რომის ადრეული მოზაიკები.doc

7/17/2019 რომის ადრეული მოზაიკები.doc

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romis adreuli mozaikebi

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gamosaxulebiT taZris Semkoba did debatebs iwvevda. pirveli

qristianuli sazogadoeba yovelgvari WoWmanis gareSe TanxmdebodaerT sakiTxze, rom ufis saxlSi ar iyo adgili kerpebisTvis. qandakebebi

xo metad didi asoiaias iwvevda warmarTul xelovnebasTan, romeli

bibliaSi gakritikebuli da akrZalulia. amdenad, sakurTxevelSi ufisqandakebis an romelime wmindanis gamosaxva erTmniSvnelovnad

dauSvebeli iyo. Tuma, qandakebis erTsulovnad uarmyo!el

marTmorwmune qristianebs gansxvavebuli mosazreba qondaT!erweruli "saxeebis# Taobaze. swore kedlis mxatvrobis meSveobiT iyo

SesaZlebeli morwmunis warmosaxvaSi oxlad Semonaxuliyo

saxarebiseuli, sakraluri istoriebi. am Tvalsazrisma imperiis dasavleT

nawilSi $laTinur romSi% gaimar&va. misi damveli gaxldaT papi grigoldidi, romeli '( saukunis bolos mo)vaweobda. igi mowinaa)mdegebis

Tavdaxmas igeriebda im mosazrebiT, rom werakiTxvis uodinarimorwmuneTaTvis, rwmenaSi gasaZliereblad iseve saWiroa es

gamosaxulebebi, rogor dasuraTeba sabavSvo wignebisTvis. "!erwera

kiTxvis uodinarTaTvis + ambobda igi + igive ra werilimkiTxvelisaTvis#. aseTi avtoritetis mier !erweris "gamarTlebas#

mniSvnelovani Sedegebi moyva xelovnebis istoriaSi. papis sityvebsmoiSveliebdnen yovel &erze, rogor ki gamosaxulebis

mowinaa)mdegeTa tal)a agordeboda. bunebrivia aseTma midgomamxelovneba garkveul -ar-oebSi moaqia. papis ms&elobidangamomdinare, siueti warmodgenili unda yo/liyo ra SeiZleba ubralod

da gasagebad, radgan mnaxvelisTvis yurad)ebis gadatana sxva nakleb

mniSvnelovan detalebze ar momxdariyo, aramed misi yurad)ebamTlianad moemuli sakraluri seniT gamsWvaluliyo. rogor ukve

av)niSneT, pirvel xanebSi mxatvrebi elinistur romaul gavlenebs ver

a)weven Tavs, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi isini srulad sildebianstilizebul mxatvrobas da aqentirebas axdenen u!ro mniSvnelovan,

sulier sawyisebze.



sant apolinare nuovoravenaSi. ori Tevzisa da xuTi puris saswaulebrivi gamravlebis sena.

ravenis es mozaika naTlad asaxavs qristianuli xelovnebis "sxvagvar#interess. elini ostati, siuetis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, albaT

gamoiyenebda SesaZlebobas aesaxa dramatuli moZraobebi xalxisuzarmazari nakadisa. sruliad sapirispiros akeTebs qristiani mxatvari.

pirvel rigSi a)saniSnavia, rom is kedels !erweris navlad !eradi qvebisa

da smaltebiT Sedgenili mozaikiT amkobs. mozaikis TvisebaaerTmaneTSi gada)vrili !erebis sikaSkaSe ormagad "gamoabrwyinos#,

es detali taZars kide u!ro met sakralurobas matebs. Tavad

gamosaxulebis wyoba iwvevs mnaxveliSi saswaulis gandas. !oniwarmoadgns mooqrovili minis natexebisgan Semdgar sibrtyes, oqros

