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500-479 BCE
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Athenian Backgroundy Isagoras led a f action of exiled aristocrats and with the
support of Sparta was elected archon in 508 BCE
y He was quickly opposed b y Cleisthenes
y Isagoras turned to the Spartans f or help in creating an oligarchy
y Cleisthenes and the A thenians humiliated Isagorasand the Spartans
y He solidi f ied the democratic f oundation
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G rowing Tensionsy Isagoras had enrolled A thens in the Peloponnesian
League and in a relationship with Sparta
y A thenians turned to Persia f or a ne w alliance
y Con f usion over alliance bet ween A thens and Persia
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P ersian Backgroundy U nder C yrus the Great (500-530 BCE) they con quered
Greek states and installed ne w tyrants
y Darius I ruled (522-486 BCE) millions of people and had enormous wealth and vast empire
y He wanted the Greek States
y Should the Greeks surrender or resist
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D arius 1Darius de f eated the Ionians with help f rom other Greek states
He had his eyes set on A thens
A slave reminded him 3times at every meal,
R emem ber the A thenians!
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Resistancey Darius demanded earth and water
y A thenians and Spartans resistedy Spartans pushed the am bassadors into a well
y Darius was not pleased and sent troops
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Battle of Marathon (492 BCE)y 20,000 Persians landed at Marathon, 26 miles f rom A thens
y
The A thenian f orces only num bered 9,000
y They spread their f ormation and sprinted at the Persiansy A thens had a huge advantage in close com bat (7,000 Persians
compared to 192 A thenians were killed )
NIKI!
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Xerxes (486-465 BCE)y Huge army and naval f leet
y Marched easily through northern Greek states but then met the Peloponnesian League with Sparta
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Athenian Navyy U sed their huge supply of silver to build Triemes
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Battle of Thermopylaey 2nd Persian Invasion, led b y X erxes this time
y 100,000 to 300,000y King Leonidas o f Sparta and 300 were able to hold the
Persians off f or a f e w daysy A Greek traitor sho wed the Persians a backdoory Persians eventually win
y Greek success rested on patriotism and desire
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SALAMIS
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Salamis (480 BCE)y Themistocles was the Peloponnesian general
y He sent f ake inf o to X erxes and lured the Persian f leet
y X erxes f orced battle in a tight space in the straight
y A thenian ref ugees and X erxes had f ront ro w seats
y In one day 200 Persian ships were destroyed
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y Last clip f rom 300leading to Plataea
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P lataea
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P lataea (479 BCE)y Af ter Salamis, Pausanias (Leonidas nephe w) led
60,000 Greeks f rom 31states
y They charged the Persians and de f eated them
y The Greek f leet took Turkey, destroyed Persian f leet
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D iffering Ideologyy A thenians wanted to expand and liberate all of the
Greek states
y Spartans were not expansionist and liked having the A thenians under their command
y Pausanias mishandled the Greek f leet (got cocky )
y A thenians took control of the Greek f leet
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D elian League (477 BCE)y A ssociation of Greek States af ter Persian W ars
y A thens tried taking advantage of the smaller states which caused tension
y Financially back A thens and not getting much in returny Led to the Peloponnesian W ar
Sparta and Peloponnesian League = Oligarchy, land po wer vs.
A thens and Delian League = Expansion, democracy, sea +
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First (460-455 BCE)Second (431-404 BCE)
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Expansiony Pericles was the leader of A thens, wanted to expandy Fighting Peloponnesians in Greece and Persians in Egypt
y Focused on controlling the A egeany A n earth quake on Peloponnesus helots to revolty Helots f led and the A thenians helped them settle and control
Naupactus which was on the gul f
y A thens added many coastal states and controlled trade
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P ersian Resistancey A thenians continued to f ight the Persians
y A thenians were de f eated b y Persians in the Nile delta
y Mem bers of the alliance began to revolt and joined the Peloponnesian League
y 445 BCE, the t wo sides signed a 30 year trucey A greed to stay out of each other s business
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O utbreak of War 2y A thens imposed an em bargo against Peloponnesians
y Pericles strategy was to stay on the de f ensive on landy Abandoned A ttica and let them destroy land as all
citizens moved within the city wallsy The resulting plague killed of population and Pericles
y Cleon took over and went on the off ensive
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Thucydidesy Our narrator of the war
y He was A thenian but gave an honest accounty A dmitted A thens used brutal tactics throughouty Father of Scienti f ic History
y Cause and eff ect without mention of gods
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P eace of Niciasy Sparta convinced Delian allies to revolt against A thens
y Brasidas was leading Sparta and Cleon, A thensy They met and both were killed
y Nicias (A thenian general ) negotiated a peacey Both returned every state con quered during the wary A thens could not f orce states to become alliesy A thens would come to Sparta's aid if the Helots revolted
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Sicilian Expeditiony A thens wanted to control Sicily f or its grain and its
main city S yracuse which was an ally of Sparta
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Athenian D isagreementy Democrat f action was supported b y A thenian sailorsy Oligarchic f action supported b y propertied citizens
y This led to a civil war
y R unning out of resources, money, men off ered
f reedom to slaves to join the navy y A thens agreed to destroy their walls and was under
Spartan control
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The end of the wary A thens de f eat resulted f rom a
mix of disease, po werf ul and egotistical personalities, bad governing, and ref usal to accept good terms of peace.
y Took a while to bounce back
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