1

A PROJECT REPORT

ON

WATER QUALITY MAPPING BY USING GIS IN GORAKHPUR

CITY (U.P.)

For the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

SUBMITTED BY:

VIMLESH KUMAR VERMA (130110054)

SAURABH KUMAR (130110040)

KRISHNA KUMAR (130110022)

BRIJ MOHAN SINGH (130110012)

PAWAN KUMAR PANDAY (130110032)

RISHABH KATIYAR (130110038)

Head of Department: Guided By:

Dr. S.M. Ali Jawaid Dr. R. K. Shukla

Professor Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

GORAKHPUR (U.P.) – INDIA

2

ACKNOWLEGEDMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to present the report of the Final year

Project being undertaken by our group. We would like to thank our Project

Mentor, Associate Professor Dr. R.K. Shukla, Department of Civil Engineering,

Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur for his constant

support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity,

thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for

us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the day.

We also take this opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Prof. S.M. Ali

Jawaid, Head of Department of Civil Engineering,Madan Mohan Malaviya

University of Technology Gorakhpur for his full support and assistance during

the development of the project.

VIMLESH KUMAR VERMA (130110054)

SAURABH KUMAR (130110040)

KRISHNA KUMAR (130110022)

BRIJ MOHAN SINGH (130110012)

PAWAN KUMAR PANDAY (130110032)

RISHABH KATIYAR (130110038)

3

CONTENT

SR.

NO.

TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 4

2 NECESSITY OF WATER QUALITY MAPPING 5

3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 5

4 WATER QUALITY CHARACTERTICS

4.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERSTICS

4.2 CHEMICAL CHARACTERSTICS

4.3 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERSTICS

5

5 CHEMICAL CHARACTERSTICS

5.1 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS

5.2 pH

5.3 ALKALINITY

5.4 HARDNESS

5.5 CHLORIDE CONTENT

6 -7

6 CODAL PROVISION FOR PARAMETERS 7-8

7 TESTING AND DATA COLLECTION

7.1 STUDY AREA

7.2 PROCEDURE FOR TESTING

7.3 COLLECTION OF GROUND WATER SAMPLES

8-11

8 WATER QUALITY MAPPING BY USING QGIS 12

9 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 13

10 WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON WQI 14

11 CONCLUSION 14

12 REFERENCES 14

4

1. INTRODUCTION

Ground water is an essential and vital component of our life support system. Water is not

only one of the most essential commodities of our day-to-day life, but the development of this

natural resource also plays a crucial role in economic and social development processes.

Thus, the availability of surface and ground water governs the process of planning &

development. The surface water resources are inadequate to fulfill the water demand.

Productivity through groundwater is quite high as compared to surface water, but

groundwater resources have not yet been properly developed through exploration. Keeping

this in view, the present study attempts to select suitable locations for groundwater areas

using an integrated approach of GIS (Geographic Information System). These locations were

entered into GIS as point coverage through digitization and transformed into geographical

coordinate systems. These points were used as input in interpolation process. Each point

location was assigned a unique code in their feature attribute table. The ground water as well

soil and corresponding chemical data (pH, chloride concentration and alkalinity) for each

point is entered as separate database. This associated information is linked to the

corresponding point data through a common field (sampling code) for the approximation.

Quantum GIS software with spatial extension module was used for interpolation.

Inconsistency and unequal availability of surface water leads to the search for ground water.

Ground water is profoundly utilized in irrigation, industries and for domestic purposes.

Therefore, the quality of ground water is equally important as its quantity. The present study

makes use of geo-spatial technology in mapping the spatial variability of ground water

quality. Ground water samples were collected from 30 point sources randomly distributed in

Gorakhpur, U.P . The major water quality parameters such as pH, Alkalinity, Total Dissolved

Solids, Total hardness, Chloride, have been estimated for all the sampling locations. The

spatial variation maps of these ground water quality parameters were generated. The final

map shows the different classes of ground water quality within the district. Growth of

population, rapid urbanization and increasing uses in domestic and agricultural sectors

necessitate the demand for good quality of water supply. One of the most vital natural

resources and easily accessible source of fresh water is ground water. Therefore, finding the

potential areas, monitoring and conserving ground water have become extremely important at

the present moment. One of the most vital natural resources and easily accessible source of

fresh water is ground water. Therefore, finding the potential areas, monitoring and conserving

ground water have become extremely important at the present moment.

