8 Emotions & Moods

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2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

ChapterEIGHT Emotions andMoods


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Why Were Emotions Ignored in OB?

The Myth of Rationality

Emotions were seen as irrational

Managers worked to makeemotion-free environments

View of EmotionalityEmotions were believed to bedisruptive

Emotions interfered with

productivityOnly negative emotions wereobservedNow we know emotions cant be separatedfrom the workplace


Original OB focus wassolely on the effects ofstrong negative emotionsthat interfered withindividual and

organizational efficiency.


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Emotion Dimensions

Biology of emotions Originate in brains limbic system

Intensity of emotions

Personality

Job Requirements Frequency and duration of emotions

How often emotions are exhibited

How long emotions are displayed

Functions of emotions Critical for rational thinking

Motivate people


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The Basic Emotions

While not universally accepted,there appear to be six basicemotions:

1. Anger

2. Fear

3. Sadness

4. Happiness

5. Disgust

6. SurprisedAll other emotions are subsumed under these

six.

May even be placed in a spectrum of emotion:Happiness surprise fear sadness anger -disgust



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Mood as Positive and Negative Affect


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SOURCES OF EMOTIONS AND MOODS

PersonalityDay and Time of the Week

NOT Weather

StressSocial Activities

Sleep

Exercise

Age

Gender


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Positive Moods areHighest

At the End of

the Week

In the MiddlePart of the Day

Negative Moods areHighest

At the Beginningof the Week

And, show littlevariation throughoutthe day


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Gender and Emotions

Women

Can show greater emotional expression.

Experience emotions more intensely.

Display emotions more frequently.

Are more comfortable in expressing emotions.

Are better at reading others emotions. Men

Believe that displaying emotions is inconsistent withthe male image.

Are innately less able to read and to identify withothers emotions.

Have less need to seek social approval by showingpositive emotions.


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External Constraints on Emotions

OrganizationalInfluences

CulturalInfluences

IndividualEmotions


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What Is the Function of Emotion?

Do Emotions Make Us Irrational? Expressing emotions publicly may be damaging to

social status

Emotions are critical to rational decision-making

Emotions help us understand the world around us

What Functions Do Emotions Serve?

Darwin argued they help in survival problem-

solving Evolutionary psychology: people must experience

emotions as there is a purpose behind them

Not all researchers agree with this assessment



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Emotional Labor

Emotional Labor

A situation in which an employee expressesorganizationally desired emotions during

interpersonal transactions.


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Felt versus Displayed Emotions

Felt Emotions

An individuals actual emotions.

Displayed Emotions

Emotions that are organizationallyrequired and considered appropriatein a given job.


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Internals (Internal locus of control)

Individuals who believe that theycontrol what happens to them.

Note: Higheremotional labor =more highly paid

jobs (with highcognitiverequirements)


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Affective Events Theory (AET)

Emotions are negative or positive responses to a work

environment event.

Personality and mood determine the intensity of theemotional response.

Emotions can influence a broad range of work performance

and job satisfaction variables. Implications of the theory:

Individual response reflects emotions and mood cycles.

Current and past emotions affect job satisfaction.

Emotional fluctuations create variations in job satisfactionand performance.

Both negative and positive emotions can distract workersand reduce job performance.


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Affective Events Theory (AET)

E X H I B I T 86Source:Based on N.M. Ashkanasy and C.S. Daus, Emotion in the Workplace: The NewChallenge for Managers, Academy of Management Executive, February 2002, p. 77.


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Emotional Intelligence

Self-awareness (know how you feel)

Self-management (manage your emotions andimpulses)

Self-motivation (can motivate yourself & persist)

Empathy (sense & understand what others feel)

Social Skills (can handle the emotions of others)

Research Findings: High EI scores,not high IQ scores, characterize highperformers.


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PROS & CONS OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

STRENGTHS

INTUITIVE APPEAL

- being street smart and socially intelligent makes sense

IT PREDICTS JOB PERFORMANCE

- correlations found are significant N=59

ITS BIOLOGICALLY BASED

- its neurological and affects decision-making

CAUTIONS

ITS TOO VAGUE/TOO BROAD

- no one is sure what this concept is

- is it intelligence? self-discipline? empathy? or self-awareness?

IT ISNT MEASURED CONSISTENTLY- we havent used good methodology

IS IT VALID?

- its so closely related to personality and intelligence

- when you control for these factors, there isnt anything left thatsunique



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OB Applications of Understanding Emotions

Emotions and Selection

Emotions affect employee effectiveness.

Decision Making

Emotions are an important part of the decision-makingprocess in organizations.

Creativity Positive mood increases creativity

Motivation

Emotional commitment to work and high motivation

are strongly linked. Leadership

Emotions are important to acceptance of messagesfrom organizational leaders.


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OB Applications (contd)

Interpersonal Conflict

Conflict in the workplace and individual emotions arestrongly intertwined.

Negotiation

Emotions can impair negotiations.

Customer Services

Emotions affect service quality delivered to customerswhich, in turn, affects customer relationships.

Job Attitudes

Can carry over to home

Deviant Workplace Behaviors

Negative emotions lead to employee deviance (actions thatviolate norms and threaten the organization). Productivity failures

Property theft and destruction

Political actions

Personal aggression


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HOW CAN MANAGERS INFLUENCEMOODS?

IMPROVE MOODS BY *

SHOWING A FUNNY VIDEO CLIP

GIVING WORKERS A SMALL BAG OF CANDY

HAVE THEM TASTE A PLEASANT BEVERAGE

USE HUMOR IN THE WORKPLACE

GIVE SMALL TOKENS OF APPRECIATION

SELECT POSITIVE TEAM MEMBERS (Contagion effect)

* These techniques seem to work best with the millenial generation



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1. MOODS ARE MORE GENERAL THAN EMOTIONS

AND LESS CONTEXTUAL.2. EMOTIONS AND MOODS IMPACT ALL AREAS OF

OB.3. MANAGERS CANNOT AND SHOULD NOT

ATTEMPT TO COMPLETELY CONTROL THE

EMOTIONS OF THEIR EMPLOYEES.4. MANAGERS MUST NOT IGNORE THE EMOTIONS

OF THEIR CO-WORKERS AND EMPLOYEES.5. BEHAVIOR PREDICTIONS WILL BE LESS

ACCURATE IF EMOTIONS ARE NOT TAKENINTO ACCOUNT.

Summary and Managerial Implications


Ch Ch k U E i


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TRICK QUESTIONS TO DETERMINEFACIAL EXPRESSION:

What is bigger than theuniverse and if you eat it

for a week, you will losesome weight?

Chapter Check-Up: Emotionsand Moods


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Nothing

(Nothing is bigger than the universe, and if you eat nothing for a

week, you will lose some weight.)

PUZZLE ANSWER


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PUZZLE CHECK UP

As I was going to St. IvesI met a man with seven wives,Each wife had seven sacks,Each sack had seven cats,Each cat had seven kits,Kits, cats, sacks, wives,How many were going to St.


PUZZLE ANSWER


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PUZZLE ANSWER:

Just oneyou

8 Emotions & Moods

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