!onze ki realuri moZraobebis Seqmna SeuZlebelia. qristes gaSeSebuli

/gura kompoziiis entrSia gamosaxuli. igi axalgazrda, uwverulvaSo,grZelTmiani saxiT warmodgina ostatma, ra damaxasiaTebelia

adreqristianuli xanis xelovnebisaTvis. mewamulis !er samosSi

gamowyobil maxovars kurTxevis niSnad gawvdili aqvs xelebimoiqulebisken, romlebsa xelT puri da Tevzi upyriaT. ufis es &esti

miuTiTebs saswaulebrivad maT gamravlebaze. Tuma es senamxatvris mier mxolod saxarebiseuli senis mSral, sqematur

gadmotanas ar warmoadgens$iseve, rogor yvela danar-eni senis

SemTxvevaSi%, aramed am gamosaxulebas igi )rma SinaarsiTmsWvalavs. palestinaSi momxdari saswauli misTvis ara marto

gansavi!rebeli movlenaa, aramed es aris simbolo da niSani qristes

gardauvali siZlierisa, romeli Semdeg eklesiaze gardmovlinda. qristes



dainebuli mzera mlovelisaTvis, romeli miskenvea mimarTuli TiTqosgaxadebaa maxovris xelwi!ebisa aseve saswaulebrivad daanayros

yoveli mSieri morwmunis suli.

erTi SexedviT SeiZleba kompoziia gayinuli, gaSeSebuli moge-venos.

aq Zveli berZnuli xelovnebis ma)ali mi)wevebidan $moqniligamomsaxveli moZraobebisgan% ara!eria dar-enili. am mkarad

!rontalurad warmodgenil /gurebs aqvT saerTo bavSvTa naxatebTan.

magram main, eWvgareSea, rom qristini mozaikosebi sa!uZvlianadinobdnen berZnul antikur xelovnebas. mxatvarma zustad ioda rogor

gadmoea samosis drapirebei $nakeebi%, raTa mis qveS sxeulis !orma

gamoekveTa. mas SeeZlo ise -aelagebina mire zomis qvis natexebi,rom mie)o -rdilTa da tonTa gradaiis saWiro Tanmimdevroba. am

konkretul SemTxvvaSi -ven vxedavT mxatvari rogor iTvaliswinebs

kompoziiaSi pirobiTad gamosaxul miwaze daemul -rdilebs da rogorostaturad gamosaxavs mas. mozaikis "primitiuloba#, simartive ostatis

$epoqis% gaazrebuli surviliTvea ganpirobebuli. Zvel egviptur

xelovnebaSi dayenebuli sakiTxi, "simartivisa# $ganzogadoebulobis%bizantiur xelovnebaSi axali ZaliT ga)erda, ramdenada eklesia

amisken iyo midrekili.

bizantiaSi mxatvrebisgan imdagvaradve mkarad miTxovdnen tradiiis

davas, rogor es auilebeli gaxldaT Zvel egvipteSi. Tuma main, amkanonizirebuli mxatvrobaSi "gamoonavs# antikuri odna saxis, estis,

drapirebebis gadmoemisa. tans movlebul nakeebis plastikaSi,gansakuTrebiT ki muxlsa da idyvis garSemo, saxisa da xelebisa Suq-rdilebiT modelirebaSi gansakuTrebiT aisaxeba bizantiel mxatvarTa

elinisturi "wyaroebze# dayrdnoba da sargebloba$sur.0%. bizantiuri

xelovneba miuxedavad Tavisi statiurobisa main axlos idga natikurisgamosaxvasTan, metad axlos vidre amave xanis dasavleT evropis

xelovneba. aqve a)saniSnavia, rom ukve mkarad dadgenili da

gansaz)vruli qristesa Tu )vTismSoblis saxeebis gamosaxvis mi)maostati main inar-unebda Tavis individualurobas da qmnida ara

Stampirebul saxes, aramed sruliad Taviseburad gaazrebul xatebas.

romis adreuli mozaikebi

italiis adreqristianul, monumentur !erweraze saubrisas Tavidanve

a)saniSnavia, rom romis skolis gverdiT arsebobdnen milanisa daravenis skolebi. es qalaqebi garkveuli drois manZilze daqumaebuli



romis imperiis dedaqalaqebi iyvnen. Tavisi mozaikuri skola qondakidev erT mniSvnelovan italiur entrs + neapols. ase rom, yvela italiuri

skolis romTan gaigiveba marTebuli ar iqneboda. roms ar ekavaadreqristianuli xelovnebis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani adgili, Tuma

zogadad am qalaqis istoriuli mniSvneloba -venTvis nobilia + didi xnis

manZilze is gvianantikuri xelovnebis erTerT msxvil, tradiiisgamgrZelebel entrad r-eboda. mosazreba romlis mixedviTa mis

