Post on 03-Apr-2018
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Yangon Institute of Economics
E. Mdevs 10th Batch
Rural Development
Dr. Than Than Aung2013.06.17
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2010
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Contents
Introduction
National Integration
Historical Background of Pa-Oh
Economic Development of Pa-Oh RegionSocial Development of Pa-Oh Region
Conclusion
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IntroductionMyanmar: Kingdom up to 1885, Gained
Independence in 1948Unrest just after the independence
More than 40 years of armed conflict in the
country-side
1988, State Law and Order Restoration Council(SLORC) : the measures for development of border
areas and national races
Unity in diversity: Forty Years of civil unrest and its
economic impacts
All round development: Towards the emergence of
a peaceful and developed nation
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Objectives of Study
To present the National Integration of
Myanmar since 1988
To analyze the economic development of
Pa-Oh Region
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No Name of Organization Abb: Leader Date Region
1 Myanmar National
Democracy Alliance
Army (Kokang)
MNDAA Phone Kyar
Shin
21-Mar-89 Special Region-1, Northern Shan
State
2 United Wa State Army
(Myanmar National
Solidarity Party)
UWSA/
MNSP
Pao Yuchang
& Kyauk Nyi
Lai
9-May-89 Special Region-2, Shan State
3 National Democratic
Alliance Army
(Shan/Akha Armed
National Groups)
eastern shan state
NDAA
/ESS
Sai Lin &
Lin Ming
Xian
30-Jun-89 Special Region-4, Eastern Shan
State
4 Shan State Army SSA Col. Loi Mao 2-Sep-89 Special Region-3, Shan State
5 New Democratic Army
(Kachin)
NDA-K Sakhone
Ting Ying
15-Dec-89 Special Region-1, North-East
Kachin State
6 Kachin Defence Army
(KIO 4th Brigade)
KDA Mahtu Naw 13-Jan-91 Special Region-5, Northern Shan
State
Cease-Fire Agreements with the Junta
National Integration
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7 Pa-O NationalOrganization PNO Aung Kham Hti 11-Apr-91 Special Region-6,Southern ShanState8 Palaung State
LiberationPatry/Army
PSLA Aik Mone 21-Apr-91 Special Region-7,
Northern ShanState
9 Kayan NationalGuard
KNG Gabriel Byan &Htay Ko
27-Feb-92 Special Region-1,Kayah(Karenni)State
10 KachinIndependenceOrganization
KIO Lamung Tu Jai 24-Feb-94 Special Region-2,Kachin State
11 Karenni StateNationalitiesPeoples
Liberation Front
KNPLF Sandar & HtunKyaw
9-May-94 Special Region-2,Kayah(Karenni)State
12 Kayan New LandParty
KNLP Shwe Aye 26-Jul-94 Special Region-3,Kayah(Karenni)State
13 Shan StateNationalitiesPeoples
Liberation
Organization
SSNPLO
Ta Kalei 9-Oct-94 Southern Shan State
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14 New Mon State Party NMSP Nai Shwe Kyin 29-Jun-95 Mon State
15 Democratic Karen
Buddhist Army
DKBA U Thuzana 1995 Karen State
16 Mongko RegionDefence Army
MRDA Mong Hsala 1995 Shan State
17 Shan State National
Army
SSNA Gun Yawd 1995 Shan State
18 Karenni NationalDefence Army
KNDA Lee Rey 1996 Karen State
19 Mong Tai Army MTA Khun Sa 1996 Shan State
20 Kayinni NationalProgressiveParty
KNPP 2005 Kayah State(cease-fire broke down
after 3 months)
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21 Karen Peace Force(ex-KNU 16thBattalion)
KPF Tha Mu Hei 1997 Karen State
22 Communist Party ofBurma CPB Saw Tun Oo 1997 Rakhine State
23 Mon Mergui Army MMA Ong Suik Heang 1997 Mon State
24 KNU Special RegionGroup (Toungoo) KNU Farrey Moe 1997 Pegu Division
25 Shan State Army-South
SSA(south)
Ywet Sit 2006 Shan State
26 New DemocraticArmy-Kachin
NDAK 2007 Kachin State
27 Kayan NationalLiberation Army(KNU 7thBattalion)
KNLA Htein Maung 2007 Karen State
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1. Northern Shan State Special Region(1)
(Kokang Group- Laukkai)
2. Northern Shan State Special Region(2)
(Wa Group)
3. Northern Shan State Special Region(3)4. Eastern Shan State Special Region(4)
5. Kachin State Special Region
6. Southern Shan State Special Region (5)
7. Northern Shan State Special Region(6)
8. Northern Shan State Special Region(7)
(Palaung Group)
9. Kayah State Special Region
(Kayan Group)
10. Kachin State Special Region
11. Kayah State Special Region
12. Kayah State Special Region
13. Shan State Nationalities Peoples
Liberation Organization (U Tar Ka Le)
14. Kayinni National Progressive Party
(KNPP)
15. New Mon State Party(NMSP)
16. Mong-Tai Army (MTA)17. Burma Communist Party(Rakhine)
Achievement of National Integration
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1617 911
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Kachin
Chin
YangonKayin
Thai
Lao
China
India
Pa-Oh
Shan State
Historical Background of
Pa-Oh
Profiles-Total area of ShanState 60,155 square miles
Southern Shan State: 21,653 sq. miles
-Majority of Pa-Oh resides: Taunggyi,Loilem, Hopone, Pinglong
-Under the new State Constitution:
Self-administered Zone for Pa-Oh
National races-Pa-Oh Population: 1,002,150 People
(2005)
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Pa-Oh National Organization (PNO)
1929 started to oppose feudalism(leader: Phara Tan Kung Kae)
1946Pa-Oh Lung Bu or Pa-Oh Solidarity Established
1949, Pa-Oh National Liberation Organization (PNLO)
formed to fight and liberate their people from the yoke offeudalism. 1950, Pa-Oh Lung Bu to Pa-Oh National Organization
1959, feudalists surrendered their feudal power,
1966, Pa-Oh took up arms to defend themselves against thecommunist.
