.25 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.88 0.78 0.7280 1.29 1.17 1.09 1.04 0.99 0.90 0.82 0.76100 1.32 1.19 1.11 1.05 1.00 0.91 0.83 0.77120 1.29 1.17 1.09 1.03 0.98 0.90 0.82 0.77140 1.25 1.14 1.06 1.00 0.96 0.88 0.81 0.75180 1.15 1.05 0.98 0.94 0.90 0.82 0.76 0.71200 1.10 1.09 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.79 0.73 0.69

Angle of Swing, deg

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Dragline ExampleSolution: – Ideal Output: 230 BCY/h – Optimum Depth of Cut: 9.9 ft – Actual Depth/Optimum Depth: 7.9/9.9 x 100 = 80% – Swing Depth Factor: 0.90 – Efficiency factor: 50/60 = 0.833 – Volume Change Factor = 1+0.25 = 1.25 – Estimated Production = 230 x 0.90 x 0.833 x 1.25 =

216 LCY/h

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CLAMSHELL

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CLAMSHELL

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Clamshell Bucket

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Clamshell Production

Production = C x V x B x E

C – Cycles per hourV – Bucket CapacityB – Bucket Fill FactorE – Job Efficiency Factor

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Clamshell Production Example

Solu t ion

Production = C x V x B x EProduction = (3,600(sec/h)/40 sec) x 1.0 CYx 0.95 (bucket fill factor) x 50/60 (job eff.)

= 71 LCY/h

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Trenchless Technology: Cast In

Place Pipe

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Trenchless Technology - Cast In

Place Pipe

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Trenchless Technology - Cast In

Place Pipe

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Pipe Bursting A process that…

Breaks an Existing Pipe

Expands Broken Shards intoSurrounding Soil

Pulls in the New Carrier LineSimultaneously

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Pneumatic Pipe Bursting

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Pneumatic Components

Bursting Tool

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Upsizing Considerations

0-25% 25-50% 50-125%

Class ARoutine and

generallyconsideredfavorable

Class BChallenging to

moderatelydifficult

Class CVery challenging

to extremelydifficult

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Trenchless Technology:Pipe

Bursting

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CE403Construction Methodology

End of Lecture

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05 Excavators (1)

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