Emotions

and Personal

ity

Section 04/09/07

What are emotions?

Moods?Feelings?

TimeSeconds Hours Days

Theories of emotion

What is the intuition?

Theories of emotion

What is the intuition?

Theories of emotion

What is the intuition?

Emotionalinvoking Stimuli

Theories of emotion

What is the intuition?

EmotionalReaction

Theories of emotion

James-Lange Theory

Theories of emotion

James-Lange Theory

Event

Reaction

Interpretphysiological

response

Emotion

Theories of emotion

Cannon-Bard theory

Theories of emotion

Cannon-Bard theory

Event Reaction

Emotion

Theories of emotion

Cognitive Theory

Theories of emotion

Event

Reaction

Interpretthe context

Emotion

Cognitive Theory

Theories of emotion

The emergent synthesis

Theories of emotion

The emergent synthesis

Event

Reaction

Emotion

Interpretation

Where do they come from: Nurture

Culture and Language!!Anthropologists long argued that

emotions are learned

reactions dictated by our

culture and language.

Where do they come from: Nurture

Schadenfreude(German):Enjoyment of other people’s misfortunes

Where do they come from: Nurture

Not exactly an emotionmost in our culturewould admit to....AND we have no wordfor it.

Schadenfreude(German):Enjoyment of other people’s misfortunes

Where do they come from: Nurture

Schadenfreude: Enjoyment of other people’s misfortunes

Amae(Japanese):

Others

Dependence, immature/simple,

spoiled

Jung(Korean): Attachment, affection

Where do they come from: Nature

Where do they come from: Nature

Are faces special?

Ekman

Ekman showed these pictures of posed

actors to people in 21 different countries

Are faces special?

Ekman

What emotion are these people experiencing?

Are faces special?

Ekman

Everyone agreed on these: Happiness, Disgust, and Sadness

Are faces special?

Ekman

And most agreed on these: Surprise (20/21)

Anger (19/21) and Fear (18/21)

Are faces special?

Ekman

Even people from a non literate culture with little or no previous contact with other societies identified with similar

expressions

Are faces special?

•Demo: Emotions from facial expressions

•You will see a number of faces, for each statement on your handout, pick the face that most clearly depicts the reaction you would expect in the situation described. You can choose the same face more than once.

Are faces special?

Are faces special?

•Results: Discussion

•Did specific faces tend to be associated with the basic emotions?

•Which had less agreement? Why?

•Were the other situations associated with particular faces?

Are faces special?

Eckman, Levensen, and Friesen 1983

•Subject were directed to do two tasks while heart rate, skin temperature, and other autonomic measurements were monitored:

•1) Move facial muscles, with the help of a coach, into the prototypical emotion faces

•2) Imagine emotional events corresponding to the 6 emotion faces

Are faces special?

Eckman, Levensen, and Friesen 1983

•Observed that Anger and Fear significantly increased heart rate in both tasks over Happiness, Surprise or Disgust

•Similar autonomic responses to moving face muscles and to reliving emotional experience

Are faces special?

Demo: Trying out the facial feedback hypothesis

Put on a happy face....

Faces in development

Campos and Sternberg 1981

Campos and Sternberg 1981

Faces in development

Campos and Sternberg 1981

Faces in development

Campos and Sternberg 1981

Faces in development

Campos and Sternberg 1981

Faces in development

Social Referencing: babies use

mothers expression to decide to go across

cliff

Campos and Sternberg 1981

Faces in development

Where in the brain?

The Limbic Lobe

Where in the brain?

Associated with fear conditioning

Where in the brain?

•Prefrontal Cortex:

•Emotional Memory (Damasio 1994)

•Anticipation of emotional events (Roberts et al 2004)

•Empathy (Beer et al 2003)

Personality

What is it?

Personality

How we tend to act can

depend on who we

are around

Personality

Personality

states

Personalitytraits

Personality

Personality: an explicit theory about how tend to act over time.

Personality

Personality: an explicit theory about how tend to act over time.

Is this a

useful

concept?

Personality

•You will see 3 figures (A,B,C). I will read you statements about these three men

•Decide which of three men the statement most likely applies to.

DEMO!!!!

Personality

A B C

Personality

A B C

Implicit personality theory about body shape and temperament

Personality

•If you wanted to describe personality, or create a taxonomy, where would you begin?

Personality

•The idea was that the most salient and important personality characteristics have been encoded in language.

Language!

Personality

• Initial work by Allport and Odburt(1936)compiled all of the English terms in the dictionary as a basis set.

•Subsequent work focused on factoring these down to a meaningful and universal set of personality descriptors

Personality•One of the most prominent

models is the “Big 5” which measures 5 dimensions:

• Openness (orginality, open-mindedness)

• Conscientiousness (control, constraint)

• Extraversion(energy, enthusiasm).

• Agreeableness (affection, altruism)

• Neuroticism (easily upset, stress)

Personality•Social-Cognitive Theory

•A different approach to personality based on research done by Albert Bandura.