5

2. NECESSITY OF WATER QUALITY MAPPING

The health concerns associated with drinking polluted water make water quality a primary

concern. This project explores how maps can support water quality management as part of a

common project between water management organizations. It is helpful in knowing the

current state of water quality and its evolution is necessary in determining policies for the

improvement of quality, uses, and supervision of the testing process.

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

1) To study the variation of ground water quality in Gorakhpur city.

2) To integrate the water quality data with the spatial database.

3) To develop an interactive water quality map.

4) To assess the suitability of ground water for drinking purposes.

4. WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS

The standard IS: 10500-2012 prescribes the requirements for the essential and desirable

characteristics required to be tested for ascertaining the suitability of water for drinking

purpose. It includes-

Physical properties of water quality include suspended solids, temperature, taste and odour,

color and turbidity.

Chemical characteristics involve parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids, alkalinity,

total hardness and chloride concentration.

Bacteriological characteristics- most probable number of coliform bacteria i.e. MPN value

6

5. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

5.1 TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)

Material remaining in water after filtration for the suspended solids analysis is

considered to be dissolved.

Dissolved substances may be organic or inorganic in nature.

Inorganic substances which may be dissolved in water may include minerals, metals

and gases.

Organic dissolved constituents of water results from decay products of vegetation,

from organic chemicals and from organic gases.

Many dissolved solids are undesirable because they may produce aesthetically

displeasing color, taste and odour or may be toxic or carcinogenic.

Some dissolved substances are desirable in water because distilled water has a flat

test. Total dissolved solids can be measured by evaporating to dryness a sample of

water which has been filtered to remove the suspended solids and expressed in

mg/L.

Certain amount of TDS is essential for our body .For eg : Zinc is necessary for

calcium to work in our body through drinking water.

But if TDS is present in excess amount it causes Gaestro-Intestinal Irritation.

5.2 pH

The pH value of water indicates the logarithm of reciprocal of hydrogen ion

concentration present in water.

It is thus in indicator of the acidity or the alkalinity of water.

Since the pH is the log of reciprocal of H+ , the higher value of pH means lower

hydrogen ion concentration and thus represent alkaline solution whereas the lower

value of pH means higher hydrogen ion concentration representing acidic solution.

The pH value of water can be measured quickly and automatically with the help of

a potentiometer which measures the electrical potential exerted by hydrogen ions

and thus indicating their concentration.

It can also be measured with the help of colour indicators which are added to the

water and the colour produced is compared with the standard colours of known pH

values.

It has a very strong influence on water treatment.

Certain microorganisms survive in certain pH range but die in other,hence the

existence of microorganisms is influenced by pH.

7

5.3 ALKALINITY

Alkalinity is defined as the quantity of ions in water that will react to neutralise

hydrogen ions. Constituent of alkalinity may include CO3- - ,HCO3 - , OH- ,

HSiO3 - , HPO4 2- , H2PO4 - , HS- and NH3 .

Most common constituents of alkalinity are carbonate , bicarbonate and hydroxide

ions.

Alkalinity imparts a bitter taste to water.

The reactions between alkalinity and certain cations in water results precipitate that

can foul pipes and other water system appurtenances.

Alkalinity measurements are made by titrating with 0.02 N H2SO4 and resultant

alkalinity is expressed as mg/L of CaCO3 .

5.4 HARDNESS

Hardness is defined as the concentration of multi-valent metallic cations in water

(mainly the bivalent metallic cations)..

Hardness is classified as carbonate hardness and noncarbonate hardness depending

upon the anion with which it associates.

The hardness that is equivalent to alkalinity is termed as carbonate hardness with

any remaining hardness being called non-carbonate hardness.

Magnesium hardness particularly associated with sulphate ion have a laxative

effect on person unaccustomed to it.

Magnesium concentration of less than 50 mg/ L of desirable in potable water.

Hardness is good for cardiovascular health if not present in excess quantity.

It is the characteristic of water which prevents the formation of sufficient lather or

foam.

5.5 CHLORIDE CONTENT

According to BIS guidelines the permissible limit of chloride concentration is (250-

1000 mg/l).