!esvebze a)moenebuli mozaikebsa da !reskebs a)mosavlel ostatebs

miakuTvnebs gaumarTlebelia. Tum am ZeglebSi a)mosavlurigavlenebi mnSvnelovan rols asruleben, magram es !aqti maT ar

miakuTvnebs bizantiuri wris mozaikebs.

romi erTerTi pirveli qalaqi iyo, sada qristianuli taZris Sesamkobad

mozaika !arTod gavrelda. am teqnikas iyenebdnen ara marto iataks

zedapirze, aramed kedlebze, kamarebsa da gumbaTSi. mozaika!arTodaa gavelebuli antikuri xanis saero nagebobebSi, sada es

gamosaxulebebi imperatorTa saomar movlenebis a)werasa da maT

gandidebasa emsaxureboda. swored aqaa misi Zirebi saZiebeli,magram samwuxarod mas -venamde ar mou)wevia. rogor a.

grabarma daamtkia swored am mxtvrobas miuZ)vis mniSvnelovaniwvlili qristianuli ikonogra/is -amoyalibebaSi. Tu imperatoris kulti Tavis

TavSi mniSvnelovnad a)mosavlur elementebs atarebda $u!ro metad

sasanidurs%, !ormis daxvewil gamomsaxvelobas man mia)wia romSi + msofio imperiis dedaqalaqis !esvebze. da maSin roa axal

dedaqalaqad konstantinepoli yalibdeboda, misi same!o kariswarmomadgenlebma ver SeZles romis trium!aluri Tematikis uaryo!a.romis wvlili bizantiur xelovnebaSi Zalian didi iyo, da es romauli

gamoZaxili kidev didxans gayveba bizantur !erwerasa da skulpturas,

ra gansaz)vravs kide saero pirTa gamosaxvis ikonogra/l xasiaTs.

gamar&vebuli qristianuli eklesiis winaSe idga sakiTxi + qristes, mTeli

qristainuli xelovnebis amomavali wertilis, didebiTa da pativiT

Semkobisa, amdenad mas mouwia gamoeyenebina antikuri saerotrium!aluri Tematika. ase daiwyo gamoonva qristianul ikonogra/aSi

Zveli, saero trium!aluri xasiaTis Tematikam. rogor -ans, romi iyo is

qalaqi, sada am proesis ganviTarebis pirveli etapi Zalze intesiuraddaiwyo. qristetrium!atoris, samyaros marTvelisa da sikvdilis

damTrgunvelis saxexateba uaxlovdeboda imperatortrium!atoris saxes,u!ro xSirad gamosaxaven maxovrs taxtze dabrZanebuls. kanonis



gadaemis sena $12345 63738595 :5;<45% erTgvar gamoZaxiladSeiZleba -aiTvalos antikuri kompoziiisa + wodebis miniWeba

imperatorisadmi, xolo mowa!eTa mier qristes Tayvanema da deisusi= + rogor imperatoris Tayvanemis antikuri sena> gamosaxuleba qriste

mowa!eebs Soris, ra simbolurad qristianuli eklesiis gamar&vebas

a)niSnavs paralelebs povebs xalxiT garSemortymuli imperatorisgamosaxulebasTan> mogvTa Tayvanisemis sena asoirdeba

imperatorisadmi barbarosTa Z)venis mirTmevis senasTan> ierusalimSi

Sesvlis kompoziiuri struqtura bevr saerTos poulobs antikur siuetTan + imperaturis triumpalur, sazeimo svalasTn, taxti ganmzadebuli

+simbolizirebuli qriste ki pirdapir prototips warmoadgens imperatoris

Zalaufebis gamomsaxvel emblemasTan? taxti gvirgviniT.

yvela es !aqti TvalnaTliv a-venebs Tu ramdenad sargeblobda

qristianuli ikonogra/a antikuri siuetebidan.

