CHAPTER 5 FOUNDATIONS

OF GLOBALIZATIONTo what extent should contemporary

society respond to legacies of historical globalization?

Key Issues1. Imperialism

2. Historic Globalization

3. Mercantilism

4. Capitalism

5. Grand Exchange

6. Industrial Revolution

National Geographic Globalization Map pulse NG

HOW & WHY DID GLOBALIZATION BEGIN?

What we will answer

• Why and how did globalization begin?

• How did the foundations of historical globalization affect people?

• How might the use of a single number system contribute to globalization?

Conflicting Theories

Some say globalization is as

old as trade among peoples

Others say it began in about 325

BCE when the Buddhist leader

Chandragupta Maurya

combined religion, trade, and

military might to create a vast

protected trading area in much of

present-day India.Still others say that globalization started in the 1100s when Genghis Khan, the Mongolian warrior-ruler, introduced the idea of fighting from horseback.

And many other experts date the rise of globalization to 1492, the year Christopher Columbus made his first trip to the Americas.

Early Trade Routes• Network of caravan tracks linked Asia and

Europe “Silk Road”

• Ideas were also transportedo Ex: The Indo-Arabic number systemo 11th C. Europeans who traded with Middle

Eastern merchants introduced the system to Italy. From Italy, this new system quickly spread throughout Europe — and today, it is used around the world.

Evolution of Globalization

1. Globalization started with goods and ideas being exchanged on trade routes.

2. Evolved with new technologies allowing Europeans to travel further in the world and creating imperialism.

o Imperialism refers to one’s country’s domination of another country’s economic, political and cultural institution.

3. Globalization is now in the period of rapid growing world markets and instant communication.

o China and India

Historical Globalization

• Historical Globalization: time period from 1492 with Christopher

Columbus to the end of WWII, 1945.– This period in time involved imperialism.

• Contemporary globalization: began after WWII when the United States

and the Soviet Union became world super powers. – This period in time also involved neo-imperialism.

• In economist’s O’Rourke and Williamson’s view:

globalization began in the 1800s, when low-cost goods from farms and factories poured into markets around the world - and access to these goods began to change the way masses of people lived.

How Historical Globalization Affected People

• Printing Press• One of the most important invention

during the second millennium • Before the press books were hand

written and copied = expensive, and took a long time to get one.

• Result: Books became more available quickly made and cheap.

• Learning how to read spread new ideas about science, religion, politics and philosophy across the world.

The Rise of Middle Class(5th-18th C.)

• As towns/cities grew, European cultures needed to adapt = Middle Class

• The Feudal System (Europe after the Dark Ages).

• People often lived in isolated, self-sufficient communities. Social status was often determined by birth, and social power was defined by the amount of land a person owned.

• The economy was based on arrangements between the lords who owned large rural estates and the peasants or serfs who worked for them.

• The towns people were more independent than the peasants because they relied on crafts and skills.

• They would trade their craft for money and this wealth became a measure of social status.

• Their independence fostered a sense of individualism and a belief that people should be able to act freely.

• This lead to the value of education and innovations such as exploration, scientific discoveries and new technologies.

• As the middle class grew larger and more influential, trade became even more important and Europeans began to look for ways to increase profits by expanding trade.

• The new ideas and new technologies, combined with a desire to profit through trade, helped lay the foundations of historical globalization.

New Ideas & Technology

• From about the 9th to the 13th century, Middle Eastern civilizations were centers of innovation and learning.

• Some new ideas and technologies were:

Gunpowder, which was invented in China, was first used in European warfare in 1324.

Astrolabe

SextantLateen

Impact of Innovation

• Think about the effects of each of these developments on trade and travel.

• Record one prediction about the significant role each development might play in the growth of globalization.

EXPLORATION

Chavez Article

Global Competition for TRADE

• Many European countries competing to establish colonies especially those with strong seafaring traditions building empires in the Americas and in Africa

= IMPERIALISM motivated by trade(extending a country’s power by acquiring new territories and

establishing control over other countries and people)

Trade

European ImperialismLand = People = Trade = $$$ =

POWER

Mercantilism

• 16th - 18th C. European governments strictly controlled trade

• To ensure prosperity trade must favor the home country

• Colonies = source of cheap raw materials

• Prosperity = more exports then imports

“Canada”

England

Decline of Mercantilism

• 18th C.• Dissatisfaction with mercantilism was

strong in the 13 colonies• Colonists rebelled, Revolution beganResult: • War of Independence = new

independent nation of the United States of America

• Development of capitalism (Adam Smith)

Dividing up the world

• European powers: British, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese Established large colonial empires by 1770

• Believed own customs, culture, belifs were superior to those of the Indigenous peoples they metDisplased them, enslaved them

• Military advantage (guns, cannons)• Since many Indigenous people did not have

new technologies or a centralized government they were easily over thrown.

