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Transcript of Emotions and Personalit y Section 04/09/07. What are emotions? Moods?Feelings? Time...
Emotions
and Personal
ity
Section 04/09/07
What are emotions?
Moods?Feelings?
TimeSeconds Hours Days
Theories of emotion
What is the intuition?
Theories of emotion
What is the intuition?
Theories of emotion
What is the intuition?
Emotionalinvoking Stimuli
Theories of emotion
What is the intuition?
EmotionalReaction
Theories of emotion
James-Lange Theory
Theories of emotion
James-Lange Theory
Event
Reaction
Interpretphysiological
response
Emotion
Theories of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
Theories of emotion
Cannon-Bard theory
Event Reaction
Emotion
Theories of emotion
Cognitive Theory
Theories of emotion
Event
Reaction
Interpretthe context
Emotion
Cognitive Theory
Theories of emotion
The emergent synthesis
Theories of emotion
The emergent synthesis
Event
Reaction
Emotion
Interpretation
Where do they come from: Nurture
Culture and Language!!Anthropologists long argued that
emotions are learned
reactions dictated by our
culture and language.
Where do they come from: Nurture
Schadenfreude(German):Enjoyment of other people’s misfortunes
Where do they come from: Nurture
Not exactly an emotionmost in our culturewould admit to....AND we have no wordfor it.
Schadenfreude(German):Enjoyment of other people’s misfortunes
Where do they come from: Nurture
Schadenfreude: Enjoyment of other people’s misfortunes
Amae(Japanese):
Others
Dependence, immature/simple,
spoiled
Jung(Korean): Attachment, affection
Where do they come from: Nature
Where do they come from: Nature
Are faces special?
Ekman
Ekman showed these pictures of posed
actors to people in 21 different countries
Are faces special?
Ekman
What emotion are these people experiencing?
Are faces special?
Ekman
Everyone agreed on these: Happiness, Disgust, and Sadness
Are faces special?
Ekman
And most agreed on these: Surprise (20/21)
Anger (19/21) and Fear (18/21)
Are faces special?
Ekman
Even people from a non literate culture with little or no previous contact with other societies identified with similar
expressions
Are faces special?
•Demo: Emotions from facial expressions
•You will see a number of faces, for each statement on your handout, pick the face that most clearly depicts the reaction you would expect in the situation described. You can choose the same face more than once.
Are faces special?
Are faces special?
•Results: Discussion
•Did specific faces tend to be associated with the basic emotions?
•Which had less agreement? Why?
•Were the other situations associated with particular faces?
Are faces special?
Eckman, Levensen, and Friesen 1983
•Subject were directed to do two tasks while heart rate, skin temperature, and other autonomic measurements were monitored:
•1) Move facial muscles, with the help of a coach, into the prototypical emotion faces
•2) Imagine emotional events corresponding to the 6 emotion faces
Are faces special?
Eckman, Levensen, and Friesen 1983
•Observed that Anger and Fear significantly increased heart rate in both tasks over Happiness, Surprise or Disgust
•Similar autonomic responses to moving face muscles and to reliving emotional experience
Are faces special?
Demo: Trying out the facial feedback hypothesis
Put on a happy face....
Faces in development
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Faces in development
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Faces in development
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Faces in development
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Faces in development
Social Referencing: babies use
mothers expression to decide to go across
cliff
Campos and Sternberg 1981
Faces in development
Where in the brain?
The Limbic Lobe
Where in the brain?
Associated with fear conditioning
Where in the brain?
•Prefrontal Cortex:
•Emotional Memory (Damasio 1994)
•Anticipation of emotional events (Roberts et al 2004)
•Empathy (Beer et al 2003)
Personality
What is it?
Personality
How we tend to act can
depend on who we
are around
Personality
Personality
states
Personalitytraits
Personality
Personality: an explicit theory about how tend to act over time.
Personality
Personality: an explicit theory about how tend to act over time.
Is this a
useful
concept?
Personality
•You will see 3 figures (A,B,C). I will read you statements about these three men
•Decide which of three men the statement most likely applies to.
DEMO!!!!
Personality
A B C
Personality
A B C
Implicit personality theory about body shape and temperament
Personality
•If you wanted to describe personality, or create a taxonomy, where would you begin?
Personality
•The idea was that the most salient and important personality characteristics have been encoded in language.
Language!
Personality
• Initial work by Allport and Odburt(1936)compiled all of the English terms in the dictionary as a basis set.
•Subsequent work focused on factoring these down to a meaningful and universal set of personality descriptors
Personality•One of the most prominent
models is the “Big 5” which measures 5 dimensions:
• Openness (orginality, open-mindedness)
• Conscientiousness (control, constraint)
• Extraversion(energy, enthusiasm).
• Agreeableness (affection, altruism)
• Neuroticism (easily upset, stress)
Personality•Social-Cognitive Theory
•A different approach to personality based on research done by Albert Bandura.