(''( ss. mozaikuri Zeglebi xasiaTdeba ramdenadme gazviadebuli

monumenturobiTa da mZime plastikuri !ormebiT, maTTvis

damaxasiaTebelia saxis mka/o da energiuli gamosaxva, sadaxazobrivi aqentebi dominirebs. es mozaikebia santa konstancas or

gverdiTa a!sidebSi Traditio legis $@ABCBDEFG HAIAJDKA% da Traditio

lavium $HAGALDEFG HAIAJDKA%('s dasasruli> mozaika santa

pudenciaSi, sada gamosaxulia qriste moiqulebs Soris $MN=M=Oww%>

mozaika santa sabinaSi warmodgenilia gansaxiereba eklesiisgamoalkavebis sinagogidan da warmarTobidan $MP0MMN%. zemoT

-amoTvlili mozaikebi, droiTi sxvaobis miuxedavad, atareben saerTo

niSanTvisebebs, ra maT romauli skolis qveS aerTianebs.

santa maria majore _ es aris romis oTx mTavar bazilikaTagan erT

erTi. miuxedavad gviani gadakeTebebisa, taZris interieri gviqmnis naTelwarmodgenas uSvelebel, adreqristianul bazilikaze. igi gamoir-eva

a!solituri proporiebiT, TiToeuli elementis erTmaneTTan armoniuli

kavSiri sazeimo, didebuli ganwyobilebas qmnis. gansakuTrebul interesswarmoadgens taZris mozaikuri Semkuloba. entralur navSi

gamosaxulia ' siT daTari)ebuli, mkveTri !erebiTa da silamaziT

gamor-euli !reskebi, sada warmodgenilia Zveli a)Tqmis siuetebi.trium!alur Ta)ze ki mozaikuri kompoziiebi + xarebis, Sobis da

=IDFGQGF $EDR% AGDD EDR. 6575;U3VV $KDIRDEDXF% DG ARFG YAF FDGC [RFGDG HARD\D,RCJA L]FGK\CEDXG YDXDEF HA^IFXF A[G IA DDIRDEA KAJYCARG, AIAKFAB]A \DJCIDEFG,\DBICEFGA IA KA]F GQXDEFG YGBFG]FG.



Tayvanemis senebi, aseve 'sSi Sesrulebuli, Tuma albaT u!ro gvianividre entraluri navis Ta)ze gamosaxuli + maTSi igrZnoba bizantiis

gavlena. a!sidis mozaika + )vTismSoblis koronaia amave periodisnawilad iTvleba, Tuma am kompoziias _(((sSi papis miTiTebiT

absoluturad uvales saxe, swored am periods ganekuTvneba yvela

/gura.

(''ss konstantinepolSi mravali taZari Tu sasaxle igeboda da imkoboda.

xadia adgilobrivi mozaikosebi da !ermwerebi etapobrivadayalibebdnen sakuTar skolas. Tana konstantinepolis, rogor samyaros

axali entris politikur mniSvnelobasa Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sxvagvarad

warmoudgenelia yo/liyo. 'sSi aq -amoyalibda sakuTrivkonstantinepolisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli tradiiebi, sada

daileqa mis garSemo mezobel qveynebSi ukve arsebuli elementebi. am

urTierTkavSirSi ibadeba kiTxva? aris Tu ara Semor-enili italiur !esvebzea)moenebuli Zegli, romelSi SeiZleba konstantinepoluri !erweris

pirdapiri gavlena dainaxo` eseT Zeglebad SeiZleba -aiTvalos santa

maria ma&ore romSi da gala plaidead wodebuli mavzoleumi ravenaSi.