1967, PNLO to the Shan State Nationalities LiberationOrganization (SSNLO)
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KaKu Pagoda and National Tower
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1973, (SSNLO) divided into two camps: The Shan
State National Liberation Front, and the Pa-OhNational Liberation Army
1976, Pa-Oh National Organization (PNO) wasorganized, Sisaing Township
1988Open discussion
1991, PNO returned to legal fold and government
launch development programs for the Pa-Oh region.
- officially taken off the list of unlawful associationsand there are was declared the Southern Shan State
Special Region (6)
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Administrative Structure of PNO
Village head
Village administrative Association: Chairman 1, Secretary 1,
Members 2
Township Level: village tract(5 to 20):Chairman 1, Secretary 1,Members 1 to 3,5,7 (odd number)
Division Level: 2 township1 division{ 4 division}
Commander 1, Vice commander 1,
Central Committee: Chairman 1, Vice Chairman 1,Commanders 4, Secretaries
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Economic Development of Pa-Oh Region
After legal fold, government has assisted the PNO with food
supplies and money (for food 1,000,000 Kyats, for Agriculture
3,000,000 Kyats, for hotel investment 3,000,000 Kyats etc.)
Infrastructure development
Education development
Economic Venture: Mining and precious stones, agriculture,
construction, Hotel business
Hotel and Tourism
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Village Economy
Agriculture: rice, garlic, oilseeds, pulses, thanaphet,
tea plant, tomato, potato, vegetables and fruits
Three types of cultivation: field cultivation, hillside
cultivation, farm land cultivation Field cultivation: by buffalos, natural fertilizers and
chemical fertilizers used
Hillside cultivation : dry cultivation and rotates everythree years, slash and burn
Farm cultivation: Short-term and long term
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Non farm Activity
Rare, Thaw-Lar-Gyi
Livestock Industry can not grow because of
Strong Buddhist
Working to Thailand
Agricultural Wage Labors
Every five days (market days) they sell their
vegetables and buy that days
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Case Studies:
(1) Garlic Cultivation
water shed
Buffalo harrow1 acre 4daysSeed: 1 acre 300-600 viss, 1500-2500 Kyats
4and half months cropping
1500-2000 vissPrices: 500-2500 (4000) per viss
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Garlic Cultivation
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Naung Kha Pa-Oh Village
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Pa-Oh Village
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Water Shed and Kyawk Ta Lone Tan
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Wages:
Man 2,000 Kyats (nearly 180 Yen) per day
Women: 1,500 Kyats per day
without meals
Working Hours: 8:00 A.M to 4:30 P.M
Rent for Buffalo:
2,000 Kyats per day,
working hours 4 hours,
6:00 A.M to 8:00 and 2:00P.M to 4:00 P.M
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Daily Wage Labor
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Taw-Lar Gyi assembly
Engine from china2 horse power, 4 horse power
body made by village
wooden, painting, design Assembled by village
To carry for passengers, materials, festivals
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Taw-La-Gyi Assembled
Thi Han Swe village
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Social Development of Pa-Oh Region
Education
During Post independence period: Pa-Oh people got theopportunity to learn but just a few can learn: less knowledge,security of the region, difficult accessibility, lack of infracture
etc. Attendance at school was voluntary: the pressure of work and
of earning a living, Parents drop their children out of school onnumerous occasions to help in planting and harvesting andmany other tasks, to work to Thailand
The adults were not convinced of the value of education informal School, very little encouragement to attend school
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After negotiating with government in 1991implementation of the development of theremote area, ministry of Progress of Border
Areas and National Race and Development
affairs built new primary schools, upgradedmiddle schools and high schools.
11 high schools, 6 affiliated high schools,
18middle schools, 3 affiliated middle schoolsand 64 primary schools
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Health
Before 1991, Rural area of Pa-Oh: no clinics,no hospitals, no rural healthcare centers and no
medical staff
- to take indigenous medicine After 1991, five 16-bed station hospitals, eight
rural care centers, and nine rural care branches
Government , NGO and private participateEducation and health sectors
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Pa-Oh Village
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Pa-Oh National Day Festival
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Pa-Oh Festival
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Conclusion
Income gap
Rural-urban relation
Migration
Level of Education
Community development
Political Climate
Challenges and Prospects of Pa-Oh Region
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Thank You