Библиотеките во Битола

THE LIBRARIES IN BITOLA

- Bitola

2009

Aneta Stefanovska

Naume Gorgievski

THE LIBRARIES IN BITOLA

Aneta Stefanovska Naume Gorgievski

The Libraries in Bitola

Verba volant scripta menant , ( )

The words fly, the written remains (latin proverb)

, .The letter is the strongest mean against the oblivion, with unlimited time of existence.

, .People who did not leave any written documents after them, disappeared for ever.

, The letter remembers everything and for ever, eternalizes the oral word.

, .

The letter as an instrument and technique survives because for it, the space the distances and time mean nothing.

.

,

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Published byNational Institute University Library

St. Clement OhridskiBitola

For the publisherNaume Gorgievski, director

AuthorsAneta StefanovskaNaume Gorgievski

Associate cooperativesGorgi Dimovski - Colev

Milka KotevskaIlce Stojanovski

LectureZdravko Bozinovski

CIP - . ,

026/027(497.774)(091)

, / , ; [ - , , ; ] = The libraries in Bitola / Aneta Stefanovska, Naume Gorgievski ; [associate cooperatives Gorgi Dimovski - Colev, Milka Kotevska, Ilce Stojanovski ; translation in English language Vesna Milevska]. - : . = Bitola : National Institute University Library "St. Clement Ohridski", 2009. - 332 . : . ; 30

. . . - : . 316-325. - : . 328-331. - : . 327

ISBN 608-4538-05-3 (10)ISBN 978-608-4538-05-9 (13)1. , []) - - COBISS.MK-ID 18460225


/Contents

................................................................................................................................................17 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................17

......19 DEVELOPMENT OF THE LETTER AS BASE FOR THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST LIBRARIES .................................................................................................................19

............................................................................................................................................23 LIBRARY .................................................................................................................................................23 .........................................................................29 Libraries and the librarianship in Macedonia ....................................................................................29 .........................................................................................................................32 Librarianship today ................................................................................................................................32

................................................................................35 LIBRARIES IN BITOLA AND ITS REGION ....................................................................................35

...........................................................................................................43 PRE OTTOMAN PERIOD ...................................................................................................................43 ........................................................................................................................43 Monastery libraries ................................................................................................................................43

......................................................................................................................55 OTTOMAN PERIOD ............................................................................................................................55 ....................................................................................................................................55 Turkish libraries ......................................................................................................................................55 .............................................................................................................66 Turkish school and libraries ..................................................................................................................66 ................................................................................68 Private libraries in Ottoman period .....................................................................................................68 ................................................................................................................71 Greek school and libraries.....................................................................................................................71 ........................................................................................................72 Roman schools and libraries .................................................................................................................72 ....................................................................................................................73 Vlachos national library ........................................................................................................................73 ..........................................................................................................73 Jewish schools and libraries ..................................................................................................................73

.........................................................................................................79 English school and library ....................................................................................................................79 .........................................................................................................80 Bulgarian schools and libraries ............................................................................................................80 ............................................................................................................82 Serbian schools and libraries ................................................................................................................82 .....................................................................................................84 French schools and libraries .................................................................................................................84 ..........................................................................................................88 National schools and libraries ..............................................................................................................88 ......................................................................................................91 Reading room and library in Bitola .....................................................................................................91 ..................................................................................................94 Library in French consulate ..................................................................................................................94 - .......................................................95 The library of the French catholic mission - Lazars...........................................................................95

.......................................................................................................................99 SERBIAN OCCUPATION ....................................................................................................................99 ..................................................................................100 Bitola high school and its libraries .......................................................................................................100 .......................................................................105 Teachers library in Bitola highs school ...............................................................................................105 ..........................................................................109 The Students library at Bitola High school .........................................................................................109 . ...................111 The library at the literary company St. Cyril and Methodius in The high school ......................111 ....................................................................................................................................122 Class libraries ..........................................................................................................................................122 ..........................................................................................................................123 Library of textbooks ...............................................................................................................................123 - ........................................................124 The library of the youth of Aero - club Our wings .........................................................................124 ...........................................................125 Library of the Company youth of Adriatic guardian .........................................................................125 . ......................126 The library of the company Cycle of conscious youth St. Cyril and Methodius .........................126 ............................................................................127 The library at the Lower Agricultural school .....................................................................................127 ...............................................................................129 Libraries at the State Trading Academy ..............................................................................................129 ........................................................................130 The teachers library in the Trading Academy ....................................................................................130 ...............................................................131


Library of the literary company Ivan Gundolik ..............................................................................131 .......................................................................................134 The library at the Cycle of the Consious youth ..................................................................................134 ............................................................................................136 Libraries at Bitola Seminary ..................................................................................................................136 .....................................................................................................................138 Teachers library .....................................................................................................................................138 ............................................................................................................................140 Students library ......................................................................................................................................140 ........................................................................140 Library at the literary company Brotherhood .................................................................................140 ........................................................................................141 Library of the Company New light ...................................................................................................141 , , .........................................................................................143 Serbian libraries, reading rooms, cooperatives ..................................................................................143 ...........................................................................149 Libraries at the state institutions and companies ...............................................................................149 ..................................................................................................149 Library at Bitola municipality ...............................................................................................................149 .................................................................................150 Library at Officers home and division ................................................................................................150 .............................................................................................................151 Library at the National museum ..........................................................................................................151 ................................................................................................151 The Library at the Workers chamber ..................................................................................................151 .................................................................................................151 Library in Eagle Company ....................................................................................................................151 ...................................................................................................152 Libraries in Jewish companies ..............................................................................................................152 ......................................................154 The library in the club of Friends of France in Bitola ........................................................................154 ( ) ................................................158 The library in the Russian colony in Bitola (Russian library) ..........................................................158 ........................................................................................................166 Illegal libraries in Bitola .........................................................................................................................166 ...............................................................166 The illegal library at the Students club in Bitola ................................................................................166 ...........................................................................170 The Illegal library of Bitola high school ..............................................................................................170 ..............................................................................172 Illegal library at the Trading academy .................................................................................................172 ...........................................................................................................................175 Private libraries .......................................................................................................................................175 ..........................................................................................175

Libraries of several Bitola Jews .............................................................................................................175 .....................................................................................................176 Libraries of Robevci in Bitola ...............................................................................................................176 .....................................................................................................176 Libraries of Bitola doctors .....................................................................................................................176 .....................................................................................180 Private library of bishop Nikolaj ..........................................................................................................180

..................................................................................181 BULGARIAN FASCISTIC OCCUPATION .......................................................................................181 ..................................................................................................................182 The library in the high school ...............................................................................................................182 ..............................................................................................185 Reading room and library in Bitola .....................................................................................................185 ...............................................................................................193 The reading rooms and the libraries in the villages ...........................................................................193 ............................................................................200 The Library at the Railway Station Bitola ............................................................................................200 ...........................................................................201 The illegal library at the prison at Crn Most .......................................................................................201 ..............................................................................................206 Libraries in partisan squads ..................................................................................................................206