mTavari navis trium!aluri Ta)is mozaikebi ganekuTvneba erT periods +

MP0MMNww pap siqst (((is mo)vaweobis periods. maTSi &er kidevigrZnoba antikuri samyaros gavlenebi. sivris gadmoemaSi igrZnoba

gadmonaSTi iluzonuri stilisa, /gurebis proporiebi da saxis tipi aseveantikuri tradiiebis matarebelia. marTalia kompoziiaSi !rontaluroba

wamyvania, main saerTo toni ieratulobis gandiT aris ga)enTili.Sua navis mozaikebi miekuTvneba pap siqste ((($MP0MMN%, im periods

rodesa trum!aluri Ta)i Seamkes mozaikiT. mkveTri gansxvavebebi am

mozaikur kopoziebs Soris aixsneba imiT, rom mTavari navismozaikosebi $sada gamosaxulia Zveli a)Tqmis senebi%

xemZ)vaneloben (' saukunis miniaturebiT, trim!aluri Ta)is,

)vTismSoblis madidebeli mozaikebi ki warmoadgenen ' sSi Seqmnilikonogra/uli prinipebze damyarebul kompoziiebs. rogor -ans santa

maria ma&ore pirveli eklesia iyo romSi, romeli )vTismSobls mieZ)vna.

entraluri navis kedlebze gamosaxulia Zveli a)Tqmis $abraamis,

iakobis, moses da iesu naves Zis% amsaxveli senebi> entraluri Ta)ze

ki qristes yrmobis siuetebi> ierusalimi da beTlemi> etimasia garSemooTxi maxareblis simboloTi, xolo aqeTiqiT moiqulebis petresa da

pavles /gurebi. maxovris xovrebis amsaxvel senebSi yrmobis Temis

ga-ena $rogor grabarma daadastura%, momdinareobs, palestinis



martiriumebida, aq am senebs xSirad gamosaxavdnen. Tuma santamaria ma&oreSi am iklma mii)o sazeimo naratiuli$sagangebod

xazgasmuli% xasiaTi, ra miuTiTebs trium!aluri TemaTikis winwamowevaze. qristes pirveli mosvla aq gandidebulia imperatoris

trium/s msgavsad. Tavad senebi ar-eulia ara istoriuli TanmivderobiT,

aramed maTi simboluri mniSvnelobis mixedviT. pirvel registrSi mTavariaqenti keTdeba wm. svimonis, wm. anasa da qristes mSoblebisa mier

misi $qristes% )merTad a)iarebaze> meore registrSi + qristes a)iareba

me!eebis mier, xolo mesame registrSi erodes Zaladoba )vTiuriyrmis Zalis winaa)mdeg. mTeli ikli -a/qrebulia rogor mkveTri uaryo!a

nestorianuli0 moZ)vrebisa. nestori amtkiebda, rom qriste iyo

-veulebrivi adamiani da mxolod naTlis)ebis Semdeg gaxda igi )merTi.amitoma nestorianelebi mariams )vTismSoblad ar a)iarebdnen.

maTTvis dau&erebeli iyo orisami Tvis -vili, romeli dedis rZiT ikvebeba

)merTi yo/liyo> dauSveblad Tvlidnen bavSvis Tayvanemas, romelisgadasar-enada egviptes miiltvis mSoblebi. e!esoso krebam, nestoris

sawinaa)mdegod sazeimod daadgina mariami ara marto rogor qristes

deda, aramed rogor )vTis mSobeli. am momentidan daiwyes)vTismSoblis kultis gandideba $Tavidan a)mosavleTSi, mogvianebiT

dasavleTSi% ewyoboda )vTismSoblis saxelobis d)esaswaulebi. udaoa,rom santa maria ma&ores mozaikosebma ikonogra/is

Semdgenlebisgan mii)es davaleba, rom mxatvrobaSi gansakuTrebiT

xazi gaesvaT yrma qristes )vTiuri bunebisTvis, da ganedidebinaTmariami, rogor )vTismSobeli. amitoma xarebis senaSi )vTismSobeli