6. CODAL PROVISION FOR PARAMETERS

S.NO PARAMETERS DESIRABLE LIMIT PERMISSIBLE LIMIT IN

ABSENCE OF

ALTERNATE SOURCES

1 pH 6.5-8.5 No Relaxation

2 TOTAL HARDNESS

(as CaCO3) mg/L, Max

200 600

8

3 CHLORIDE (as Cl)

mg/L, Max

250 1000

4 TOTAL DISSOLVED

SOLIDS mg/L , Max

500 2000

5 TOTAL ALKALINITY as

calcium carbonate mg/L ,

Max

200 600

7. TESTING AND DATA COLLECTION

7.1 STUDY AREA

Gorakhpur is situated 26º45’ north latitude and 83 º 22’ east longitudes, in Tarai belt of

river Rapti and Rohni. It is situated in the eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh in India,

near the border with Nepal. The location of the city is very important strategic being located

quite near to Indo-Nepal Border and very well connected by Railway. Gorakhpur city is

located 265 km last of the state capital Lucknow on national highway-28. It is the principal

town of eastern Uttar Pradesh having a population nearly 6, 71,048 lakhs (Census 2011).

Fig1

9

7.2 PROCEDURES FOR TESTING

7.2.1 pH

Take 10 ml of sample in a test tube and add two drops of universal indicator to it.

A color will be obtained .

Compare the color with the color standards on the bottle ,select the color nearest to

the sample ,note the pH reading.

7.2.2 Total dissolved solids

Weigh the empty crucible.

Place the sample in crucible ,evaporate it to dryness in the oven in 103°C – 105°C.

Weigh and note the increase in mass.

Total solids(mg/l) = (weight of crucible with residue- weight of empty crucible )X

1000/ml of sample

7.2.3 Alkalinity

Take 100 ml of sample in a conical flask.

Add one drop of Methyl Orange indicator in the sample

Titrate with N/50, H2SO4. Note the first change in color from yellow to orange.

Record the ml of N/50, H2SO4 used.

Total Alkalinity (CaCO3)mg/L = ml N/50 H2SO4 used * 1000 /ml sample

7.2.4 Hardness

Take 100 ml of sample in a conical flask.

Add 1.0 ml of ammonia buffer solution and 3 drops of erichrome black T-indicator.

Titrate with standard EDTA solution till color changes from wine red to blue

Take a known quantity of sample and boil it for a sufficiently long period, cool and

filter.

Repeat the above procedure. Note the ml. of EDTA solution used.

Hardness(CaCO3)mg/L = ml of EDTA used(unboiled sample)*1000/ml sample

10

7.2.5 Chloride

Take 100 ml of sample in two conical flasks.

Add to both 1 drops of potassium chromate indicator.

Titrate with standrad N/35.5 AgNO3 solution in one and compare with other to

distinguish change from yellow to brick red.

Note the amount of titrant used.

Chloride as Cl- =ml of Agno3 used for sample*1000/ ml. of sample.

7.3 COLLECTION OF GROUND WATER SAMPLES:

Our Study area is Gorakhpur. In which we have collected water samples from 30 locations

along with their latitude and longitude within the region. The latitude and longitude is taken

by GPS. We have collected the samples and thereby tested them in laboratory.

Sample

No.

