강구홍 K. Kang ([email protected]) 서원대학교 컴퓨터정보통신공학부...

강구홍 K. Kang ([email protected])서원대학교 컴퓨터정보통신공학부 정보통신공학과

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신 정보통신 기술The Changing Winds of IT

(RFID/USN)

2006 년 4 월 25 일서원대학교 컴퓨터정보통신공학부

정보통신공학과 강 구 홍


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Agenda

• Introduction• RFID

– Automatic Identification Systems

– Differentiation Features of RFID Systems

– Fundamental Operating Principles

• Ubiquitous– What is Ubiquitous Computing?

– Experiences in deploying ubiquitous systems

– Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

– Sensor Networks


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Introduction


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RFID/USN

• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)– 초소형칩과 무선을 통해 식품 , 동물 , 사물 등

다양한 개체의 정보를 관리할 수 있는 차세대 인식 기술

• USN (Ubiquitous Sensor Network)– 필요한 모든 것 ( 곳 ) 에 RFID 태그를 부착하고

이를 통하여 사물의 인식정보는 물론 주변의 환경정보까지 탐지하여 이를 실시간으로 네트워크에 연결하여 정보를 관리하는 인프라


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RFID/USN


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Most Important Auto-ID Procedures


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Ubiquitous Computing

유비퀴터스 컴퓨팅의 특징

① 네트워크에 연결 (connection) 되지 않은 컴퓨터는 UC 이 아니다 .

② 인간화된 인터페이스 (calm technology) 로서 눈에 보이지 않아야 (invisible) 한다 .

③ 가상공간이 아닌 현실 세계의 어디서나 컴퓨터의 사용이 가능해야 한다 (embodied virtuality).

제록스사의 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 프로젝트– 미국 , 제록스사의 PARC (Palo Alto Research Center)– 1988 년 ‘ Ubiquitous Computing’

프로젝트– 연구책임자 Mark Weiser– 연구대상

• Computer Science(Computer, Network)

• Human– 목표 : 컴퓨터와 네트워크 , 인간이 조화된 문화 창출 ( 복지지향 )


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RFID Systems

• Automatic Identification Systems– Auto-ID System– Examples of Auto-IDs– Components of an RFID System

• Different RFID Systems– Various Features of RFID Systems– Transponder Construction Formats– Frequency, Range and Coupling– Information Processing in the Transponder

• Fundamental Operating Principles– 1-Bit Transponder– Full and Half Duplex Procedure– A hot Application (E-seal)


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Auto-ID System

• What’s Auto-ID?– Provides information about people, animals, goods

and products in transit

• Auto-ID procedures have become very popular in – Service industries

– Purchasing and distribution logistics

– Industry

– Manufacturing companies

– Material flow systems


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Auto-ID System (cont)

• Barcodes– At initial stage– May be extremely cheap– Low storage capacity– Cannot be reprogrammed

• Smart card– Based upon a contact field– The mechanical contact is often impractical

• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) systems– Contactless ID systems– The transfer power and data from the reader using contactless

technology


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Most Important Auto-ID Procedures


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The Global Market for RFID


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Barcode Systems

• Wide and Narrow bards and gaps• It is read by optical laser scanning

– The different refection of a laser beam from the black bars and white gaps

• The approximately ten different barcode types currently in use– UPC (Universe Product Code)

– EAN code (European Article Number)• Made up of 13 digits

• KAN


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Barcode Systems


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Smart Cards

• Sometimes called IC Card• The first smart card

– Prepaid telephone smart cards (1984)

• An electronic data storage system, possibly with additional computing capacity– Memory card

• EEPROM

• Phone Card

– Microprocessor card


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Smart Cards

• Supplied with energy and a clock from the reader via the contact surfaces (galvanic contacts)

• One disadvantage– The vulnerability of the contacts to wear, corrosion

and dirt -> malfunctions


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RFID Systems

• Radio Frequency Identification systems consist of– An electronic data carrier device

– Reader

• Communicate information using radio rechnology


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RFID Systems

• Like smart card systems

• The transponder uses magnetic or electromagnetic fields, instead of the use of galvanic contacts

