Post on 29-Dec-2015
Key Concept 2.1 “Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that
different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.”
• Spanish, French, Dutch, English
Spain
• Started in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)
• First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain• St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to
protect Spanish treasure fleets
Spain
• strict control over colonization and converted and exploited many natives (“Black Legend”)• Profit (gold)• Small amount of Spaniards ruled indigenous population• Convert to Christianity, - encomiendas and missions
French and Dutch• French and Dutch colonization:• French – married natives• Profit- extensive beaver fur trading • Coureurs de bois – French fur traders –
trade beaver furs; would live among natives
• Dutch – • Profit- trading networks• New Netherland
• Both- mostly single male settlers
English
• English :• Hostile relations with natives
• Did not intermarry
• Single males to Southern colonies
• Families to middle and northern colonies
• Profit- Tobacco
• Headright system – receive 50 acres of land for every emigrant you sponsored coming over to new world.
• Conflicts with natives – Powhatans,, Pequot War, King Philip’s War
Slavery
• Why?• Abundance of land to work• Natives were hostile and often died from
disease• Shortage of labor after Bacon’s Rebellion 1676• Bacon’s Rebellion- indentured servants rebelled
after not being given their freedom dues= English look for a more manageable labor supply
Slavery
• Based on racial superiority; born into slavery
• Developed own mixed culture• Mix African traditions and Christianity
• Resistance• working slowly, faking illness, running away,
breaking tools, etc.• Stono Rebellion (1739 – South Carolina)
Regional Differences in British Colonies
• New England- religion• Puritans- “purify” Church of England• John Winthrop- “City Upon a Hill”• Town meeting halls• Start of democracy in new world.
• Economy-• Subsistence farming (rocky soil)• Fishing• Commerce• Lumber
Regional Differences in British Colonies
• Middle Colonies “Bread Colonies”• Most diverse (Quakers, Lutherans, Calvinists)• Fertile soil (wheat and corn)• Important mercantile centers• New York City • Philadelphia
• Mix between towns and sprawling estates
Regional Differences between British Colonies
• Chesapeake Colonies (Maryland and Virginia)• Tobacco • Plantations• Indentured Servants –Bacon’s Rebellion- Slavery (need for cheap
abundant labor)• House of Burgesses- control over financial and militia• Maryland Act of Toleration
• Southern Colonies• Rice and indigo in deep south= harsh living conditions for slaves• Plantations
• Mostly tied to one cash crop
• Continuous planting ruined soil = push inland= clashes with Natives
Key Concept 2.2 “European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and
native peoples.”
• Europeans pushed further onto Natives land• Praying towns• King Philip’s War – war between natives and English in
Wampanoags (King Philip – Metacom)• Native were rarely a threat in New England after war
• Spain- Pueblo Revolt• Spain began to change the way they treated Natives
France and England
• France- focused on fur trade • Start expanding into Ohio River Valley area
• England- focused on profit (tobacco)
• Conflicts with rule over Atlantic• Molasses Act• smuggling
Key Concept 2.3 “The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the ‘Atlantic World’ had a
profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.”
• Trade in labor• Slavery • West Africa- traded to Spain and Portuguese • “Middle Passage” – Shipment of Africans in close
quartered ships; would last several weeks or months• Triangular trade
Religion in British Colonies
• Southern Colonies• Anglican church keeping with English traditions
• Middle Colonies• More religious toleration (Quakers)
• New England • Puritans• Representative assemblies- seeds of democracy
Efforts to strengthen imperial control
• Navigation Acts- export of specific goods only to England (tobacco)= smuggling
• Dominion of New England- Combined NE colonies with governor to oversee (Sir Edmund Andros)
• Salutary Neglect- colonies mostly govern themselves with little interference from England- ends with 7 Years’ War