•Three Main components (1) Observational learning (2) locus of control (3) recipricol determinism
Personality•Observational learning:
The bobo doll experiment
•Children watched a video of adults beating up a doll
•When allowed to play with the doll on their own, those that observed the adult beating the doll, did so as well
Personality•Observational learning:
The bobo doll experiment
•Children watched a video of adults beating up a doll
•When allowed to play with the doll on their own, those that observed the adult beating the doll, did so as well
Sockeroo!
Personality•Observational learning:
The bobo doll experiment
•Children watched a video of adults beating up a doll
•When allowed to play with the doll on their own, those that observed the adult beating the doll, did so as well
Yeah!Sockeroo!
oooo!
Personality
•80% of the kids repeat the behavior
•40% will continue to do so, even 8 months later (Isom 1998)
Personality
•Reciprocal determinism: The environment affects us, but we can have an impact on the environment and ourselves too!
•Opposed to the direct learning theories of behaviorism
Personality
•Locus of control
•Am I in control of my environment or does the environment control me?
•Explains motivation
Personality
•On the handout are a series of situations that can happen to people. There are two alternative explanations for why each situation occurred.
•Imagine each situation happening to you (even if it would never happen).
•Decide which alternative, A or B, you prefer.
DEMO!!!!
Personality•Score 1 point for answer A on items
1,4,7,13,15, and 17, and 0 for answer B.
•Score 1 point for answer B on each item 2,5,8,9,12 and 18. Score a 0 for answer A on these items.
•3,6,10,11,14, and 16 were items used to evaluate social desirability: answer A in items 3,11,14,16 were associated with a need to be perceived positively by others, and used to camouflage the other questions
•High scores >> internal locus of control
How does it develop?
•Psychodynamic Theory
•Freud proposed that the personality is made up of three main constructs:
•Id, Ego, and the Superego
How does it develop?
•The id
•Like a screaming baby. The part of the personality that operates on the pleasure principle
•The drives and desires that center around satisfying needs and wants
How does it develop?
•The Superego
•The expectations of proper behavior. Exemplified by parents and authority figures
•Acts as our conscious, and “punishes” the personality for thoughts that are “bad”
How does it develop?
•The Ego
•The conscious self
•Operates on the reality principle
How does it develop?
•Personality develops as the ego tries to satisfy the id, and at the same time, attempts to keep the superego from punishing it.
•Development is an interplay between the three components
How does it develop?
•The id has two main drives: The Sex and Death instincts
•For Freud, these were implicit, buried deep in the personality, and NOT consciously knowable. Like a seething, bubbling cauldron wanting to explode!
•The Ego’s job was to keep the lid on!
How does it develop?
•What is wrong with Freud’s theory?
•Testability
•Reliability of the data the theory is based on.
How does it develop?
•Humanistic Psychology
•Developed out of clinical practice and experience.
•Postulated that the self-concept (or how we see and believe others see us) was an important motivating force in developing the personality
Carl Rogers
How does it develop?
Carl Rogers
•Only one personality drive: self actualizing principle.
• Pushes us to more fully engage in the world and live the “good life:” one rich in new open new experiences.
•Some similarities with the ideas in Maslow’s Hierarchy
How does it develop?
Carl Rogers
•Self-actualization was driven by Organismic Valuing, or the idea that experience and evolution provided every organism with an ability to know what was good for it
•Society led us astray by creating conditions of worth: specific conditions which we must fulfill to be considered human beings.
•Ex. Slavery, Political/Job Hierarchy, Salary
•Unconditional Positive regard
How does it develop?
Carl Rogers
• "Experience is, for me, the highest authority. The touchstone of validity is my own experience. No other person's ideas, and none of my own ideas, are as authoritative as my experience. It is to experience that I must return again and again, to discover a closer approximation to truth as it is in the process of becoming in me. Neither the Bible nor the prophets -- neither Freud nor research --neither the revelations of God nor man -- can take precedence over my own direct experience. My experience is not authoritative because it is infallible. It is the basis of authority because it can always be checked in new primary ways. In this way its frequent error or fallibility is always open to correction."
--From On Becoming a Person, 1961
Are faces special?
•muscles control facial expression
•Inerverated by two different nerve systems: voluntary and involuntary
Are faces special?
Innate emotions?
Lab reared monkeys are not particularlybothered by snakes
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
Wild monkeys, however
are a different matter..
Innate emotions?
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
eek! eek! eek!
a snake. Bongo afraid.
Innate emotions?
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
eek! eek! eek!
a snake. Bongo afraid.
eek! eek! eek!
a snake. Bongo afraid.
An interesting thing happens if a lab reared monkey observes a wild monkey’s fear
reaction to a snake
Innate emotions?
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
He will now also exhibit
fear reactions to snakes
Innate emotions?
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
Will even work with toy
snakes
Innate emotions?
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985
But will not work with non-snakes,
even if the lab reared monkey
observes identical fear behavior to a
non snake stimuli
Innate emotions?
Mineka and Cook 1984, 1985