• Information carried by radio waves


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RFID Systems (cont)


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RFID Systems


• Differentiation Features of RFID Systems– Various Features of RFID Systems– Transponder Construction Formats– Frequency, Range and Coupling– Information Processing in the Transponder

• Fundamental Operating Principles– 1-Bit Transponder– Full and Half Duplex Procedure


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Categories of RFID Technology


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Categories of RFID Technology


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Various Features of RFID Systems

• Data carrier, called a Transponder or Tag– Active

• Contain a battery

• Longer communication distance

– Passive• Powered by the RF field

• Lower cost

• No periodic maintenance


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• RFID systems operate in the unlicensed radio frequency bands known as ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical)


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• Data capacities of RFID transponders– From a few bytes to several kilobytes– Cf: 1-bit transponder (EAS)

• Programmable transponder– Cannot be altered– Writable transponders

• EEPROM: high power consumption, a limited number of write cycles

• SRAM: require an uninterruptible power supply from an auxiliary battery


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Various Features of RFID Systems (cont)

• Control of RFID transponders– State machine

• Inflexibility regarding changes to the programmed functions

– Microprocessor


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Various Features of RFID Systems (cont)

• Range of the system– Close-coupling (0-1cm)

– Remote-coupling (0-1m)

– Long-range (>1m)

• Sending data from the transponder– Reflection or backscatter

– Load modulation

– Use of sub-harmonics (1/n fold)


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Transponder Construction Formats

• Disks and coins


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Transponder Construction Formats (cont)

Glass Housing

Plastic Housing


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Clocks ID-1 format(Contactless

SmartCard)


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Microwavetransponders

SmartLabel

transponders


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Frequency, Range and Coupling

• Close coupling system– The region of up to 1 cm– Using both electronic and magnetic fields– Between DC and 30 Mhz– Main application: strict security requirements, but

do not require a large range• Electronic door locking systems• Contactless smart card systems with payment functions

• Remote coupling system– Systems with write and read ranges of up to 1 m– Using inductive coupling


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Frequency, Range and Coupling (cont)

– At least 90% of all RFID systems currently sold

– Frequencies below 135 Khz or 13.56 Mhz

• Long range system– Above 1 m

– UHF (868 Mhz or 915 Mhz) or microwave (2.5 Ghz or 5.8 Ghz) range

– Typical range of 3 m : passive

– Ranges of 15 m and above : active


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Information Processing in the Transponder

• Low-end systems– EAS (Electronic Article Surveillance) systems– Read-only transponders with microchip

• In the HF field of a reader, it begins to continuously broadcast its own serial number

• Unidirectional flow of data• Only one transponder in the reader’s interrogation zone• All frequencies available to RFID systems

• Mid-range system– Systems with writable data memory– Able to process simple reader commands in

permanently encoded state machine


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Information Processing in the Transponder (cont)

– Several transponders located in the reader’s interrogation zone -> selectively addressed by the reader

• High-end systems– Systems with a mircoprocessor and a

smart card OS


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RFID Systems


• Differentiation Features of RFID Systems– Various Features of RFID Systems– Transponder Construction Formats– Frequency, Range and Coupling– Information Processing in the Transponder

• Fundamental Operating Principles– 1-Bit Transponder– Full and Half Duplex Procedure


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Different Operating Principles of RFID Systems


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1-Bit Transponder

• Has only two states– “transponder (or no transponder) in interrogation

zone”

• EAS (electronic article surveillance)– The antenna of a ‘reader’ (or interrogator)

– Security element (or tag)

– An optional deactivation device after payment


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1-Bit Transponder (cont)

• Radio Frequency– Based upon LC resonant circuits

– The reader generates a magnetic alternating field in the radio frequency range

• Energy from the alternating field can be induced in the resonant circuit via its coils (Faraday’s Law)

– At the till, destroy the foil capacitor of the transponder (deactivator)


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• Microwaves– A capacitance diode is connected to the base of a

dipole adjusted to the carrier frequency (2.45 Ghz)• The dipole has a total length of 6 cm

• Doubling of frequencies

– Mainly to protect textile


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• Frequency divider– Use the long wave range at 100-135.5 Khz

– The security tags contain a mirochip and a resonant circuit coil

– Reuse the tags


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• Electromagnetic Types– This types operate using strong magnetic fields from

10 Hz to around 20 kHz

– The security elements contain a soft magnetic amorphous metal strip

• Generates harmonics at the sudden change of flux

– At the till the cashier runs a strong permanent magnet along the strip to deactivate the security elements -> magnetisation

– The tag can be reactivated at any time by demagnetisation


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– Used mainly in lending libraries


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• Acoustomagnetic– Extremely small plastic boxes around 40 mm long, 8

to 14 mm wide• Hard magnetic metal strip

– Only be demagneised by a strong magnetic alternating field with a slowly decaying field strength


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Inductive Coupling

• Power supply from the reader– The efficiency of power transfer between the

antenna coil of the reader and the transponder• The operating frequency

• The number of windings

• The area enclosed b the transponder coil

• The angle of the two coils

• The distance between them


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Inductive Coupling (cont)


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• Data transfer transponder -> reader– The resulting feedback of the transponder on the

reader’s antenna can be represented as transformed impedance in the antenna coil of the reader

– Switching a load resistor on and off at the transponder’s antenna, and thus voltage changes at the reader’s antenna

• This has the effect of an amplitude modulation at the reader’s antenna coil by the remote transponder

• If the timing with which the load resistor is switched on and off is controlled by data, this data can be transferred from the transponder to the reader -> load modulation


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Load modulation with subcarrier


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Electromagnetic Backscatter Coupling

• Long-range systems ( > 1 m)• Power supply

– Operated at the UHF frequencies• 868 Mhz (Europe), 915 Mhz (USA)

– Microwave frequencies• 2.5 Ghz, 5.8 Ghz

– Antennas with smaller dimensions and greater efficiency

– Long ranges of up to 15 m• Backup battery

• Support a power down mode when out of range of a reader


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Electromagnetic Backscatter Coupling (cont)


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• Data transmission -> reader– Electomagnetic waves are reflected by objects with

dimensions greater than around half the wavelength of the wave

– Fig.3.21

– Power P1’• The deactivation or activation of the power saving ‘power down’

mode

– Power P2’• Influenced by altering the load connected to the antenna


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– The amplitude of the Power P2 reflected from the transponder

– Switching on and off the load resistor R in time with the data stream to be transmitted -> modulated backscatter


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Close Coupling

• Ranges between 0.1 cm and a maximum of 1 cm• The transponder is inserted into the reader or

placed onto a marked surface for operation– The function layout of the transponder coil and reader

coil corresponds with that of a transformer

– A high frequency alternating current in the primary winding flows through the transponder coil

– The efficiency of power transfer is very good


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Close Coupling (cont)

• Data transfer– Magnetic Coupling

• Load modulation with sub-carrier is also used

– Capacitive Coupling• Plate capacitors are

constructed from coupling surfaces isolated from one another


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A hot Application (E-seal)

• Current container seals– Indicative type

• Cable seal

– Barrier type• Bolt seal

– Problem• No information of

“when” and “where” for intrusion!


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• What is Ubiquitous Computing?– Basic Concept– One Person, Many Computers

• Experiences in deploying ubiquitous systems– Development Trends– Smart-Its, Auto-ID, U-Network Project

• Mobile Ad Hoc Networks– Features– Applications

• Sensor Networks– What’s Sensor Networks– Sensor Network Characteristics– Sensor Node Hardware Platform


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유비퀴터스 컴퓨팅의 특징

① 네트워크에 연결 (connection) 되지 않은 컴퓨터는 UC 이 아니다 .

② 인간화된 인터페이스 (calm technology) 로서 눈에 보이지 않아야 (invisible) 한다 .

③ 가상공간이 아닌 현실 세계의 어디서나 컴퓨터의 사용이 가능해야 한다 (embodied virtuality).