Semosilia same!o samosiT? Tavze diademiT, Zvir!asi yursakidebiT, yelze

margalitis sakidiTa da mkerdi mooWvili Zvir!asi qvebiT. mis garSemoxuTi angelozia gamosaxuli, Tavze monavarde mtredi, mTavarangelozi

gabrieli ki zemodan mo!renili, mariams auwyebs ufis saswauls. misi

$angelozis% gamosaxuleba a)iqmeba, rogor antikuri viqtorias saxe. Tavmdabali, mokrZalebuli mariami aq gadmoemulia me!uri didebiT. es

tendenia, )vTiuri gandideba kidev u!ro gamZa!rebulia mwyemsebis

TayvanemaSi, sada yrma ieso gamosaxulia ara mariamis kalTaSi,aramed alke taxtze m&domi, rogor namdvili me!e, igi angelozebiT,

mwyemsebiTa da ori qalis /guriTaa garSemortymuli erTerTi maTgani,romeli warmodgenilia same!o samosSi, )vTismSobelia. da bolos,

egvipted ltolvis sena, sada avtorma antinestorianuli moZ)vreba u!ro

2 ნესტორიანელობა – BDGCRFABQXF IC[RFBF], [RFGD KYCXCI @AJFA, RCKDX\FJ GQXF^KFIFG

GA\QAXDEF] AGAYXIA GFcA – LKDR]F (XCHCGF). 431 ^DXG DDGCG III KGCXFC GAD@XDGFC @RDEAK IAHKC

BDGCRFABDXCEA IA HAB@D]A KFGF \DK[KBDXF BDGCR @CBGABFBCCXDXF D@XDGFFIAB.



mka/od asaxa, gamoiyena ra apokri!uliP wyaro $!sevdo maTe ('saxareba%, sada a)werilia Tu rogor sa Tayvani egvipturi qalaqis

mTavarma da misma axloblebma WeSmarit )merTs, vinaidan -vili ufisgamo-enis Semdeg warmarTul taZrebSi daemxo samas

ormodaTxuTmeti kerpi.

ikonoga/uli gadawyvetiT ara mxolod trium!aluri Ta)is mozaikebze

aisaxa a)mosavluri gavlenebi. maTi kvali a)beWdilia mTavari navis

mozaikebze. dadasturebulia, rom mozaikosebs xelT qondaTadrebizantiuri xelnawerebi, miniaturebi romlebi monumenturi xasiaTis

matareblebi iyvnen. maTi damokidebuleba xelnawerebze aSkaraa +

gamosaxuleba xSirad iyo!a or registrad, mire maStabiani /gurebimnaxvelisTvis ar aris srulad a)saqmeli. monumenturoba, ra ase

damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebuli bizantiis xelovnebisTvsi aq &er kidev ar

aris mxatvrebis mier aTvisebuli.

santa maria ma&ores mozaikebi erTgvari amovardnaa romauli

monumentaluri !erweris ganviTarebis xazidan. stiluri analogiebis Ziebasu!Ta romaul mozaikebTan $santa konstana, santa pudeniana, santa

sabina% amao iqneba. isini ara mxolod ikonogra/ul sa!uZvlebze avlenen

msgavsebebs, aramed stiluri TvalsazrisiTa, a)saniSnavia !erweruli Tavisufeba. am mozaikebSi aisaxa antikuri impresionizmi, ra aseTi

su!Ta saxiT Senar-unda 'sSi konstantinepolis !esvebze a)moenebulnawarmoebebSi. santa maria ma&res mozaikebi Tavisi saerTo mxatvruli

saxiT exmianeba konstantinepolur !erweruli stils. Tuma eserTmniSvnelovnad ar gulisxmobs, rom aq konstantinepolidan mosuli!ermwerebi muSaobdnen. amis sawinaa)mdegos adasturebs mTeli

-amonaTvali romauli ikonogra/uli detalebisa $mag. mirqmis senaSi

gamosaxulia klasikuri taZris $rbs% romauli !orumi, masze romispersoni/kaiis gamosaxulebiT%. es !reskebi Seqmnili iyo adgilobrivi

ostatebis mier, romlebi ganididnen Zlier konstantinepoluri !erweris

gavlenas.

P apokryphos - "IAARQXF, GAFIQKXC"; FGD]F EFEXFQRF ]YQXDEA, RCKDXGAJ AR GJBCEG D@XDGFA

IA AKFCK AR \DIFG "GALKR]C ^DRFX\F" (DXF IA AYAXF AL][KFG ^FHBDE\F).

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