Period 2: 1607 - 1754Colonization

Key Concept 2.1Europeans and American Indians

maneuvered and fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies emerged.

Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

Spanish, French, Dutch, and British Had different patterns of

colonizationSpain had tight control over

colonization with work to convert and/or exploit the native population.

French and Dutch sent few Europeans and sought trade agreements and intermarriage with American Indians.

English ColonizationSought to establish colonies

based on agricultureSent a large number of men,

women and families to acquire land and populate the settlement.

Had relatively hostile relationships with the American Indians.

CharacteristicsUnlike Spanish, French, and

Dutch colonies, The English colonies attracted both males and females who rarely intermarried with either native peoples or Africans, leading to the development of a rigid racial hierarchy

England in the New World: Chesapeake Reading AssignmentRoanokeRichard HakluytIndentured servantsJamestownHeadright systemHouse of BurgessesUprising of 1622TobaccoJohn SmithJohn RolfeStarving Time

Reasons for Colonization in 17th CenturyNational pride led to empire

buildingReligious

◦Henry VIII began the Reformation in England that led to religious strife between the Catholics and Protestants

◦Viewed it a divine mission to populate with protestants

Trade would increase wealthOvercrowding in England

Settling the ChesapeakeRoanokeJamestown (1607)

◦Starving Time◦John Smith organized efforts◦The Virginia Company◦Headright System◦House of Burgesses / 1st elected

representative body in America◦Tobacco / John Rolfe◦Little or no sense of family

Relationship with NativesAt first cooperative and peacefulUprising of 1622 / as tensions

result from the fact that the English are staying.

Tobacco growth resulted in large dispersed plantations in need of a large labor force

Indentured servants and Native Americans supplied that force.

Planter social strata emerged

Colony of MarylandEstablished as a protected

location for colonial CatholicsOtherwise history is similar to

Jamestown◦Period of starvation and death◦Followed by the salvation of tobacco◦Also established a plantation social

structure

Emergence of African SlaveryThe abundance of land, a shortage of

indentured servants, the lack of an effective means to enslave native peoples, and the growing European demand for colonial goods led to the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade.

Strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority led to enslaving black people in perpetuity.

Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery. (rebellion, sabotage, escape)

Other Southern ColoniesThe Carolinas

◦North and South◦Planters from Barbados◦Extended plantation society

Georgia◦Buffer state between English

colonies and Spanish Florida◦Settled by “good” prisoners from

England

New England ColoniesReading AssignmentPuritanismJohn CalvinPilgrimsMayflower CompactJohn WinthropGreat Migration of 1629Religious UniformityRoger WilliamsAnne HutchinsonPequot War

New England Colonies

The New England colonies, founded primarily by Puritans seeking to establish a community of like-minded religious believers, developed a close-knit homogeneous society and – aided by favorable environmental conditions – a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.

PuritanismFollowed the beliefs of John

Calvin /world was divided into two groups – the elect and the damned.

Hard work and prosperity would indicate that you were among the elect (Puritan Work Ethic)

Showed little tolerance for other faiths and / dissenters

Came to America to escape “corruption” of England

Plymouth, 1620Mayflower was blown off course and

landed in MassachusettsSettled by Pilgrims (Separatists)Signed the Mayflower Compact (first

written frame of government in what is now the United States

Autumn of 1621celebrated at the first Thanksgiving

Eventually overshadowed by Massachusetts Bay to its north.

Family as Ordained by the ChurchMale is the head of the

household. However, the wives were considered spiritual equals of men.

The ideal Puritan marriage was based on reciprocal affection and companionship and divorce was legal – but not often sought.

Government in New EnglandEach town was self-governing and

stressed individualism and social unity.Each town had a church and a schoolHarvard College, 1636Puritan democracy was only for those

within the church.Church and state are closely

connectedTolerance of difference was not high on

the list of Puritan values.

More Colonies AppearBanished from Massachusetts

because of his belief in the separation of church and state, Roger Williams founds Rhode Island.

Thomas Hooker establishes Connecticutt

Anne Hutchinson is banished for her criticism of the church

New Hampshire established with Massachusetts overflow

Middle ColoniesThe demographically, religiously,

and ethnically diverse middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops.

Pennsylvania – William Penn – Refuge for Quakers (Society of Friends)

New York – purchased from the Dutch

DelawareNew Jersey

The Pequot WarView and discuss “The Massacre

at Mystic” from the series Ten Days that Unexpectedly Changed America.

Cultures are ChangedContinuing contact with Europeans

increased the flow of trade goods and diseases into and out of native communities, stimulating cultural and demographic changes.

By supplying American Indian allies with deadlier weapons and alcohol and by rewarding Indian military actions, Europeans helped increase the intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare.