Chapter 9 Lecture

Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context

Sixth Edition

Wendy A. MitteagerState University of New York, Oneonta

Political Geographies

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Key Concepts

• Terrorism

• Transnational Governance

• Regionalism

• Sectionalism

• Systems of Representation

• Geopolitics

• Territories

• States and Nations

• Imperialism

• Colonialism

• Decolonization

• Heartland Theory

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Political Geography

• Geopolitics• Ratzel• Boundaries• Frontiers• Territories

Figure 9.3 Boundary between urban and rural

Figure 9.2 Disputed territories in Georgia

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Political Geography, (cont'd)

Figure 9.1 The changing map of Europe

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Political Geography, (cont'd)Figure 9.4 Boundary between the U.S. and Mexico

Apply your knowledge: Using Google Earth or aerial photographs, compare and contrast the international boundaries between the U.S. and Canada and between the U.S. and Mexico. How do they differ? How are they similar? Why do these differences and similarities exist?

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Political Geography, (cont'd)

Figure 9.6 Borders between Egypt and Libya and Sudan

Figure 9.5 The Berlin Wall

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Political Geography, (cont'd)

Figure 9.7 Nested hierarchy of de jure territories

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Geopolitics and the World Order

• Nationalism• Federal state• Unitary state• Confederation• Discourse

• Nation-state– State– Nation

• Sovereignty• Citizenship

Figure 9.8 English Defense League, 2011

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)

Figure 9.9 Independent states of the former Soviet Union

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)

Figure 9.10 Kosovo, 1999

Apply your knowledge: Based on what you have learned about Foucault's theory of discourse and Deleuze's conception of the state, write a paragraph describing the Arab Spring from each of these theorist's perspectives.

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Uprisings across the Middle East

The Arab Spring

Figure 9.AgFigure 9.Af

Figure 9.AcFigure 9.Aa

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)

• Imperialism

• Colonialism

• Orientalism

Figure 9.12 European colonies in Africa, 1496–1912

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)

Figure 9.13 Colonization in South America and the Caribbean, 1496–1667

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)

Figure 9.15 Refugees returning to RwandaFigure 9.14 Indians in the UK

Apply your knowledge: Find recent news articles about political issues in the Middle East. Consider the articles from the perspective of Orientalism. How do the articles depict the West and the Middle East? Is the West depicted as being culturally superior to the Middle East?

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)

• North/South divide• Decolonization• International

organization• Heartland theory• East/West divide• Domino theory

Figure 9.17 Decolonization of Africa

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)

Figure 9.18 Independent South America

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)

Figure 9.21 The heartland

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Geopolitics, (cont'd)

Figure 9.22 U.S. tourists in Cuba Figure 9.23 Agent orange in the Vietnam War

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The New World Order and Terrorism

Figure 9.24 The Oklahoma City bombing memorial

Figure 9.25 Oslo, Norway terrorist bombing

Examples of faith-based terrorism

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The New World Order and Terrorism

Apply your knowledge: How has the Iraq War affected your city and state? How many soldiers from your area have been killed? In economic terms, how much has the war cost your city and state?

Figure 9.26 Casualties from the war in Iraq, 2011

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From the Cold War to the New World Order and the War on Terror

Figure 9.D U.S.Drone strikes,2004-2011

Figure 9.B Afghanistan and Pakistan

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New Regimes of Global Governance

• Transnational political integration

• Supranational organization

• International regime

• Human rights

• Children's rights

• Global civil societyFigure 9.28 Membership in the EU

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The Israel-Palestine Conflict

Figure 9.E Changing geography, 1923–2011

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Politics of Geography

• Self-determination• Regionalism• Sectionalism• Separatist

movements• Rural vs. Urban• Suburbs vs. Cities• NIMBY

Figure 9.30 Kurdish independence protest

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Politics of Geography, (cont'd)

Figure 9.33 The 1860 presidential electionFigure 9.32 Free Baja Arizona, 2011

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Geographical Systems of Representation

• Redistricting

• Gerrymandering

• Democratic rule

• Territorial organization

• Reapportionment

Figure 9.35 The vote for president, 2008

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Geographical Systems of Representation, (cont'd)

Figure 9.34 U.S. geographical basis of representation

Apply your knowledge: Use the internet to forge a basic understanding of how U.S. electoral college works. Identify advantages and disadvantages of the system. Establish a position on whether the U.S. should retain the current system or change it and defend this position, making sure you address the geographical issues involved.

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End of Chapter 9