- ................................................213 PERIOD AFTER THE LIBERATION - MACEDONIAN PERIOD ...............................................213 - . - ....213 National Institute University Library St. Clement Ohridski Bitola...........................................213, .......................................................................218 Foundation, development and automation of the Library ...............................................................218 ............................................................................................................................225 The Name of the Library .......................................................................................................................225 / ..........................................................................................226 The developing way of the sections /departments .............................................................................226 ..................................................................................................................249 Activities of the library ..........................................................................................................................249 ....................................................................................249 Popularization of the librarian material ..............................................................................................249 ..................................................................................................................................282 Regional libraries ....................................................................................................................................282 ..............................................................................................................................286 Movable library .......................................................................................................................................286 ...............................................................................................................................289 Private libraries .......................................................................................................................................289 .................................................................................................290


Libraries in the elementary schools .....................................................................................................290 .......................................................................................................299 Libraries in the secondary schools .......................................................................................................299 .............................................................................................................303 Libraries in higher schools ....................................................................................................................303 ...............................................................................................308 Libraries in the working organizations ...............................................................................................308 ( ) ......................................................314 Libraries in the institutions (specialized libraries) ............................................................................314

....................................................................................................................................................321 ENDNOTES ............................................................................................................................................321

....................................................................................................................................331 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................331

............................................................................................................................................332 ABOUT AUTHORS ..............................................................................................................................332

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, . . .

(1: 1 - 4)

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INTRODUCTION

In the beginning it was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. In him was life; and the life was light of men.

(John 1: 1 - 4)

The citation from the Gospel according to John implies on mens spiritual question deeply rooted in the Word. In the past centuries, the book has been taken as the biggest spiritual product of the human civilization, the biggest source of literacy. If we take literacy as deeply rooted in the beginnings of the history, then the foundation of libraries - the seedbeds of scientific and scholarly thought, we confirm the highest degree of development of the human civilization. Bitola has cherished the book tradition for centuries. In return, libraries as no other institution, have contributed to the preservation of the past, the conservation of the present and the securing of the future prosperity of the town. Having in mind the fact that the first libraries in this ancient town were established in the Middle Ages when, far from the eyes of the world, books were jealously hidden in the monasteries, this town was rightfully accorded the epithet prosperous. (E. Spenser. 1850) In order to understand the role of these libraries as real spiritual and supporting centres, we need to penetrate the past and put into light the roots of the library tradition in

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, (. , 1850). , , . , 1434/35 . . . . , , () , 1860 ., , , , , . , . , . .

Bitola. The frequent changes of authorities in these region led to destruction of the previously accumulated cultural heritage. Books suffered as well, as they represented a confirmation of the existing language. At the same time the conquerors built their own libraries. There are records that indicate that the first Ottoman library on the Balkans was founded in Bitola in 1434/35. The development of these libraries as a part of the religious schools increased and it can be traced in the following centuries. However, one of the most striking sides of the life of the Ottoman Empire in this town is its cosmopolitism and lexical variety. The existence of various libraries strongly confirms that. Rich Jewish libraries, Vlachos library, the burnt Greek library, the first reading room in Bitola in 1860, the national libraries and reading rooms in the villages Bukovo, Porodin, Gavato, illegal libraries, the development of NUUB St. Clement Ohrdiski in modern cultural institution are only part of the data that you will face in this book. The flow and the development of the Libraries in Bitola and its region represented challenge for the authors of this text. Accept the challenge and find out more for the libraries in Bitola and its region.

By the authors

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, - , . , , , . , , , , , , . , . . , ,

DEVELOPMENT OF THE LETTER AS BASE FOR THE

APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST LIBRARIES

The book is more valuable than all monuments decorated with images,

reliefs and woodcrafts, as it alone builds monuments in the

heart of the one who readsEgyptian record

(from New Kingdom)

The letter is a discovery that raised the humanity, huge benefit from the evolutionary development of the man, a mean that raised him into the heights adding the necessary knowledge and experience to the future generations, who continued to develop and evaluate. The letter as a cultural phenomenon, did not appear in a limited and concrete space and time, but it resulted from a long historical process of growing up and development of human thought and practice. By that the preconditions were made for the development of the librarianship since the time of the old civilizations in Egypt, Assyria, China, Small Asia and others. In the books it is collected the overall knowledge and fortune of the people, their wisdom. That is why the library as a collection of books is spiritual treasury where precious fortune is preserved. The development of the letter starts from picturesque or pictographic when with help on a rock, on flat rock surfaces the human marks the events and the impressions from his life in current residences the caves and through the ideographic letter where the human the drawings, the images replaces with several marks that gave the contour,

20

, - . , - - , , . , , . . : ( ), , , , , , , , , , .

Clay plate with cuneiform writing

, , 1 , ( ) . ,

the idea for the things. In the third phase of the development, the letter reaches its final stadium transit from the term ideographic to phonographic or phonetic letter by which it gains its perfect form, today known as alphabetic letter. The materials that were used in the creation of the letter that is the writing means, differed depending on the period when the letter developed. As means for writing and means toward which it was written with on numerous objects from the nature that left trace or had characteristics to receive or to keep trace put with other objects. As objects towards which it was written the most frequently were used stone, (flat rock), clay, wood, leafs, wax, metals, glass, silk, papyrus, leather, paper and other.

Hieroglyphs

The oldest so far familiar letter appeared in Mesopotamia, in Sumer present Iraqi1 towards the end of the fourth millennium and from there it spread towards the west to small Asia and Egypt and to the east Elam (todays Persia) and India. On the

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, , , , , . , , ( ) .

X - XI ,

other places independently in different parts of the world developed other letters among which the most famous are the picturesque letter of the American Indians, the Chinese letter, the Cotter pin letter, Egyptian and Crit letter. Among the alphabet letters the most famous are the Fenix, Greek, Latin and Slavic (glagolica and kirilica) letters.

Glagolica in Zograph fourth gospel X - XI century Zograph monastery

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,

, , . - . . , , , , ( ), 2. , , . , , . ( - ) III ..., II ..., 107 . . , , ,

LIBRARY

Good library is place, a castle where the noble spirits

of all nations and generations meetSamuel Niger

The library is a treasury where the precious spiritual fortune is preserved, where the book as basic source of all knowledge is kept and cared for as something holy, where the centurial experiences of the past and present generation are hidden. They are the main cultural education treasures of each society. With the development of the letter the preconditions were made for library development. Pretty long period of time the difference between the libraries, the museums and the archives was not distinguished because the oldest known libraries actually were the archives where the fund was a collection of texts (plates with cotter pin letter ) by which were documented the official religious activities in the court palace2. Then they grew up into museums because the buildings where they were preserved together with the other collections of texts were raised, in the honor of the muses. Even when with the appearance of the typographic print when the fund of the text and the collections of objects were raised the libraries are different from the museums. The oldest buildings of libraries of this period are on Ur (Dublal - max) date from III millennium B., in Pergam from II millennium B. Efes from 107 and other. In the period of the old civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Small Asia and others, the level of the development is raised which had to functionally and by its content correspond to the dynamic development of

24

. , - . (668 - 626), . 22000 .

Assyrian ruler Asurbanipal

, (384 - 322), . (336 - 323) . - (332 ...) 500000 700000 - ,

the civilization. For the use of the letter and the writing witness the archeological findings as well as the remaining of the Assyrian ruler Asurbanipal (668 - 626) which is found in the ruins of the Assyrian residence Niniva. In the ruins of this library there were found 22000 clay plates with the most different content which were correspondingly processed for which speak the preserved materials which were signified and numbered.

Plates of the rich library in Niniva

There are certain discoveries for the existence of the library, owned by Aristotel (384 - 322) the biggest philosopher of the old age. During the ruling of Alexander Macedonian (336 - 323) the most famous libraries in Alexandria and Pergam were opened. It was presumed that in the library in Alexandria (332 B.C.) there were 500000 to 700000 scrolls and it represented the center of the Macedonian Hellenistic culture where the overall current scientific and literature fortune of the European and Eastern people was preserved. One of the managers of this

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. , , 120 . 47 . . . e. .

II ..e., , , , . , . III V , , . . , - , . , . , . , III .

library the poet Kalimah, prepared a catalogue of the library which contained 120 scrolls. This library was destroyed in 47 B.C. in big fire.

Alexandria library

In II century B.C. during the Roman kingdom there were first public libraries mainly from the robbed libraries in the Hellenistic state which were transported in Rome. So the spreading and the opening of the libraries started in these areas. In the period from the III and the V century with the appliance of the papyrus, it was lessened the creation of the book. The foundation of libraries of the western areas is tightly connected to the period when the parchment was replaced with the papyrus. But, with the decay of the Roman kingdom there was general decadent and culture crisis. The public and personal libraries were closed and there were opened libraries in the churches and the monasteries. It is important for this period that for the first time there were Christian libraries in the churches, mainly with religious literature. One of the oldest such libraries is that one in Jerusalem in the middle of the III century. During the big migration of the people from IV to IX century A.C. as well as lot of wars, there were destroyed a lot of cultural

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IV IX , , . , . . . IX - XIII , , . - , . , . , , , , , , , , , .

Cambridge University

achievements. At that hard time for the culture, the libraries were not protected as well. From those libraries there are preserved only a small number of samples in the monasteries in Europe. The cultural life again is renewed in the middle century. From IX XIII century A.D. range of important social political and cultural events happened. Social economic conditions imposed the necessity for the educated people, so there is the spreading of the education. There is increased number of city schools which are transformed into faculties and universities. The first universities were those in Paris and Bologne, then in Oxford, Cambridge, Calamnka, Prague, Montpelier, Krakow, Vienna, Heidelberg, Clement University in Ohrid and etc.

University of Bologna

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, . , , . , . , . . XIV , , , , . , . , . , ( XIV XVI ), : (humanistica), ; . . , , (1357 - 1468),

In the frames of these institutions there are opened libraries for the necessities of the students and the teachers where there is also professional treatment of the books. These libraries were different from the monastery and the church libraries primarily to the contents of the literary funds. So, the literary funds in the university libraries in bases were imposed for satisfaction of the educational necessities. The book were present in large press run, they were cheaper as they were made from cheaper material. The most important library in this period is considered to be the Paris university library. In XIV century there were opened city libraries which although they were named as city, they were used for a certain number of representatives of the state power which gives us right to conclude that the possession of a book in that period was a privilege for a certain category, that is the books are not of mass character. That is why in this period there are noticed numerous private libraries of famous rulers. From the other side, the libraries from the oldest age had public character and their overall activity was cared by the state power. But, with the appearance of the humanism and the renascence (the middle of XIV and the beginning of XVI) century there is an important progress in the area of the librarianship from several reasons: in this period there is a new letter (humanistic) available for the wider people; the printing was invented with movable letters and the low price of the paper. All this influenced on the development of the library science on these space. The libraries got a new dimension with the invention of the first printing houses, the epochal discovery of Johan Guttenberg (1357 - 1468) who improved the technique of printing with movable metal letters, in 1455 he printed the Bible on pages of 42 lines. By that the libraries significantly started to differ from the

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, 1455 - 42 . , , , .

Johan Gutenberg

XVIII, XIX XX . , . , , , . , . , .

previous types of libraries, by their content of funds, as well by their technology, the way and the means by which the information were marked.

Bible from Gutenbergs printing office

The period from XVIII, XIX and XX century characterize important social changes. Especially important is the French revolution after which there were conditions for the development of the educational and scientific institutions. Namely, in this period there were nationalized the church properties which became state ownership and by that the overall library material was transported in city libraries which became national. All that contributed for faster development of the scientific thought which by its own side imposed strong influence towards the speeding of the steps of the social development. These conditions positively reflect the development of different libraries and the library activity in general.

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, . 859 . , , , . , . (), , . , .

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St. Cyril and Methodius

Libraries and the librarianship

in Macedonia

The development of the letter and the literacy in Macedonia was through the work of Cyril and Methodius, the founders of the culture and the literacy at the Slavic people. In 859 they created the glagolica and by that new letter they wrote the translation of the Gospel and the other religious books. By that, the both brothers from Thessalonica raised the Slavic language to the level of literary language and consequently the Slavs joined the other cultural people. By that, the bases of the librarianship were set in many Slavic countries as well as in Macedonia.

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IX X , , , . , . . , , .

. St. Clement

Konstantin himself (Cyril), after he finished with his higher education was appointed for a librarian at the church Saint Sophia in Carigrad. Their students Clement and Naoum simplified the glagolian letter and created the new alphabet Cyrillic named by their teacher. Toward the end of the ninth and the beginning of the tenth century they formed the Ohrid literary school where they would continue the educational and literary activity of their teachers and which would be the real center of translation, rewriting and the original literary activity. In the creation of the original literary works the first and the most important place belonged to St. Clement Ohrdiski.

. St. Naoum

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, , . , , . . .

Beside the original literature, of huge importance is the translation activity of the Christian literature from Greek to Slavic language as well as the huge rewriting activity of the religious books for performance of the religious service in Macedonian churches and monasteries. With the activity of Clement and Naoum, started the raising of the librarianship in Macedonia and the foundation of the first literary fund in Macedonia which continued to be enriched after their death by their students. Clement and Naoum are considered to be the first creators of the Slavic literature funds and monastery libraries and their works create the first original Slavic literature fund in the middle age monasteries libraries in Macedonia. As first and the oldest monastery library in Macedonia it is mentioned the library at Clement monastery St. Pantelejmon in Ohrid.

. , St. Pantelemon, Ohrid

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, , . . , 32 . 3000000 . , , . , : , , , , , , , , , CD - . - 3 - , -, . , , . , () -: , , , , , - . . () e . , .

Librarianship today

The librarianship today especially with its informative dimension represents important segment in the creation and the practice of the information system of R. Macedonia. Currently, in The Republic of Macedonia exist 32 national libraries. They have librarian fund of approximately 3000000 librarian samples. The word library has Greek lingual base, it originates from the word biblos and it means book and the most famous and the most read book through the centuries is the Bible or the other name the Holy Letter. In the lexicon for the word library you will get the following explanation: The library is a book shop, collection or place where books, pages, magazines, old printed registers are preserved, but also photographs, gramophone records, radio and audio cassettes, disks, CDs and etc. The word library in the Library lexicon3 is explained as cultural educational institution or institute which collects professionally processes, preserves and gives for use the librarian material. It can be independent legal subject or unit as part of some institution, company, organization and similar. According to the structure of the fund and the profile of the users, there are several types of libraries: national, school, children, specialized, higher educational, etc. All types of libraries work on generally accepted standards. Librarian (Greek) a person who in the library performed the professional affairs. This title can have each librarian worker with higher education. According to the categorization of UNESCO, there are defined mainly the following types of libraries: national, general scientific, folk, higher educational, specialized and school.

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, National library of Belarus, Minsk

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, . , . , 1016 , . , . ,

XI

LIBRARIES IN BITOLA AND ITS REGION

In different cultural occasions for the city of Bitola the term the citiest city in Macedonia is used. It is not accidental, because this city in its multi centurial existence contributed for the cultural history of Macedonia. Namely, as every city Bitola as well has its past as verified artifact, that is so called Bitola plate from 1016 on which monument for the first time is met the original name written with Slavic letters of the national language. By that, Bitola not only in Macedonia, but much wider belongs among the oldest cities.

Bitola plate from XI century

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. , 3500 . . - ... , , 4. - 705, - 72 6. , . , , , . . , . , , , . 7:

The fact on this plate represents so far third Cyrillic monument, witness for the existence in it and the surrounding. That literacy is connected to the existence of Ohrid literary school, which taught 3500 students among which there certainly had students from this area, who continued this literary education and would enrich the literary inheritance from that period. In that inheritance the characteristics of the original old Slavic language are marked in the preserved handwritings on Bitola plate, Bitola pages, Bitola triode and many others4. All those handwritings most frequently were made at Christian churches and monasteries which in Bitola oral tradition were mentioned at Mohamed Tefik - 705, at Cepenkov - 72 monasteries6. In its long - term history, Bitola passed in many ups and downs. The wars characteristic for the middle century feudal society, lead for conquering of large complex countries which were frequent habit. They disabled the natural and the cultural development. Still in Bitola, the education has been taken care for. That can be confirmed by the record from the port of the Bologna psalter by the monk Danail, where it said that he was in the middle of the city of Bitola, bought the psalter by the grammarian Theodore for two perpera and golden earrings of his wife. The text itself stands7:

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, , . , , - . , , . , , . 1385 - . , . , , , 8. () , - . , . , , : , . , , 72

For all middle century states it was characteristic that in the monasteries and the churches was spread and taken care for the literacy and by that the creation of the first literatry works. So, the literatry works of the middle century writers and the rewriters found their place in the same rooms, that is exactly in the rooms appointed for preservation of the handwritings. Actually, those were our first libraries including Bitola and its region. For the city itself Bitola, there is not concrete data for the existence of library in the pre Ottoman period, but certainly we can presume that such existed in numerous Bitola churches. Bitola in 1385 was conquered by the Turkish - Ottomans. According to the common actions, when they were conquering the cities, there were two types of behaviour. To those citizens, that voluntarily conquered, the Turkish did not make any harm, but if they resisted they were forced to give up their cities8. Actually, the Turkish sultan and the religious law itself (serijat) imposed to approve three day robbing of the conquered city, where the movable property legally belonged to the soldiers - conquerors. Taking into consideration the fact that Bitola and its citizens resisted heavily to the Turkish conquerors, the city with its citizens suffered. For the decay of Bitola as church center Marko Cepenkov left this narrative data: After they had conquered all monasteries, Turks destroyed all and in each monastery built mosque. Everywhere Turks conquered cities at that period rarely in any city destroyed any church and monastery as they were religious and were afraid of God, but in Bitola they were not afraid by 72 saints that were in the churches as they were very angry to the Christians, because they killed 5000 Turks. So, Saint Wood that was in Macedonia, that was in Bitola was changed into Turkish mosques9.

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, 500 - ... , , 9. . , (, .), XV . , , , , - , . XVIII . , , . , , .

Big Bitola market

With the ruling of the Turks in Bitola, there were huge ethical changes. Namely, beside Turks in Bitola came other people from Muslim nationality (Tatars, Jurucu and etc) but beside them at the end of XV in huge number came the expelled Jews from Spain and Portugal. So, in Bitola beside new ethnical there was new religious element, that is Muslims, mainly Turkish conquerors, Jewish members of Mojsej religion and the local population which was Christian by their religion and Slavic by nationality. In such joining of religious and national colorness in XVIII in the city and several Bitola villages there came a large group of Vlachos, who as the local population were Christians as well. They mainly came as refugees from their rich and progress city of Moskopole which was demolished and robbed by Ali pasha Janinski. Searching for safer place a lot of Vlachos populated Bitola enriching the religious community with Christian and even more with their skinless for trading and craftship enriched the city with newly opened shops.

Turkish house in Bitola region

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, , , , . - , XVII XVIII XIX , . . . . , . . , , , , , . , . , , , . XIX

Differing by confession, language and customs, the ethnical groups in Bitola each separately, independently one from the other cared each culture and literature. While for some time Bitola was generally Turkish - Jewish city by the population number, starting from the end of XVII and through the whole XVIII century to have its culmination in XIX century there was a huge process of dechristianization of the city. In that period the city was populated by the citizens from the surrounding villages and cities searching for greater security and better income. That process was speeded especially when Bitola became vilaet, center with stationed huge army and administrative staff for which necessities raised in upper line, the craft products as well as the trading. Simultaneously, with the enriching of the people there was the necessity for educated people. That necessity appeared among all nationalities regardless they were Christians or members of other confessions. Such necessity for schools at Christian population caused separation. Namely, the Christian church in Macedonia after the abolishment of Ohrid archbishopsy was managed by the Greek Carigrad patriarchy which as Greek institution was engaged in hellinization of non Greek population mainly through schools and the church itself. The representatives of the Greek municipality in Bitola in all possible ways tried to implant Greek national feeling at Vlachos as well as at Macedonian Christians. Educating at Greek schools a good part of the local population accepted the Greek letter Greek culture and they nationally felt Greek although their mother language was not the Greek one. In XIX century one part of the Hellenized citizens of Bitola started to get acknowledged that their root was not Greek, so they started fighting for independence in church and school domain. Towards such movement the local citizens Macedonian

40

, , . , , , , . 1869 , . . , , . , , , . , , - .

started to act, exactly to build their own church where there would be service in mother Slavic language and not in Greek as well as to open their own national schools. In 1869 the citizens of Bitola completely separated from the Greek municipality thus creating their own. A little bit later, the same did the Vlachos. But, the both sides in that escape from the hellenization fell under other propaganda that is Macedonians under Bulgarian archiepischophy, while the Vlachos were under the influence of the Roman propaganda. These Hellenized citizens of Bitola remained on the previous positions in considerable amount supported by different associations or individuals and by the state of Greece, organized in Bitola thus representing huge strong fanatic group. In such oppossed national relations in Bitola appeared religious separations between the catholic and the protestant propaganda.