제록스사의 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 프로젝트– 미국 , 제록스사의 PARC (Palo Alto Research Center)– 1988 년 ‘ Ubiquitous Computing’

프로젝트– 연구책임자 Mark Weiser– 연구대상

• Computer Science(Computer, Network)

• Human– 목표 : 컴퓨터와 네트워크 , 인간이 조화된 문화 창출 ( 복지지향 )


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Basic Concept

The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave

themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable

from it.M. Weiser

“The Computer for the 21st Century”


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Basic Concept (cont)

Consider writing, perhaps the first information technology: The ability to capture a symbolic representation of spoken language…

The constant background presence of these products of “literacy technology” does not require active attention, but the information is ready for use at a glance.

M. Weiser“The Computer for the 21st Century”


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Ubiquitous computing is the method of enhancing computer use by making

many computers available throughout the physical

environment, but making them effectively invisible to the user.

M. Weiser“Some Computer Science Issues

in Ubiquitous Computing”


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One Person, Many Computers

• Mainframe– Many people share one computer

• Personal Computer– One person with one computer

• Ubiquitous Computing– Many computers serve each person


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One Person, Many Computers (cont)

Many persons,One computer

Fewer personsper computer

One personper computer

One person,few computer

People, appliances, Locally, remotely, Fixed, mobile, wired, wireless

One person,Many computers

It’s Ubiquitous Computing.

클라이언트 /서버 ( 웹 ) P2P/PC( 메신저 ) 그리드 /PC, 서버(One Job, Many Server)

센서네트워크 +BcN(RFID, 칩 , 자율 컴퓨팅 )


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Development Trends

1988 년 1990 년 1995 년 1998 년 1999 년 2000 년 2001 년 2003 년 2005 년 2020 년

제록스 ‘유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅’ 프로젝트 시작- ‘ 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅’ 화두 제시

IBM 세계 도처에 존재하는 자사 데이터센터 그리화드화 추진

유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 실체 규명

유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅의 전성기 예측

MS ‘ 이지리빙’ 프로젝트 시작- Calm technology 의 구체화

IBM 자사 기술 비전 ‘페버시버 컴퓨팅’ 제시

HP ‘ 쿨타운’ 프로젝트 시작- Embodied Virtuality의구체화

유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 시작 / 초기 모형

출현

P2P 기술 기반 네스터 공개

미국 국책연구소 중심으로 그리드 프로젝트 시작

미국 버클리대 중심 SETI@Home 프로젝트 시작

미국 인터넷 상용화


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Development Trends (cont)


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Smart-Its

수행기관 :

ETH( 스위스 ), TecO( 독일 ), VTT( 핀란드 ), Interactive Institute(스웨덴 ) 등

목 표 :

일상사물의 지능화일상사물의 지능화 : 사물에 소형의 내장형

디바이스인 “Smart-Its” 를 삽입하여 감지 ,

인식 , 컴퓨팅 및 무선통신 등의 기능을 지닌

정보 인공물 (Information Artefacts) 개발

지능화된 사물간의 커뮤니케이션지능화된 사물간의 커뮤니케이션

: 사물간의 협력적인 상황인식 (Smart-Its

Friend) 및 활동

‘ 사라지는 컴퓨터 이니셔티브 (Disappearing Computer Initiative)’의 16 개 연구 프로젝트 중에서 가장 대표적임 (2001 년 )


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Smart-Its (cont)

MediaCup (TecO) MediaCup (TecO)

Smart-Its

일반 컵에 Smart-Its 를 탑재하여 컵과 관련한 정보를 인식 , 처리 및 전달

사물의 지능화를 통해 컵의 이동경로 및 사용자 정보 (a) 와 컵 내용물의 온도 및 상태 (b) 등의 정보 제공

(a) 컵의 이동경로 탐지 애플리케이션

(b) 손목시계형 컴퓨터를 이용해 컵과 커뮤니케이션 할 수 있음

관련 애플리케이션

(a)

(b)


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Auto-ID

21 세기형 바코드 연구 개발을 목적으로 MIT 와 UCC, P&G 등의 46 개 협력사가 공동으로 설립 (1999 년 ), 현재 협력사는 75 개로 확대

