Wendy A. MitteagerState University of New York, Oneonta

Chapter 3 Lecture

Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context

Sixth Edition

Population Geography

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Key Concepts

• Census• Demographics• Population Dynamics• Movement of Population• Population Patterns• Sustainable Development

Figure 3.1 Biometric census taking in India, 2011

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Demography

• Characteristics of a

human population– Gender, race, age, income,

disabilities, education, etc

• Census– Vital records– Limitations

Figure 3.2 Accuracy of the 1990 U.S. census

Apply your knowledge: Give an example, other than theIraq case, of how the census is more than just counting people.

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Population Distribution

Figure 3.3 World population density, 2010

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Population Distribution, (cont'd)

• Geographic reasons – Environmental &

physical factors– Political & economic

experiences– Cultural

characteristics

• Examine at many

scales– Global, national,

regional, metropolitan

Figure 3.4 Population distribution of Egypt

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[Insert Figure 3.A]

A New Sense of Identity, USA

Figure 3.A Mixed-race Americans

Figure 3.B Mixed-race Americans, by region

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Population Density and Composition

• Crude (arithmetic) density

• Nutritional density• Agricultural density

Figure 3.5 Mexico City, a classic high-density urban settlement

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Health Care Density

Figure 3.6 Countries with a high proportion of old people face unique challenges. This map shows the ratio of physicians to the population by nation.

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Age-Sex Pyramids

• Shape of pyramid

is dependent on proportion of

people in each

age cohort• Dependency ratio

Figure 3.7 Population of Germany by age and sex, 2000

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Figure 3.8 Population Pyramids of Core and Peripheral Countries

Age-Sex Pyramids, (cont'd)

Apply your knowledge: Why do researchers divide the population of a country into youth, middle, and old-age cohorts? What do these categories indicate about the potential of a country's population?

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U.S. Population

• Baby Boom generation– Born 1946-1964

• Demographic, political,

and economic factors– Suburbanization

• Aging of the core

countries• Impacts on younger

Americans– The Net Generation

Figure 3.D Improved health care leading to longer life expectancies

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U.S. Population, (cont'd)

Figure 3.9 U.S. baby boomers, 1960-2040

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Birth (or Fertility) Rates

• Crude birthrate (CBR)• Total fertility rate (TFR)• Doubling time

Table 3.3 TFR provides more insight into the potential of a population

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Death (or Mortality) Rates

• Crude death rate (CDR)• Infant mortality rate• Life expectancy

Figure 3.12 World crude death rates, 2009 & 2010

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Death (or Mortality) Rates, (cont'd)

Figure 3.14 World infant mortality rates 2009

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Figure 3.13

World Rates of Natural Increase, 2009

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Figure 3.15

HIV Infection, 2010

Apply your knowledge: How does the level of wealth of a country affect its ability to respond to health issues like HIV/AIDS, infant mortality, or life expectancy?

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Demographic Transition Theory

Figure 3.16 Demographic transition model

Figure 3.17 World trends in birth and death rates, 1775-2050

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Demographic Transition Theory, (cont'd)

Apply your knowledge: Why would a country be concerned about its population being too small? What might a country gain by increasing or decreasing the birthrate?

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• Voluntary migration– Guest workers– Undocumented

workers

• Forced migration• Refugees• Internally displaced

persons (IDPs)

Mobility and Migration

• Emigration• Immigration• International &

internal migration– Permanent &

temporary

• Gross & net migration• Push and pull factors

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Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)

Figure 3.18 Global voluntary migration, 2005

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Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)

• Great Recession and

undocumented workers

• Transnational migrants• Eco-migration

Figure 3.19 Controversy surrounds immigration over the U.S./Mexico border. The Samaritans' mission is to end immigration related death and suffering.

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Figure 3.E Internally displaced persons, 2007

Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)

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Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)

Figure 3.21 Iraqi diaspora before 2003 and since

Figure 3.22 Palestinian refugees in the Middle East

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Mobility and Migration, (cont'd)

Figure 3.23 Changing demographic center of the U.S. 1790-2010

Figure 3.24 U.S. Rustbelt -- where population was impacted by the movement of corporations

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Population Debates and Policies

• Population and Resources– Malthus– Neo-Malthusians

• Population policy

Figure 3.29 Educating girls in Afghanistan

Figure 3.27 World population projections

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Population Issues

• Sustainable Development

• Gender Issues• Neoliberalism

Apply your knowledge: What do you consider to be the most pressing issue with respect to global population growth? Why?

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Future Geographies

• 2011 population: nearly 7 billion

• Projected to increase– 9.3 billion by 2050– Core vs. periphery

growth

• What will happen in the future?– How will urban

systems keep up?

Figure 3.31 Shanghai, China: one of the world's largest cities at 14 million

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End of Chapter 3