Bitola a century ago

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. XX , .. , . . 1941 . , , 4 1944 . :

- -

Such situation in Bitola did not stay for ever. The joined states on the Balkans at the beginning of XX century helped by their tutors, that is the big European states managed in Balkan wars to exile Turkey from Macedonia and its territory to separate among themselves. With the First World War and the peaceful agreements in separated Macedonia, the city of Bitola was under Serbian occupation. Such condition lasted until 1941. With the April war and the decay of the Kingdom Yugoslavia, Bitola would be under Bulgarian occupation until 4 November 1944 when the Macedonian military units entered the city and for the first time established Macedonian authority. In the mentioned historical survey from the existence of the libraries in Bitola and its region we can differ several periods such as:

Pre Ottoman period Ottoman period Serbian occupation Bulgarian occupation Period after the liberation - Macedonian

period

43


, - .

IV , , , . , , . , . , , , -. ( 10), , . . , IX X , .

PRE OTTOMAN PERIOD

Data for the literary activity, preservation of handwritings and books in pre Ottoman period we find in churches and the monasteries.

Monastery libraries

Since IV century there is introduced tradition of common spiritual life of the monks, so soon afterwards in every area a monastery was founded which in its libraries preserved the creational spirit of the humanity that secured historical continuity and original meeting with the past. The monastery as well as church and economic institutions were built in a type of firmness and they were surrounded by strong fortresses and towers. There the obedience to God was studied, so that is why we say that they were the first institutions where the purity of the Christianity was preserved and it was a synonym for the monasticism. So, the oldest libraries of our area were mainly in the monasteries. In the book feedings (as in old Slavic language were named the libraries10) there were preserved firstly the handwritten books from religious and service character and later printed works. The experienced monks participated in the rewriting work and they were aimed to do correctly and right the translation of the service books. From here, the Balkan Slavic towards the end of the IX century and in X century developed a large rewriting and translation activity from theological and encyclopedia character. With the opening of the first churches

44

, , - . , .

.

.

and monasteries by Clement and Naum in Ohrid, as well as their supplying with the original and translated work, there were the bases of the religious monastery libraries in Macedonia. The church through the monasteries in the most efficient way could preserve and spread the religion and represent the contributions of the civilization.

Clement monastery St. Pantelemon

Monastery St Naoum

45


46

, . , , , . XII . , - , . , - , . 19 , .

With the decay of the Macedonian state and falling of the Macedonian state under Byzantium power, the Slavic literature was pressured in second plan. But still opposite the eliminatory power of the higher priests, the lower priests came from the rows of the Slavic, who continued the traditions of the Slavic literacy. In XII century there were raised large monasteries. Monastery libraries were the holders of the librarianship, became major cultural - educational centers. The most important activity was the rewriting, that is the multiplication of literary works mainly with religious content. For the monastery libraries in Macedonia more concrete data we have in the middle of 19 century until now. These monasteries were visited by the renaissance teacher writer and journalist Jordan Hadzi Konstantinov Dzinot.

47


, , - - . , , . 72 11, . , , (1015 - 1018.12). XII

Metropolitans residence in Bitola

For the existence of the large numbers of monasteries in Bitola talks the national legend where Marko Cepenkov named Bitola St. Wood and mentioned number of 72 monasteries11 as well the existence of large number of mosques for which it is believed that they are built on the foundations of the existent churches and monasteries. The first written Slavic source found on this area was the Bitola engraving or Bitola table which is from the ruling of the Samouils nephew Joan Vladislav (1015 - 101812). For Bitola monasteries in XII century (we take into consideration here the surrounding of Demir Hisar which in that period was a constitutional part of Bitola) data are present at Zograf monument13 from 1526,

48

( ) 13 1527 . . (. . ), . ( . ), . (. ), . ( ), . ( . ), . . , , .

. ,

, .

where there are mentioned Prodrom (St. John Preteca at v. Slepce - Demir Hisar), monastery Dihovo (today exists only the monastery dedicated to st. Anastasij), monastery Strezevo (st. Jon), monastery Gradiste (it is not named to which saint it belonged to), monastery Bukovec (dedicated to st. Transfiguration) and as well as the st. Besrebrenici dedicated to the saint Kuzman and Damjan. From this period there are small number of texts among which Bitola Triode, Slepce apostil and similar.

Monastery St. John Preteca, Demir Hisar

Until Macedonia did not fall under Ottoman authority there are numerous preserved handwritings and texts which speak that the monasteries became large centre of rewriting activity. Important monasteries where they were written and rewritten books through the centuries and which had big monastery libraries were in Prilep, the

49


: . , . , , . , . , . , . , - , . ; -

monastery St. Virgin Mary, Treskavec in Demir Hisar with rich literary fund there was the monastery St. John in village Slepce in Tikves, St. George Poloski, St. Jon Vetrenski, St. John Bigorski in Debar, St. Innocence in Kicevo, monastery St. Prohor Pcinski in Kumanovo, Lesocki monastery in Kratovo - Zletovo region, the library at Lesno monastery St. Archangel Michael which is among the first formed and which during the many centuries of its existence grew into large literary center; in Skopje Montenegro region there are promoted the monasteries St. Pantelemon in Nerezi, Markos monastery St. Dimitrija Sisevo, monastery St. Nicola (there stayed Cyril Pejcinovik) and others.

, XII Slepce apostle, XII century

50

. , . , . ( ) . , , , , 1865 20 , 14. : . . . , . . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . , . . . . , , . , , . , - , . -, , , , . .