Latitude Longitude pH Alkalinity Hardness Chloride TDS WQI

1 26.729366 83.431376 7.5 120 158 62 130 29.6045

2 26.726854 83.433025 6.5 122 223 171 530 43.3626

3 26.725367 83.434000 7.3 150 340 148 840 560278

4 26.731377 83.430386 7.5 205 214 54 270 38.2348

5 26.731464 83.427839 8.0 196 205 58 530 44.8702

6 26.733596 83.430599 7.5 191 250 190 550 51.2870

7 26.743083 83.419968 7.5 115 145 44 758 43.4012

8 26.745585 83.415553 7.5 195 127 52 250 34.5905

9 26.747155 83.414166 7.0 247 272 157 900 59.8834

10 26.738957 83.425091 7.5 149 313 97 600 48.1730

11

11 26.733323 83.428915 7.0 222 211 178 650 49.3702

12 26.721210 83.436953 6.5 104 180 50 500 36.1235

13 26.717510 83.439584 7.5 156 290 79 450 43.5396

14 26.719654 83.438287 6.5 88 230 70 550 38.8374

15 26.723691 83.435705 7.0 264 340 202 950 65.5033

16 26.748982 83.404551 8.5 280 235 29 220 42.0358

17 26.749341 83.401417 7.5 296 310 99 700 43.2475

18 26.749567 83.398063 7.0 338 420 134 850 66.4143

19 26.751674 83.387253 7.5 212 242 66 350 41.7573

20 26.722474 83.433563 6.5 111 151 95 570 38.8789

21 26.720817 83.431542 7.5 212 293 122 760 55.1797

22 26.720082 83.429232 7.5 194 215 103 670 49.2067

23 26.717524 83.432379 7.5 181 175 67 390 39.3147

24 26.739428 83.417794 7.5 180 533 144 810 63.0032

25 26.739870 83.418544 7.5 201 470 63 310 47.0973

26 26.742602 83.41790 7.5 191 230 94 550 46.2570

27 26.743145 83.416625 6.5 219 196 96 590 45.6674

28 26.727806 83.431149 7.3 180 350 183 750 56.9662

29 26.730237 83.437735 7.5 175 185 42 540 41.9893

30 26.72897 83.43705 7.5 190 139 40 320 35.9390

12

8. WATER QUALITY MAPPING BY QGIS

QGIS (previously known as Quantum GIS) is a cross-platform free and open-source

desktop geographic information system (GIS) application that provides data viewing,

editing, and analysis.

FUNCTIONALITY:

Similar to other software GIS systems, QGIS allows users to create maps with many layers

using different map projections. Maps can be assembled in different formats and for

different uses. QGIS allows maps to be composed of raster or vector layers. Typical for this

kind of software, the vector data is stored as point, line, or polygon-feature. Different kinds

of raster images are supported and the software can georeference images.

PROCEDURE FOR MAPPING:

Make the CSV file of all the points in Excel from where sample is collected.

Now open the QGIS 2.16.2 software.

Select new project and add shapefile of India.

Now select add delimited text layer and open the file.

Choose X and Y coordinate as latitude and longitude and click OK.

Now the points are plotted on map.

Fig 2

13

9. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Each of the groundwater samples were analyzed for various parameters such as pH, total

hardness, chloride content, alkalinity, TDS etc.

Computing Water Quality Index (WQI) of groundwater, three steps:

Step 1: Each of the selected parameters has been assigned weight according to its relative

importance in the overall quality of water for drinking purposes. The maximum weight of

five has been assigned to the parameter nitrate due to its major importance in water quality

assessment. Magnesium which is given the minimum weight of two as magnesium by itself

may not be harmful.

Step 2: The relative weight is computed

Wi = wi /∑ wi

Where, Wi is a relative weight and wi is the weight of each parameter and n is the number

of parameter.

Parameter Weight of each parameter wi Relative weight Wi

pH 4 .1212121

Total dissolved solids 4 .1212121

Hardness 2 .0606061

Alkalinity 3 .0909091

Chloride content 3 .0909091

Fluoride 4 .1212121

Sulphate 4 .1212121

Nitrate 5 .1515152

Calcium 2 .0606061

Magnesium 2 .0606061

33

Step 3: A quality rating scale (qi) for each parameter is assigned

qi= (Ci/Si)*100

14

Where qi is quality of rating,

Ci is the concentration of each chemical parameter in each water sample in mg/l, and Si is the

Indian drinking water standard for each chemical parameter in mg/l according to the

guidelines of the BIS 10500, 2012.

For computing the WQI, the Si is first determined for each chemical parameter, which is then

used to determine the WQI as per the following equations.

SIi = Wi*qi

WQI = ∑SIi

SIi is the subindex of ith parameter.

qi is the rating based on concentration of ith parameter.

n is the no of parameters.

10. WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON WQI

WQI VALUE WATER QUALITY

<50 Excellent

50-100 Good Water

100-200 Poor Water

200-300 Very Poor Water

>300 Water Unsuitable For Drinking

11. CONCLUSION

On the basis of different experimental data of samples of different regions of Gorakhpur city

and GPS co-ordinates, we will plot the map of water quality with the help of Quantum GIS.

Those parameters which lie within permissible limit are having better water quality.

12. REFERENCES

Burrough, P.A., R.A. McDonnell (1998), Principles of Geographical Information

Systems, Oxford

Drinking water specifications IS 10500:2012

Water Supply Engineering by S.K. Garg

15