Period 21607-1754

Key Concept 2.1 “Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that

different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.”

• Spanish, French, Dutch, English

Spain

• Started in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)

• First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain• St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to

protect Spanish treasure fleets

Spain

• strict control over colonization and converted and exploited many natives (“Black Legend”)• Profit (gold)• Small amount of Spaniards ruled indigenous population• Convert to Christianity, - encomiendas and missions

French and Dutch• French and Dutch colonization:• French – married natives• Profit- extensive beaver fur trading • Coureurs de bois – French fur traders –

trade beaver furs; would live among natives

• Dutch – • Profit- trading networks• New Netherland

• Both- mostly single male settlers

English

• English :• Hostile relations with natives

• Did not intermarry

• Single males to Southern colonies

• Families to middle and northern colonies

• Profit- Tobacco

• Headright system – receive 50 acres of land for every emigrant you sponsored coming over to new world.

• Conflicts with natives – Powhatans,, Pequot War, King Philip’s War

Slavery

• Why?• Abundance of land to work• Natives were hostile and often died from

disease• Shortage of labor after Bacon’s Rebellion 1676• Bacon’s Rebellion- indentured servants rebelled

after not being given their freedom dues= English look for a more manageable labor supply

Slavery

• Based on racial superiority; born into slavery

• Developed own mixed culture• Mix African traditions and Christianity

• Resistance• working slowly, faking illness, running away,

breaking tools, etc.• Stono Rebellion (1739 – South Carolina)

Regional Differences in British Colonies

• New England- religion• Puritans- “purify” Church of England• John Winthrop- “City Upon a Hill”• Town meeting halls• Start of democracy in new world.

• Economy-• Subsistence farming (rocky soil)• Fishing• Commerce• Lumber

Regional Differences in British Colonies

• Middle Colonies “Bread Colonies”• Most diverse (Quakers, Lutherans, Calvinists)• Fertile soil (wheat and corn)• Important mercantile centers• New York City • Philadelphia

• Mix between towns and sprawling estates

Regional Differences between British Colonies

• Chesapeake Colonies (Maryland and Virginia)• Tobacco • Plantations• Indentured Servants –Bacon’s Rebellion- Slavery (need for cheap

abundant labor)• House of Burgesses- control over financial and militia• Maryland Act of Toleration

• Southern Colonies• Rice and indigo in deep south= harsh living conditions for slaves• Plantations

• Mostly tied to one cash crop

• Continuous planting ruined soil = push inland= clashes with Natives

Key Concept 2.2 “European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and

native peoples.”

• Europeans pushed further onto Natives land• Praying towns• King Philip’s War – war between natives and English in

Wampanoags (King Philip – Metacom)• Native were rarely a threat in New England after war

• Spain- Pueblo Revolt• Spain began to change the way they treated Natives

France and England

• France- focused on fur trade • Start expanding into Ohio River Valley area

• England- focused on profit (tobacco)

• Conflicts with rule over Atlantic• Molasses Act• smuggling

Key Concept 2.3 “The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the ‘Atlantic World’ had a

profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.”

• Trade in labor• Slavery • West Africa- traded to Spain and Portuguese • “Middle Passage” – Shipment of Africans in close

quartered ships; would last several weeks or months• Triangular trade

Religion in British Colonies

• Southern Colonies• Anglican church keeping with English traditions

• Middle Colonies• More religious toleration (Quakers)

• New England • Puritans• Representative assemblies- seeds of democracy

Efforts to strengthen imperial control

• Navigation Acts- export of specific goods only to England (tobacco)= smuggling

• Dominion of New England- Combined NE colonies with governor to oversee (Sir Edmund Andros)

• Salutary Neglect- colonies mostly govern themselves with little interference from England- ends with 7 Years’ War

Resistance to British control

• Colonial self rule due to salutary neglect

• Enlightenment ideals

• Rights of Englishmen

• Great Awakening

• Republicanism (head is a rep. of people)