In Bitola there should be mentioned Bukovo monastery according to the note of the Dzin published in Carigradski vesnik in 1865 there were more than 20 burdens Slavic handwritings, but some priest destroyed them14. In Bitola there are ten more monasteries where the rewriting and librarian activity existed St. Salvation, St. Merkurij v. Baresani, St. Christopher and St. Transformation, v. Bukovo, St. Assumption of Virgin Mary, St. George, v. Velusina, St. Ilija v. Dragos, St. Archangel v. Lisolaj, St. John v. Beranci, St. Ilija, St. George v. Paralovo and others. In all these monasteries there were preserved books. But, after the falling of Bitola and its region under Turkish authority the conditions for cultural life greatly changed and there was period of stagnation. A lot of churches and monasteries which previously bloomed the literacy in front of the invasion of the Turkish army were destroyed, the rich monastery treasuries thrown away and books burnt. Only in some places further form the large city centers and from the traffic crossroads cultural educational activity continued with smaller intensity but it did not die. The Slavic written tradition continued especially in Slepce and Bukovo monastery which had big properties, so they were financially independent which enabled them material base for the rewriting activity in these centers not to be destroyed. For that witness a large number of Slavic handwritings from Bitola region. Monasteries always hid in themselves progressive spirituality manifested through the

rewriting enthusiasm of monks to impress their own seal in the history and the letter tobecome the witness of time. In peaceful and mystic environments under trembling language of the lightness from the appearance of the first lines and engraftments it had been working systematically towards the creation of the Slavic middle age

51


, , - , . , , , . . 1566 , , ,

literature which represented key chain in the development of the Macedonian literacy. The first printed books on these area came by the benefit of the Macedonian tradersand intellectuals. It was marked the data that in1566 on the name of Jakov from Kamena Reka current Makedonska Kamenica, there appeared the first Macedonian printer who in Venece printed the church book Casoslav. The book was printed in the printing house of the Montenegro printer Bozidar Vukovik and his son Vincecno. Only four years later the man from Skopje Kara Trifun opened bookshop in Skopje. But, the printing of the first book in 1814 of Joachim Krcovski the first Macedonian representative of the new Macedonian literary generation, Slovo iskazanoe zaradi umiranie at Budim University printing house, represents the

. (),

Slavic handwriting from the monastery St. John Preteca Slepce (Demir Hisar) where

the national language is present

52

. . , . , 1814 . , , , . , , 1838 , 5 , , . 4 - 5 , XIX . , . 1837 , , , - . , . , , , ( , 18 , , , ) ., 19 , , ,

beginning of the modern librarianship in Macedonia. Afterwards, with the opening of the first printing house of Teodosij Sinaitski in 1838 in Solun, there were printed 5 books in Macedonian language and different other materials as advertisements and the first book that was printed in this printing house is the book Nacalnoe ucenie so molitvi utrenie by Anatolij Zografski. Although, this printing house worked only 4 5 years, it played important part in the Macedonian renaissance from 19 century. With the strengthening of the citizens class in Macedonia there were opened many schools and libraries in the city and village settlements and there is appearance of private libraries. The first Macedonian religious school in 1837 in Veles was opened by the Macedonian renaissance teacher and writer Jordan Hadzi Konstantinov Dzinot. The first private libraries were the libraries of traders, craft men and well known intellectuals. There is known the library of the trading family Robevi from Ohrid of the well know tailor Gorgi Bodev (beside, other books in this library there were 18 textbooks of algebra, history, dictionaries and old printed

53


, . XIX , - .

Grigor Prlicev

books) and others as well as the librairies of Ohrid writers and teachers from 19 century, Grigor Prlicev, Kuzman Sapkarev and Janaki Strezov, the private libaries of Skopje trader Konstantin Ikonomov and the prior of Lesok monastery, Cyril Pejcinovik. The most important private libaray in 19 century which was preserved until today is the library of Veles, teacher Jordan Hadzi Konstantinov Dzinot.

- Jordan Hadzi Konstantinov Dzinot

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- , 500 . , , , . , . , , .. , . , , . .

, , , , . . XIV 15. , 1382 16. , .

OTTOMAN PERIOD

The Ottoman period lasted for a longer period almost 500 years. For that period Bitola grew as administrative Military trade and craft center. But, it was generally Ottoman city with very wealthy citizens and well educated. Some of those personalities according to former custom wanted complete or part of their property to give to some religious object most often mosque. In the donation there were frequently met different schools, books, libraries and etc. Except the social or school there were private libraries.

Turkish libraries

The frequent changes of the authorities in Macedonia that is in Bitola region lead to the destruction of the previously created cultural fortunes of books were destroyed as confirmation of language sources of different studying ideas and records of historical importance. Those which survived under the severe invasion of the enemy were hidden in mould basements and barns where the dampness and the rats did their own. Towards the end of XIV century the Turks conquered Macedonia15. Judging by the Ottoman narrative sources large battles were at the conquering of Bitola which in 1382 was under their authority16. The arrival of the Turks represents aspiration for economic as well as for ideological superiority. The Turkish population in our area conditioned the appearance of expressed Islamic objects. And while our

56

. , , , , , , , , , , , a 17. (), , , , 18.

1434/35 .

The Mosque built by Sungur Caus Beg in Bitola 1434/35

, , , - 19. He , 1434 - 1435 , . ( , , , , , , 20). , ,

people fought for their life, withdrew in unreachable area building simple churches for maintenance of their long traditions, then with rapid speed there are built inns, covered markets, steam baths, mosques, elementary, secondary and higher theological schools and with these intuitions libraries as well17. As companies of individual (vakafi) and not state institutions they will be main source for finding out the purpose, the organization, the building and the way of maintenance18.

The city, changing its appearance from Slavic got typically oriental look, would become one of the largest cities on the Balkans and the center of one of the greatest administrative territorial units19. It is not even weird that one of the oldest companies was registered here in Bitola in 1434 - 1435 by Caus beg. The same referred to his vakafi in Bitola (one mosque, one medresa, one inn, twenty five stores, one tekija, two lands, seven windmills and one wine yard20). In the document the roots of the Caus beg were mentioned. Abdullah which referred to his Christian origin because with that kind of names were named people that received the

57


, 21. , , 1434/35 22. () (23) 24, .

, , . , . , .

Islam21. The mosque and medresa were most probably built 1434/3522. If we take as correct the data that each medresa had its own accompanying library (kutubhana), which was managed by a professor (muderis23) which was more important than the school24, then with right we can consider that with the medresa of Caus beg existed a library too.

Copies from Caus Beg vakufnamby sidzili of Bitola kadia

On bases of so far found written documents the first library in Bitola and certainly the richest from the early Turkish existence in the city is the library of Ishak Celebi. The bibliographic data for that man no matter how poor they are, they are also so unpopular in our literature. Unfortunately, for his origin we know a little. Mehmed Tevfik wrote that Ishak Celebi resigned from the post of Solun kadija and together with his family moved to Bitola25.

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25. , (, , ). 26. 1508 , , , , , , , 300000 27. , , . , . . , . 1508 , o 1511 .

