DrTTA Rural Development 20130617

7/28/2019 DrTTA Rural Development 20130617

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Yangon Institute of Economics

E. Mdevs 10th Batch

Rural Development

Dr. Than Than Aung2013.06.17


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2010


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Contents

Introduction

National Integration

Historical Background of Pa-Oh

Economic Development of Pa-Oh RegionSocial Development of Pa-Oh Region

Conclusion


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IntroductionMyanmar: Kingdom up to 1885, Gained

Independence in 1948Unrest just after the independence

More than 40 years of armed conflict in the

country-side

1988, State Law and Order Restoration Council(SLORC) : the measures for development of border

areas and national races

Unity in diversity: Forty Years of civil unrest and its

economic impacts

All round development: Towards the emergence of

a peaceful and developed nation


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Objectives of Study

To present the National Integration of

Myanmar since 1988

To analyze the economic development of

Pa-Oh Region


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No Name of Organization Abb: Leader Date Region

1 Myanmar National

Democracy Alliance

Army (Kokang)

MNDAA Phone Kyar

Shin

21-Mar-89 Special Region-1, Northern Shan

State

2 United Wa State Army

(Myanmar National

Solidarity Party)

UWSA/

MNSP

Pao Yuchang

& Kyauk Nyi

Lai

9-May-89 Special Region-2, Shan State

3 National Democratic

Alliance Army

(Shan/Akha Armed

National Groups)

eastern shan state

NDAA

/ESS

Sai Lin &

Lin Ming

Xian

30-Jun-89 Special Region-4, Eastern Shan

State

4 Shan State Army SSA Col. Loi Mao 2-Sep-89 Special Region-3, Shan State

5 New Democratic Army

(Kachin)

NDA-K Sakhone

Ting Ying

15-Dec-89 Special Region-1, North-East

Kachin State

6 Kachin Defence Army

(KIO 4th Brigade)

KDA Mahtu Naw 13-Jan-91 Special Region-5, Northern Shan

State

Cease-Fire Agreements with the Junta

National Integration


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7 Pa-O NationalOrganization PNO Aung Kham Hti 11-Apr-91 Special Region-6,Southern ShanState8 Palaung State

LiberationPatry/Army

PSLA Aik Mone 21-Apr-91 Special Region-7,

Northern ShanState

9 Kayan NationalGuard

KNG Gabriel Byan &Htay Ko

27-Feb-92 Special Region-1,Kayah(Karenni)State

10 KachinIndependenceOrganization

KIO Lamung Tu Jai 24-Feb-94 Special Region-2,Kachin State

11 Karenni StateNationalitiesPeoples

Liberation Front

KNPLF Sandar & HtunKyaw

9-May-94 Special Region-2,Kayah(Karenni)State

12 Kayan New LandParty

KNLP Shwe Aye 26-Jul-94 Special Region-3,Kayah(Karenni)State

13 Shan StateNationalitiesPeoples

Liberation

Organization

SSNPLO

Ta Kalei 9-Oct-94 Southern Shan State


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14 New Mon State Party NMSP Nai Shwe Kyin 29-Jun-95 Mon State

15 Democratic Karen

Buddhist Army

DKBA U Thuzana 1995 Karen State

16 Mongko RegionDefence Army

MRDA Mong Hsala 1995 Shan State

17 Shan State National

Army

SSNA Gun Yawd 1995 Shan State

18 Karenni NationalDefence Army

KNDA Lee Rey 1996 Karen State

19 Mong Tai Army MTA Khun Sa 1996 Shan State

20 Kayinni NationalProgressiveParty

KNPP 2005 Kayah State(cease-fire broke down

after 3 months)


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21 Karen Peace Force(ex-KNU 16thBattalion)

KPF Tha Mu Hei 1997 Karen State

22 Communist Party ofBurma CPB Saw Tun Oo 1997 Rakhine State

23 Mon Mergui Army MMA Ong Suik Heang 1997 Mon State

24 KNU Special RegionGroup (Toungoo) KNU Farrey Moe 1997 Pegu Division

25 Shan State Army-South

SSA(south)

Ywet Sit 2006 Shan State

26 New DemocraticArmy-Kachin

NDAK 2007 Kachin State

27 Kayan NationalLiberation Army(KNU 7thBattalion)

KNLA Htein Maung 2007 Karen State


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1. Northern Shan State Special Region(1)

(Kokang Group- Laukkai)


(Wa Group)

3. Northern Shan State Special Region(3)4. Eastern Shan State Special Region(4)

5. Kachin State Special Region

6. Southern Shan State Special Region (5)



(Palaung Group)

9. Kayah State Special Region

(Kayan Group)

10. Kachin State Special Region



13. Shan State Nationalities Peoples

Liberation Organization (U Tar Ka Le)

14. Kayinni National Progressive Party

(KNPP)

15. New Mon State Party(NMSP)

16. Mong-Tai Army (MTA)17. Burma Communist Party(Rakhine)

Achievement of National Integration

1

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4

5

6

7

8

10

12

13

14

15

1617 911


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Kachin

Chin

YangonKayin

Thai

Lao

China

India

Pa-Oh

Shan State

Historical Background of

Pa-Oh

Profiles-Total area of ShanState 60,155 square miles

Southern Shan State: 21,653 sq. miles

-Majority of Pa-Oh resides: Taunggyi,Loilem, Hopone, Pinglong

-Under the new State Constitution:

