Western Civilization Lecture 6

Western CivilizationWestern Civilization

Session 6Exploration, Enlightenment and Baroque

IS-VNU

Mr. Mike Beard

Western CivilizationWestern Civilization

The Age of ExplorationThe Age of Exploration Feudalism Feudalism The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment Baroque Art and Music Baroque Art and Music

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Age of ExplorationThe Age of Exploration

Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration 1325–1357 Afonso IV 1325–1357 Afonso IV

encouraged maritime encouraged maritime commerce and ordered the commerce and ordered the first explorations.first explorations.

Trade Routes through West Trade Routes through West Africa controlled by MuslimsAfrica controlled by Muslims

1488 - Bartolomeu Dias 1488 - Bartolomeu Dias became 1became 1stst European to sail European to sail around the Southern tip of around the Southern tip of Africa to establish trade with Africa to establish trade with India and Asia while avoiding India and Asia while avoiding Muslim controlled trade routes. Muslim controlled trade routes.

Portuguese ExplorationPortuguese Exploration Caravel - a small, highly Caravel - a small, highly

maneuverable sailing ship maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century developed in the 15th century

The sails gave it speed and The sails gave it speed and the capacity for sailing to the capacity for sailing to windward (beating). windward (beating).

Caravels were much used by Caravels were much used by the Portuguese for the oceanic the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the 15th and 16th centuries in the age of discovery.age of discovery.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Muslims controlled trade Muslims controlled trade

routes though the Middle East routes though the Middle East and Portugal controlled route and Portugal controlled route around Africa around Africa

Columbus wanted to discover Columbus wanted to discover a Western route to India a Western route to India believing the world to be round believing the world to be round not flatnot flat

1492 – Columbus discovered 1492 – Columbus discovered the “New World” though he the “New World” though he was convinced until his death was convinced until his death that he reached India. that he reached India.

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus The discovery of this “New The discovery of this “New

World” led to the establishment World” led to the establishment of Spanish colonies. of Spanish colonies.

Disputes between the Spanish Disputes between the Spanish and Portuguese over land and Portuguese over land rights rights

1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world outside of divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive Europe in an exclusive duopoly between the duopoly between the Portuguese and the SpanishPortuguese and the Spanish

VIDEOVIDEO

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationEuropean FeudalsimEuropean Feudalsim

Rich land owners (lords) granted Rich land owners (lords) granted land usage to certain people land usage to certain people (vassals) in exchange for service (vassals) in exchange for service (sometimes requiring vassals to (sometimes requiring vassals to fight for their lords).fight for their lords).

Ultimately the king is at the top of Ultimately the king is at the top of this system and had ultimate this system and had ultimate control control

It was a system with very sharp It was a system with very sharp distinctions between classes of distinctions between classes of people and was full of injustices people and was full of injustices

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

Enlightenment IdealsEnlightenment Ideals

ProgressProgress

Superiority of Reason Superiority of Reason

Science Science

Questioning Authority Questioning Authority

Declining Influence of the ChurchDeclining Influence of the Church

Religious ToleranceReligious Tolerance

Individual Rights and FreedomIndividual Rights and Freedom

Individualism, Relativism, Individualism, Relativism, and Rationalismand Rationalism

IndividualismIndividualism – – emphasized the importance of the individual emphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rights. and his inborn rights.

RelativismRelativism – – the concept that different cultures, beliefs, ideas, the concept that different cultures, beliefs, ideas, and value systems had equal merit. and value systems had equal merit.

RationalismRationalism – – the conviction that with the power of reason, the conviction that with the power of reason, humans could arrive at truth and improve the world.humans could arrive at truth and improve the world.

The Thirty Years’ WarThe Thirty Years’ War

Questioned of the justness of absolute monarchy. Questioned of the justness of absolute monarchy. Idea of the authority of European divine right was Idea of the authority of European divine right was

weakened. weakened. War, which broke out in 1618 when Bohemian War, which broke out in 1618 when Bohemian

Protestants revolted against their incoming Catholic Protestants revolted against their incoming Catholic king. The ensuing battle between Protestants and king. The ensuing battle between Protestants and Catholics spread into Germany, and over the course of Catholics spread into Germany, and over the course of the next thirty years, nearly a third of the German the next thirty years, nearly a third of the German population was killed.population was killed.

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationThe Enlightenment The Enlightenment

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon (1561-1626)(1561-1626)Galileo had long said that Galileo had long said that observation was a necessary observation was a necessary element of the scientific methodelement of the scientific method

Bacon solidifies Galileo's view in Bacon solidifies Galileo's view in his development of his philosophy his development of his philosophy of science. of science.

Inductive Method – Observation Inductive Method – Observation and Reason and Reason

René Descartes René Descartes (1596–1650)(1596–1650)

Deductive Reason Deductive Reason

Father of Skepticism Father of Skepticism

Developed a system of Developed a system of doubting everything and doubting everything and using reason alone to using reason alone to establish a system of establish a system of knowledgeknowledge

““I think therefore I am” I think therefore I am”

Isaac Newton Isaac Newton (1642–1727)(1642–1727)

Conducted experiments in Conducted experiments in physics and math that revealed physics and math that revealed a number of a number of natural lawsnatural laws that that had previously been credited to had previously been credited to divine forcesdivine forces

Principia Mathematica (1687)Principia Mathematica (1687)

Uniform Force of GravityUniform Force of Gravity

Established 3 Laws of Motion Established 3 Laws of Motion

Baruch Spinoza Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)(1632–1677)