Ishak Celebi mosque

There is great probability that Ishak Celebi was born in Bitola, son of Isa Fakih (lawyer, theologist professor of seriate law). For that witnessed the data for the inherited windmill of his father26. From the vakufnama signed in the second decade of the month June 1508, it can be seen that Ishak Celebi bought one mosque, one medresa, one tekija, one mekteb, one hundred and five stores, four rooms, twenty windmill, one garden and 300000 dire hemi in cash27. It is known that the library was founded from the books of the personal library of the kadija which at least for that time was unusually rich. Responsible for the library was the mutevelija and first muderis by wish of Ishak Celebi was one of his sons. During of its four centuries existence, there passed numerous written documents which witnessed for the large number of muderesi that passed. Also it was his wish those books with the largest attention to be preserved and transport. In 1508 he donated part of the books and in 1511 Ishak Celebi donated the rest of his books from his library.

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, , , , - 28. , . 1728 29. , XV XVI . , , , . 1528 30 : ,

, 1529/30 31;

, 1558/59 32;

Kadu Mahmud effendi r Dzeni mosque

It is essential to emphases that these books were written in Arabic, mainly from the area of the seriate law, interpretation of Curran, the religious traditions the Arabic language and seriate legal decisions28. The fact that all works were in Arabic should not be weird because the Arabic language in that period was considered to be more superior to the Turkish29. As it can be noticed from the above mentioned the first oriental libraries in Bitola lead their traces since the end of XV and the beginning of XVI century. The development of these libraries of medresi, actually were the most important, would follow and it would enlarge in the following centuries when the islamization in the city took wider strength. The number of two medresi that is met in the census book of 152830 in the following centuries reached twelve:

Kodza Kade medresa known as Kadi Ahmed effendi built simultaneously with the same mosque 1529/3031;

Kadi Mahmud effendi medresa built at the same time with the same mosque as Jeni mosque in 1558/5932;

Gazi Hajdar kadi mosque

60

, 1561/62 33;

, , a 1566/67 34;

, . 1521/22 , 1621 , 1652 1711 35;

1767/68 36;

- 1782/83 37;

, 1791/92 38;

, , XVI XVII 39;

40.

: 1791/92 41. () (). , , , , 42. , 43. .

Gazi Hajdar Kadi medresa built with the same mosque in 1561/6233;

Dulbent Kadi medresa for which Evlija Celebija said that it was the most impressive and it was built in 1566/6734;

Hadzi bey medresa built under the name Turkish medresa. Although the same mosque was built in 1521/22 the medresa was mentioned for the first time in 1621 and the library in 1652 and later in 171135;

Ahmed pasha medresa from 1767/6836; Sehzade Hatun medersa from Zaim - Zade

Seid Ali bey near the Sehzade hatun Mescit in 1782/8337;

Jegen Ali pasha medresa and kutbhana, built by the same named valia of Rumelia in the garden of the mosque Emir Bey in 1791/9238;

Fejzie that is Tevkie medresa which was part of the mosque complex hamza bey that is Uc Seihler mosque from the end of XVI and the beginning of XVII century39;

Serif bey medresa in the complex of the same named mosque for which Mehmed tevfik gave poor data40.

Kutubhani existed as a part of mektebi: Fatma sultan mekteb and Jegen Ali pasha mekteb from 1791/9241. In the literature frequently there are mistakes when the reading rooms (kirathani) are equalized with the libraries (kutuhban). In the reading books there people would sit and talk and read less, because by rule, except some newspapers there were no books or handwritings42. That is why it is wrong the interpretation of the fifteen reading rooms that were mentioned by Mehmed Tevfik as number of libraries in Bitola43. Beside these libraries in medresi and mektebi there are private libraries. The private libraries were created by individuals, generous lovers of the book that had enough material means to buy books, very expensive ones, because they were only

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, - , , , . , . 1508 , . - 44. 1628/29 , , . , , ( , , ), 45.

in handwriting, very frequently decorated with different ornaments. After the death they bequeathed their libraries in a type of vakaf to separate medresi and in that way the literary fund in the libraries was increased. We had already mentioned the private library of Ishak Celebi which he bequeathed in 1508 by which it became a library at the same medresa. Later it was familiar the private library of Hadzi Mahmud effendi44. In the far 1628/29 on the request of the ulemi from the city, as well as of the citizens of Bitola, as one of the most educated in the city became muftija. Beside the regular obligations as muftija, part of his free time he passed in the tower that was in the garden of his house (known as Zandan tower that is Zindan Tower but also as Kupeli) praying and writing books45.

The oldest book of the Ottoman period that is preserved at Bitola archives

62

- , . 1863/64 , 46. , . , , . , . , 1933 , , 47. - ( )

Zandan tower in Bitola

Probably in the tower he founded rich library with books that he wrote himself as well as books by other authors. In 1863/64 Bitola valija Husni pasha destroyed the library. He entered in the tower and he confiscated all literary books that were preserved in it46. But, the tradition this tower to live with the books would be continued later. Namely, the fund was increased by those Turks who donated books and in return they asked some help from Allah. So, T. Gorgevik who visited the tower in 1933 wrote that tradition of that custom was kept and then he found numerous Arabic and other books47. Accompanying specialized libraries existed at Muvekithani (institutes for correct time) which had great importance for spreading of Mathematics and Astronomy. They were equipped with clocks and instruments by which help was defined the

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. . - 48. , , 49. . 1633 50. 1894 . , . , 252, . 1889 , 51. - , . . , . , . , 52. , - , 1469 ,

correct ala turka and Middle Eastern time. According to the correct time the clocks and tower clocks were set48. Maybe, the object of Intifa located between Ishak mosque and City clock were nothing else but Muvekithana where numerous Arabic and Persian books were kept as well as numerous books of older and newer editions49. That muvekthan service was a profession talks the data that muvekit for that received payment. One such muvekit named Hadzi Mustafa was mentioned in 1633 with payment of five akci daily50. In 1894 in the city there was opened the first public Turkish library. Later, it had the name of the valija Abdul Kerim pasha. Although, there was only a humble number of books total of 252, its own existence represented important event in the cultural life of the city. In 1889 Bitola would gain the first printing house51. Although, we did not have the correct description for some of Bitola public libraries kutubhani it is certain that they had the common look. Their dispositional and architectural decision resulted from the way of accommodation and the use of books. The books were kept on wooden shelves ordered in the whole room on small minders in front of the shelf books. That is why libraries were built as ground objects but also as representative one floor buildings covered with cupola. Almost, all the libraries were built of stone and brick according to the common way of building of public objects52. The name librarian, Hafiz - kutub for the first time was mentioned in 1469, where we can see that the librarian service was a profession because it was paid53. The books were borrowed by reverse and some of the books in presence of two important people54. The books which were in those libraries were rewritten in different Islamic countries. The most of the books were bought on the specialized market in Carigard. Unfortunately,

64

, 53. , 54. . . , , 1607 55.

, a , . , : , (/59), , (/75)56.

from the earliest period there was nothing with exception to the Sidzili of Bitola kadiluk which began from 160755.