Auto ID 기술은 “스마트 태그 (Smart Tag)” 를 각종 상품에 부착해 사물을 지능화하여 사물간 , 또는 기업 및 소비자와 커뮤니케이션을 통해 자동화된 공급망 관리 시스템 개발에 기여

스마트 태그스마트 태그 (Smart Tag)(Smart Tag) : - RFID tag. 해당 상품의 세부 정보 (ID) 를 담고 있으며 , 고주파 (RF) 신호를 받으면 내장된 정보를 전송 - 사물에 지능 + ID + 네트워크 연결성 (AP 를 통한 인터넷 연결 ) 을 식재


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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

• 1973, DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) 의 PRNet (Packet Radio Network)– SURAN (Survivable Adaptive Networks)

– 1994, GloMo (Global Mobile) project

– 군사 목적의 이동 정보 시스템

• IETF MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) WG– IP 지원 및 라우팅 지원 방안


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Mobile Ad Hoc Network Infrastructure Network


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• 특징– 자율적으로 망의 구성이

가능– 이동 노드 간의 협력에

의한 라우팅 기능 제공– 이동 노드

• Ad Hoc 라우팅 기능 제공


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• Radio Technology– Node 간 peer-to-peer 통신 지원– Node 간 동일한 송 . 수신 주파수– 다수의 노드가 동일한 채널을 공유– 적절한 무선 전송거리 및 전송속도– HiperLAN, Wireless LAN, Bluetooth …


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Applications of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks


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What’s Sensor Networks

• Network of sensor nodes with computation & sensing & wireless communication capabilities

• What we can do with sensor Networks?– Sensing (Actuation): Motion -> Image ->

Classification

– Collaboration: Estimate moving direction & speed of an event

– Mobile sensors: tracking


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What’s Sensor Networks (cont)

InternetInternet BaseStation Sensor field

Sensor node


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Applications

• Sensor Network Application Areas– Military

– Smart Home

– ITS

– Healthcare

– Process Automation

– Intelligent Robot

– Factory Automation

– Environment


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Applications (cont)


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Applications (cont)


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Applications (cont)

Bridge betw

een the Internet and the physical world

Bridge betw

een the Internet and the physical world

Bridge between the Internet and the physical world

Bridge between the Internet and the physical world


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Sensor Network Characteristics

• Large number of sensor nodes– Maybe 10 to 100,000 nodes (scalability)

– Node position may not be predetermined

– Low cost

• Low energy consumption– To relocate & recharge large number of nodes is

impossible

– Life time of sensor network depends on battery of time


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Sensor Network Characteristics (cont)

• Network self-organization– Large number of nodes in hostile locations ->

manual configuration unfeasible– Nodes may fail, & new nodes join the network– Ad-hoc sensor network protocol

• Collaborative/Distributed Processing– Locally carry out simple computation -> forwards

and aggregate data

• Query ability– Base nodes collect data from given area & create

summary messages


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Architecture of Sensor Network

Ad-hoc (single, multi-hop) network


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Sensor Node Hardware Platforms

• Application, Cost, Power, Functionality, and Form Factor– Berkeley’s Motes/MICA/PicoNode/Smart Dust

– UCLA iBadge, Medusa MK-II

– Sensoria WINS

– MIT’s uAMPs

– Japanese T-Engines

– Etc.


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UC Berkeley Family of Motes


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Berkeley MICA Architecture

• Atmel ATMEGA103– 4Mhz 8-bit CPU

– 128KB instruction memory

– 4KB RAM

• 4Mbit fash• RFM TR1000 radio

– 50 kb/s ASK

• Network programming• 51-pin connector


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UCLA Smart Badge


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Conclusion


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In memory of Dr. Mark Weiser

http://sandbox.parc.com/htbin/htimage/hypertext/weiser/bigMarkOnTableWords.conf

강구홍 K. Kang ([email protected]) 서원대학교 컴퓨터정보통신공학부...

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Transcript of 강구홍 K. Kang ([email protected]) 서원대학교 컴퓨터정보통신공학부...