Jewish philosopher from AmsterdamJewish philosopher from Amsterdam

Spinoza called into question the Spinoza called into question the tenets of both Judaism and tenets of both Judaism and ChristianityChristianity

Believed in God but denied that the Believed in God but denied that the Bible was divinely inspired and Bible was divinely inspired and rejected the concept of miracles and rejected the concept of miracles and the religious supernaturalthe religious supernatural

Claimed that ethics determined by Claimed that ethics determined by rational thought were more rational thought were more important as a guide to conduct than important as a guide to conduct than was religionwas religion

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationRenaissance MusicRenaissance Music

The Enlightenment in EnglandThe Enlightenment in England

John Locke John Locke Father of LiberalismFather of Liberalism British empiricistBritish empiricist The mind was a blank slate – The mind was a blank slate –

we are born without innate we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by instead determined only by experience derived from sense experience derived from sense perceptionperception

All people were equal and All people were equal and independent, and everyone had independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his a natural right to defend his “Life, health, Liberty, or “Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions"Possessions"

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationRenaissance MusicRenaissance Music

The Enlightenment in EnglandThe Enlightenment in England

David Hume (1711–1776)David Hume (1711–1776) Skepticism Skepticism Suggested that our own Suggested that our own

senses are fallible, bringing all senses are fallible, bringing all observations and truths into observations and truths into question. question.

Very influential to others, such Very influential to others, such as Immanuel Kant, and was as Immanuel Kant, and was instrumental in the shift away instrumental in the shift away from rationalist thought that from rationalist thought that ended the Enlightenment.ended the Enlightenment.

The Enlightenment of FranceThe Enlightenment of France

Voltaire Voltaire Promoted social and Promoted social and

political change by means political change by means of satire and criticism. of satire and criticism.

Voltaire’s satires exposed Voltaire’s satires exposed injustices and appealed to injustices and appealed to a wide range of readers. a wide range of readers.

His short novel Candide is His short novel Candide is regarded as one of the regarded as one of the seminal works in historyseminal works in history

The Enlightenment of FranceThe Enlightenment of France

EncyclopédieEncyclopédie Published in France between Published in France between

1751 and 17721751 and 1772 The Encyclopédie is famous The Encyclopédie is famous

above all for representing the above all for representing the thought of the Enlightenmentthought of the Enlightenment

Denis Diderot was the chief Denis Diderot was the chief editoreditor

Many French Enlightenment Many French Enlightenment thinkers contributed articles thinkers contributed articles including Voltaire, Rousseau, including Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu. and Montesquieu.

SkepticismSkepticism Skeptics questioned whether human society Skeptics questioned whether human society

could really be perfected through the use of could really be perfected through the use of reasonreason

Denied the ability of rational thought to reveal Denied the ability of rational thought to reveal universal truths. universal truths.

Their philosophies revolved around the idea that Their philosophies revolved around the idea that the perceived world is relative to the beholder the perceived world is relative to the beholder and, as such, no one can be sure whether any and, as such, no one can be sure whether any truths actually exist.truths actually exist.

Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant Took skepticism to its Took skepticism to its

greatest lengths, arguing greatest lengths, arguing that man could truly that man could truly know neither observed know neither observed objects nor metaphysical objects nor metaphysical concepts;concepts;

Universal truths are Universal truths are impossible. impossible.

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroqueBaroque

Baroque ArtBaroque Art Heavily influenced by the Heavily influenced by the

Enlightenment Enlightenment IndividualismIndividualism AbsolutismAbsolutism Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation Extension of Renaissance Extension of Renaissance

humanism and realism humanism and realism

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque PaintingBaroque Painting

Great drama Great drama Rich, deep color, Rich, deep color, Intense light and Intense light and

dark shadowsdark shadows Baroque artists Baroque artists

chose the most chose the most dramatic point, dramatic point, the moment the moment when the action when the action was occurringwas occurring

Artemesia Gentileschi, Judith Slaying Holofernes, 1614–20

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque PaintingBaroque Painting

RembrandtRembrandt Dutch Painter Dutch Painter Self-portraitsSelf-portraits Biblical ScenesBiblical Scenes

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – RembrantBaroque Painting – Rembrant

Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem, c. 1630

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – Baroque Painting –

RembrantRembrant

Abraham and Isaac, 1634

RembrantRembrant

Crucifixion

RembrantRembrant

Rembrandt poses as "The Prodigal Son in the Tavern" — a portrait historié, 1635

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque Painting – Baroque Painting – Peter Paul RubensPeter Paul Rubens

Self-portrait

The Elevation of the Cross , 1611

Prometheus Bound, 1611–12

The Fall of Man 1628–29

Michelangelo Merisi da Michelangelo Merisi da CaravaggioCaravaggio

Self-portrait

CaravaggioCaravaggio

Judith Beheading Holofernes 1598–1599

The Calling of Saint Matthew (1599–1600)

The Crucifixion of Saint Peter, 1601

Amor Vincit Omnia. 1601–1602

Supper at Emmaus, 1601

The Entombment of Christ, (1602–1603)

Conversion of Saint Paul, 1601

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroqueBaroque

Baroque MusicBaroque Music During the period, composers and performers During the period, composers and performers

used more elaborate musical ornamentationused more elaborate musical ornamentation Made changes in musical notationMade changes in musical notation Developed new instrumental playing Developed new instrumental playing

techniques. techniques. Expanded the size, range, and complexity of Expanded the size, range, and complexity of

instrumental performanceinstrumental performance Established opera as a musical genre Established opera as a musical genre

Western CivilizationWestern CivilizationBaroque MusicBaroque Music

George Frideric Handel

Antonio Vivaldi

Johann Sebastian Bach

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