One of the numerous Bitola kadis sidzili

Libraries, by that books themselves consisted the richest source for the historical and cultural base of the Islam. That the book had important place in the cultural life of the Islamic world spoke the fact for the issued order: All printed books and publications in the capital to be separated in the provinces to be free of paying fees and other expenses (III/59), it was promoted in public that the Turkish government wanted to spread the education to develop the science and all people should help in that (III/75)56.

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, , , XV XVI , , . , . He 57. : , , . , . , . , , : , 1449 58. , , . , . , , . , , , . ,

The development and the popularizati-on of the book in Bitola as part of the general history of Bitola librarianship, as we mentioned previously can be followed form the end of XV and the beginning of the XVI century when it lived its blooming, so that in the following centuries slowly extinguished. Not in vain Asik Celebi said that Bitola was a center of poets and noble people57. The first known poets from Bitola were Haveri Katib, Hasan Ajani and others. All of them wrote in Arabic language, complaining that it was difficult in their own language to compose lines and to find poetic expression. Turkish poets usually performed that duty of kadija muftija or muredis. The most read books at that time beside the Kuarn are the two popular books: the poem Book for Mohamed and the famous record The lightness of the lover works of the brothers Jazicizade written in 144958. The Islam culture reflecting before all the spiritual necessities of Turkish nationality in the history of Macedonian people left strong traces. Although they remind us to unfavourite past of our people, it is important because they were developed on Macedonian land in direct contact with the current cultural traditions and the existent creational material. In the achievement of the Islamic culture in direct or indirect way the creative power of the Macedonian artist was spinned. In the literature dedicated to the historical past the essence and the culture of the population from Bitola region, which from prehistoric time was place of rebellious historical events, has queue of written documents that confirm the destiny of the city to be constant center of progressive ideas and cultural upstream. In time of Ottoman period in Bitola there were many schools from elementary, secondary to colleges, male and female. Regarding the education of the Turkish

66

, , . , , . , , .

( ) , , 1., 2., 3., 4. , 5. ( ), 6. , 7., 8. (), 9. ( ).

1. ();2. ( ).

1. ( -

);2. ( -

);3. ( - ).

( - ), .

authority did not make any obstacles also in the past for rising of religious objects. There were no concrete data for existence of libraries in every school; it is our presumption that in their largest part in the secondary and colleges there were such.

Turkish school and libraries

Elementary (school of first level) or officially named Iptidai mekteb, name for all elementary and especially they got their name by some famous personality or name of the locality where the school was - 1.Kara dibak, 2.Plane tree, 3.Imaret, 4.Hadzi dogan, 5.Nuhadzir mahale (Madzar neighbourhood), 6.Bujuk Fountain, 7.Salatas, 8. Hususi (private), 9.Numune mektebi (respectable school).

Secondary 1. Idadi milki (high school);2. Darul mualimin (teachers school).

Military 1. Ruzdie (lower military school - military

pro high school);2. Idadie (secondary military school -

military high school);3. Harbie (college military school academy).

Isljihane (school that prepared students for craft men), Lower agriculture school.

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, , , . . . . , . , .

In numerous Turkish schools especially in secondary and colleges as they used to be Teachers school and College military school worked very capable professors. Some of them were brought even from Carigrad. Among, the numerous professors we would mention the mayor Mehmed Teufik. He taught at the Military school and tried to write important work History of Bitola vilaet. In the book beside the narrative indicators, he gave other data for Bitola which for first time we met. Actually, he was the first who wrote history for Bitola.

( )Harbie (Military college - academy)

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, , ( , .), . , . . . - , . . -, , , . - , 25 1861 . . , . - , , . , : 59.

Private libraries in Ottoman period

From the famous Turkish officials which in this period lived in Bitola, private libraries were owned by Mehmed Teufik, Hajdar Sadik Bey (rich with belletristic literature, history books and etc.) Imer bey Sukri and Tefik pasha. Imer Bey was the last president of Bitola municipality and owned large library with literature of Arabic, Persian and Turkish language. Large number from those books were with theological content. Tefik pasha was commandment of the Third army area. His library was with large fund of books which content was generally military and theological. Among the books there were such in German and French language. Beside the personalities from Turkish nationality, private libraries were owned by rich trading families Robevi, Mikarus, Mihail, Ekonomu and etc. Moved family Robevci from Ohrid in Bitola brought the librarian fund that possessed in Ohrid after the fire that was in their house on 25 January 1861 in Bitola. Pretty large number of the librarian fund was destroyed. The remained works were transferred in their house in Bitola where the fund permanently was enriched, especially with foreign literature that referred to higher ideals of the renaissance work. Among Robevi there was promoted dr. Eftim Ivan Robev polyglot who fluently talked eight world languages. He studied at the universities in Nancy and Paris, he defended his doctorate and he is holder of two doctorate titles doctorate Detat and the doctorate Dfaculty59. Today the library of Robevci is at MANU. According to some acknowledgements

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. 2166 XVII XX . 30% , 30% , , , , , , , . : , , , , , , , , , , , , . : , 1894 , , 1852 , 1852 . , , , , , , , , , . , , . . . , , , , . . . .

around 2166 printed works were published in the period from XVII - XX century. Out of total 30% were works of the Medical sciences 30% belonged to the belletristic literature, while the rest were works from the area of the economy, philosophy, ethics, pedagogy, history, geography, religion and others. It is obvious that those books were printed in different languages as old Greek, Bulgarian, Italian, Serbian, Croatian, and Turkish but mostly in German and French. Among the books they appeared were the following: Principles of the political economy by John Stuart printed in London 1894, Manual for pathology with therapy in seven volumes printed in Lapcig 1852, The newest favourable medicines was also printed in Lapcig 1852. Beside numerous old editions the library owned the overall work of Victor Igo, Anatoly Franc, and Balzac, Gete, Shakespeare, Russian classics Puskin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Gorky and other. At the same time beside belletristic literature in the library there were works from music culture as well as numerous encyclopaedias and dictionaries. This rich library was temporally used by Dimitrija Miladinov. Nikarus was famous Bitola trader. As he was huge lover of the antic, his private library owned beside numerous books old handwritings in Greek language with theological content and some of which were with ornaments. Mihail Ekonomu was one of the richest personalities in Bitola. He owned huge library. As trader he travelled to many countries and bought books from all places that he visited.

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, , . , , . . , , , . - , . , , , . , , , .

House of Nikarus

The books in his library were in German, French and Greek language and he also possessed handwritings. Beside these traders in Bitola there was the family Kirjas moved from Albania. From this family there were personalities important for the Albanian transformation. So, the family member Gerasim possessed large library. For him we have data that he translated literary works and he wrote books himself for the female school that he intended to open in Bitola or in Korca. From this family there was Paraskeva Kirjas who used books from the family library as Risto Kirkjas who in Bitola opened his own printing shop in many languages. The same, from all printed books as well from those which he bought or were donated, founded ri

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