• Read p 123 Ideas as a class• Exploration Film

Effects of Colonial Settlements

• Once European countries established colonies, they encouraged settlers to emigrate/STAY on newly acquired lands

People to __________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reduce conflict at homeEstablish European customs and culture

• Displaced the Indigenous peoples = _____________________________________

CONSEQUENCES OF HISTORICAL GLOBALIZATION

Results of Contact

• When Imperialism occurred Indigenous people where always sacrificed.

• Examples include:– Aztec people in Mexico– First Nations in North AmericaIn both ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Different ways of dealing with Indigenous Peoples…

• When Europeans and Indigenous peoples first met… Didn’t have info about each other

• Europeans thought they found INDIA… hence calling them Indians

• Indigenous __________________________________________________________________________

• In many cases, survival of Indigenous & Europeans depended on their relationships

Ex: Canada – French, British after FUR– Didn't’t know the way around, or how to survive

forests…– Relied on _____________________________________– = mutually beneficial trading relationship– Furs for trade goods (tools, utensils, weapons,

decorative items)

Ex: Mexico & Aztecs– Lived in area where gold could be mined– Gold ____________________________________– Aztecs lost battle for gold– Survivors enslaved to __________________________

Bartolome de Las Casas• Spanish priest/historian• Took part in conquest of Cuba… BUT

disgusted by cruelty he witnessed• Devoted his life to try securing justice

for Indigenous peoples• Thought Indigenous peoples were true

owners of the land• Tried to

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• DIDN’T WORK• Today: honored in Spain and some

former colonies – one of first Europeans to defend Indigenous Peoples.

1. Diseases

• Believed that contagious diseases imported with European soldiers and settlers took the greatest toll on Indigenous people

• _____________________________________

2. Slavery

• Existed in many civilizations• Growing demand for

________________________________________________________________________________________________

• 2 Changes in Slavery:

Chattel slavery = ________________________– Slaves & descendants were private property of owner– No legal rights

Indigenous peoples & Captures Africans– Enslaved for racial origins

Slave Work

• Slaves not allowed to learn to read/write

• Not __________________________________________________________________________

• Worked in harsh, brutal conditions• Little control over lives

• Slaves crammed into a ship

• Month long voyage across ocean

• People fed little• Lie in own filth

3. The Grand Exchange

• Columbus Americas 1493 Foods: seeds, fruit tress, livestock

• _____________________________________

Ex: Sunflowers (native to Great Plains N.A)- Exported to Europe- Russia

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

- Traded oil for wheat, barley and oats from N. A

Ex: Coffee- Africa, Arabia- Imported to Americas- Became _______________________________________

Ex: Cacao (Tropical America) - Exported to Europe chocolate

YUMMMMMYYYY

• These crops started out as luxuries • Grown in such

__________________________________________________________________________

• Changed the diet of entire societies all over the world

4. The Industrial Revolution

• Improved technology ____________________• Economic, social, cultural effects • 1750• Britain• High demand for goods (consumers)• Industrial

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Thanks to steam-powered engine invention

Steam-powered Engine

Other inventors _________________________________________________________________________________the manufacturing process

• Until then, manufacturing occurred in peoples homes

Spinning Jenny & Power Loom Before: • 10 spinners needed to make enough thread for one weaver

1764:• Spinning Jenny invented• Spinners keeping up with weavers

Few Years later:• Power Loom invented• Weavers make more cloth more quickly

Factory Work • New machines = ______________________• Many workers to operate• Only rich could afford• Built factories• Cheap

________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Traditional crafts-peoples driven out of work• FACTORY WORK change economic, social, cultural

change

• FACTORY WORK ________________________________________________________________________________________

• 1750-1850• Industry became mechanized

Britain : First to industrializeo by 1830: leading industrial powero Producing _____________________o Producing _____________________o Producing _____________________