•Three Main components (1) Observational learning (2) locus of control (3) recipricol determinism

Personality•Observational learning:

The bobo doll experiment

•Children watched a video of adults beating up a doll

•When allowed to play with the doll on their own, those that observed the adult beating the doll, did so as well

Personality•Observational learning:

The bobo doll experiment

•Children watched a video of adults beating up a doll

•When allowed to play with the doll on their own, those that observed the adult beating the doll, did so as well

Sockeroo!

Personality•Observational learning:

The bobo doll experiment

•Children watched a video of adults beating up a doll

•When allowed to play with the doll on their own, those that observed the adult beating the doll, did so as well

Yeah!Sockeroo!

oooo!

Personality

•80% of the kids repeat the behavior

•40% will continue to do so, even 8 months later (Isom 1998)

Personality

•Reciprocal determinism: The environment affects us, but we can have an impact on the environment and ourselves too!

•Opposed to the direct learning theories of behaviorism

Personality

•Locus of control

•Am I in control of my environment or does the environment control me?

•Explains motivation

Personality

•On the handout are a series of situations that can happen to people. There are two alternative explanations for why each situation occurred.

•Imagine each situation happening to you (even if it would never happen).

•Decide which alternative, A or B, you prefer.

DEMO!!!!

Personality•Score 1 point for answer A on items

1,4,7,13,15, and 17, and 0 for answer B.

•Score 1 point for answer B on each item 2,5,8,9,12 and 18. Score a 0 for answer A on these items.

•3,6,10,11,14, and 16 were items used to evaluate social desirability: answer A in items 3,11,14,16 were associated with a need to be perceived positively by others, and used to camouflage the other questions

•High scores >> internal locus of control

How does it develop?

•Psychodynamic Theory

•Freud proposed that the personality is made up of three main constructs:

•Id, Ego, and the Superego

How does it develop?

•The id

•Like a screaming baby. The part of the personality that operates on the pleasure principle

•The drives and desires that center around satisfying needs and wants

How does it develop?

•The Superego

•The expectations of proper behavior. Exemplified by parents and authority figures

•Acts as our conscious, and “punishes” the personality for thoughts that are “bad”

How does it develop?

•The Ego

•The conscious self

•Operates on the reality principle

How does it develop?

•Personality develops as the ego tries to satisfy the id, and at the same time, attempts to keep the superego from punishing it.

•Development is an interplay between the three components

How does it develop?

•The id has two main drives: The Sex and Death instincts

•For Freud, these were implicit, buried deep in the personality, and NOT consciously knowable. Like a seething, bubbling cauldron wanting to explode!

•The Ego’s job was to keep the lid on!

How does it develop?

•What is wrong with Freud’s theory?

•Testability

•Reliability of the data the theory is based on.

How does it develop?

•Humanistic Psychology

•Developed out of clinical practice and experience.

•Postulated that the self-concept (or how we see and believe others see us) was an important motivating force in developing the personality

Carl Rogers

How does it develop?

Carl Rogers

•Only one personality drive: self actualizing principle.

• Pushes us to more fully engage in the world and live the “good life:” one rich in new open new experiences.

•Some similarities with the ideas in Maslow’s Hierarchy

How does it develop?

Carl Rogers

•Self-actualization was driven by Organismic Valuing, or the idea that experience and evolution provided every organism with an ability to know what was good for it

•Society led us astray by creating conditions of worth: specific conditions which we must fulfill to be considered human beings.

•Ex. Slavery, Political/Job Hierarchy, Salary

•Unconditional Positive regard

How does it develop?

Carl Rogers

• "Experience is, for me, the highest authority. The touchstone of validity is my own experience. No other person's ideas, and none of my own ideas, are as authoritative as my experience. It is to experience that I must return again and again, to discover a closer approximation to truth as it is in the process of becoming in me. Neither the Bible nor the prophets -- neither Freud nor research --neither the revelations of God nor man -- can take precedence over my own direct experience. My experience is not authoritative because it is infallible. It is the basis of authority because it can always be checked in new primary ways. In this way its frequent error or fallibility is always open to correction."

--From On Becoming a Person, 1961

Are faces special?

•muscles control facial expression

•Inerverated by two different nerve systems: voluntary and involuntary

Are faces special?

Innate emotions?

Lab reared monkeys are not particularlybothered by snakes

Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985

Wild monkeys, however

are a different matter..

Innate emotions?

Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985

eek! eek! eek!

a snake. Bongo afraid.

Innate emotions?

Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985

eek! eek! eek!

a snake. Bongo afraid.

eek! eek! eek!

a snake. Bongo afraid.

An interesting thing happens if a lab reared monkey observes a wild monkey’s fear

reaction to a snake

Innate emotions?

Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985

He will now also exhibit

fear reactions to snakes

Innate emotions?

Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985

Will even work with toy

snakes

Innate emotions?

Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985

But will not work with non-snakes,

even if the lab reared monkey

observes identical fear behavior to a

non snake stimuli

Innate emotions?

Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985