Persian & Peloponnesian Wars

8/7/2019 Persian & Peloponnesian Wars

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500-479 BCE


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Athenian Backgroundy Isagoras led a f action of exiled aristocrats and with the

support of Sparta was elected archon in 508 BCE

y He was quickly opposed b y Cleisthenes

y Isagoras turned to the Spartans f or help in creating an oligarchy

y Cleisthenes and the A thenians humiliated Isagorasand the Spartans

y He solidi f ied the democratic f oundation


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G rowing Tensionsy Isagoras had enrolled A thens in the Peloponnesian

League and in a relationship with Sparta

y A thenians turned to Persia f or a ne w alliance

y Con f usion over alliance bet ween A thens and Persia


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P ersian Backgroundy U nder C yrus the Great (500-530 BCE) they con quered

Greek states and installed ne w tyrants

y Darius I ruled (522-486 BCE) millions of people and had enormous wealth and vast empire

y He wanted the Greek States

y Should the Greeks surrender or resist


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D arius 1Darius de f eated the Ionians with help f rom other Greek states

He had his eyes set on A thens

A slave reminded him 3times at every meal,

R emem ber the A thenians!


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Resistancey Darius demanded earth and water

y A thenians and Spartans resistedy Spartans pushed the am bassadors into a well

y Darius was not pleased and sent troops


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Battle of Marathon (492 BCE)y 20,000 Persians landed at Marathon, 26 miles f rom A thens

y

The A thenian f orces only num bered 9,000

y They spread their f ormation and sprinted at the Persiansy A thens had a huge advantage in close com bat (7,000 Persians

compared to 192 A thenians were killed )

NIKI!


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Xerxes (486-465 BCE)y Huge army and naval f leet

y Marched easily through northern Greek states but then met the Peloponnesian League with Sparta


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Athenian Navyy U sed their huge supply of silver to build Triemes


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Battle of Thermopylaey 2nd Persian Invasion, led b y X erxes this time

y 100,000 to 300,000y King Leonidas o f Sparta and 300 were able to hold the

Persians off f or a f e w daysy A Greek traitor sho wed the Persians a backdoory Persians eventually win

y Greek success rested on patriotism and desire


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SALAMIS


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Salamis (480 BCE)y Themistocles was the Peloponnesian general

y He sent f ake inf o to X erxes and lured the Persian f leet

y X erxes f orced battle in a tight space in the straight

y A thenian ref ugees and X erxes had f ront ro w seats

y In one day 200 Persian ships were destroyed


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y Last clip f rom 300leading to Plataea


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P lataea


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P lataea (479 BCE)y Af ter Salamis, Pausanias (Leonidas nephe w) led

60,000 Greeks f rom 31states

y They charged the Persians and de f eated them

y The Greek f leet took Turkey, destroyed Persian f leet


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D iffering Ideologyy A thenians wanted to expand and liberate all of the

Greek states

y Spartans were not expansionist and liked having the A thenians under their command

y Pausanias mishandled the Greek f leet (got cocky )

y A thenians took control of the Greek f leet


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D elian League (477 BCE)y A ssociation of Greek States af ter Persian W ars

y A thens tried taking advantage of the smaller states which caused tension

y Financially back A thens and not getting much in returny Led to the Peloponnesian W ar

Sparta and Peloponnesian League = Oligarchy, land po wer vs.

A thens and Delian League = Expansion, democracy, sea +


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First (460-455 BCE)Second (431-404 BCE)


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Expansiony Pericles was the leader of A thens, wanted to expandy Fighting Peloponnesians in Greece and Persians in Egypt

y Focused on controlling the A egeany A n earth quake on Peloponnesus helots to revolty Helots f led and the A thenians helped them settle and control

Naupactus which was on the gul f

y A thens added many coastal states and controlled trade


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P ersian Resistancey A thenians continued to f ight the Persians

y A thenians were de f eated b y Persians in the Nile delta

y Mem bers of the alliance began to revolt and joined the Peloponnesian League

y 445 BCE, the t wo sides signed a 30 year trucey A greed to stay out of each other s business


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O utbreak of War 2y A thens imposed an em bargo against Peloponnesians

y Pericles strategy was to stay on the de f ensive on landy Abandoned A ttica and let them destroy land as all

citizens moved within the city wallsy The resulting plague killed of population and Pericles

y Cleon took over and went on the off ensive


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Thucydidesy Our narrator of the war

y He was A thenian but gave an honest accounty A dmitted A thens used brutal tactics throughouty Father of Scienti f ic History

y Cause and eff ect without mention of gods


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P eace of Niciasy Sparta convinced Delian allies to revolt against A thens

y Brasidas was leading Sparta and Cleon, A thensy They met and both were killed

y Nicias (A thenian general ) negotiated a peacey Both returned every state con quered during the wary A thens could not f orce states to become alliesy A thens would come to Sparta's aid if the Helots revolted


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Sicilian Expeditiony A thens wanted to control Sicily f or its grain and its

main city S yracuse which was an ally of Sparta


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Athenian D isagreementy Democrat f action was supported b y A thenian sailorsy Oligarchic f action supported b y propertied citizens

y This led to a civil war

y R unning out of resources, money, men off ered

f reedom to slaves to join the navy y A thens agreed to destroy their walls and was under

Spartan control


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The end of the wary A thens de f eat resulted f rom a

mix of disease, po werf ul and egotistical personalities, bad governing, and ref usal to accept good terms of peace.

y Took a while to bounce back

Persian & Peloponnesian Wars

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