Self-administered Zone for Pa-Oh

National races-Pa-Oh Population: 1,002,150 People

(2005)


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Pa-Oh National Organization (PNO)

1929 started to oppose feudalism(leader: Phara Tan Kung Kae)

1946Pa-Oh Lung Bu or Pa-Oh Solidarity Established

1949, Pa-Oh National Liberation Organization (PNLO)

formed to fight and liberate their people from the yoke offeudalism. 1950, Pa-Oh Lung Bu to Pa-Oh National Organization

1959, feudalists surrendered their feudal power,

1966, Pa-Oh took up arms to defend themselves against thecommunist.

1967, PNLO to the Shan State Nationalities LiberationOrganization (SSNLO)


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KaKu Pagoda and National Tower


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1973, (SSNLO) divided into two camps: The Shan

State National Liberation Front, and the Pa-OhNational Liberation Army

1976, Pa-Oh National Organization (PNO) wasorganized, Sisaing Township

1988Open discussion

1991, PNO returned to legal fold and government

launch development programs for the Pa-Oh region.

- officially taken off the list of unlawful associationsand there are was declared the Southern Shan State

Special Region (6)


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Administrative Structure of PNO

Village head

Village administrative Association: Chairman 1, Secretary 1,

Members 2

Township Level: village tract(5 to 20):Chairman 1, Secretary 1,Members 1 to 3,5,7 (odd number)

Division Level: 2 township1 division{ 4 division}

Commander 1, Vice commander 1,

Central Committee: Chairman 1, Vice Chairman 1,Commanders 4, Secretaries


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Economic Development of Pa-Oh Region

After legal fold, government has assisted the PNO with food

supplies and money (for food 1,000,000 Kyats, for Agriculture

3,000,000 Kyats, for hotel investment 3,000,000 Kyats etc.)

Infrastructure development

Education development

Economic Venture: Mining and precious stones, agriculture,

construction, Hotel business

Hotel and Tourism


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Village Economy

Agriculture: rice, garlic, oilseeds, pulses, thanaphet,

tea plant, tomato, potato, vegetables and fruits

Three types of cultivation: field cultivation, hillside

cultivation, farm land cultivation Field cultivation: by buffalos, natural fertilizers and

chemical fertilizers used

Hillside cultivation : dry cultivation and rotates everythree years, slash and burn

Farm cultivation: Short-term and long term


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Non farm Activity

Rare, Thaw-Lar-Gyi

Livestock Industry can not grow because of

Strong Buddhist

Working to Thailand

Agricultural Wage Labors

Every five days (market days) they sell their

vegetables and buy that days


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Case Studies:

(1) Garlic Cultivation

water shed

Buffalo harrow1 acre 4daysSeed: 1 acre 300-600 viss, 1500-2500 Kyats

4and half months cropping

1500-2000 vissPrices: 500-2500 (4000) per viss


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Garlic Cultivation


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Naung Kha Pa-Oh Village


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Pa-Oh Village


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Water Shed and Kyawk Ta Lone Tan


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Wages:

Man 2,000 Kyats (nearly 180 Yen) per day

Women: 1,500 Kyats per day

without meals

Working Hours: 8:00 A.M to 4:30 P.M

Rent for Buffalo:

2,000 Kyats per day,

working hours 4 hours,

6:00 A.M to 8:00 and 2:00P.M to 4:00 P.M


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Daily Wage Labor


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Taw-Lar Gyi assembly

Engine from china2 horse power, 4 horse power

body made by village

wooden, painting, design Assembled by village

To carry for passengers, materials, festivals


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Taw-La-Gyi Assembled

Thi Han Swe village


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Social Development of Pa-Oh Region

Education

During Post independence period: Pa-Oh people got theopportunity to learn but just a few can learn: less knowledge,security of the region, difficult accessibility, lack of infracture

etc. Attendance at school was voluntary: the pressure of work and

of earning a living, Parents drop their children out of school onnumerous occasions to help in planting and harvesting andmany other tasks, to work to Thailand

The adults were not convinced of the value of education informal School, very little encouragement to attend school


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After negotiating with government in 1991implementation of the development of theremote area, ministry of Progress of Border

Areas and National Race and Development

affairs built new primary schools, upgradedmiddle schools and high schools.

11 high schools, 6 affiliated high schools,

18middle schools, 3 affiliated middle schoolsand 64 primary schools


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Health

Before 1991, Rural area of Pa-Oh: no clinics,no hospitals, no rural healthcare centers and no

medical staff

- to take indigenous medicine After 1991, five 16-bed station hospitals, eight

rural care centers, and nine rural care branches

Government , NGO and private participateEducation and health sectors


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Pa-Oh Village


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Pa-Oh National Day Festival


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Pa-Oh Festival


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Conclusion

Income gap

Rural-urban relation

Migration

Level of Education

Community development

Political Climate

Challenges and Prospects of Pa-Oh Region


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Thank You

DrTTA Rural Development 20130617

Documents

Transcript of DrTTA Rural Development 20130617