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Perspectives in Pediatric Nursing
Lecture 3-A
Perspectives in Pediatric Nursing
Clinical Application for Child Health Nursing
NUR 327
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Health During Childhood• Health is a state of complete physical,
mental, and social well-being and not merely the ABSENCE of DISEASE.
—The World Health Organization
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Definitions• Neonatal period: <28 days of life
• Postnatal period: 28 days to 11 months
• Infant: the first year of life
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Birth Weight• Is the major determinant of neonatal
death.
• LBW: <2500 g
• Lower birth weight = Higher mortality
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United Nations’ Declaration
of the Rights of the Child• All children need:
• To be free from discrimination
• To develop physically and mentally in freedom and dignity
• To have a name and nationality
• To have adequate nutrition, housing, recreation, and medical services
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United Nations’ Declaration of the Rights of the Child (cont’d)
• To receive special treatment if handicapped• To receive love• To receive an education and develop his/her
abilities
• To be protected from neglect, cruelty, and exploitation
• To be the first to receive protection in disaster
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Pediatric Nurse Practitioners
Services• -Advanced education in pediatric nursing
and health care (Hold national certification)
• Work closely with pediatrics and other health care providers.
• Give the three levels of health prevention.
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Levels of Health Prevention
Levels of Health Prevention Description
Primary health prevention
Prevent the occurrence of disease
Secondary health prevention
Early detection and intervention
Tertiary health prevention
Prevent further deterioration
(rehabilitation)
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Setting of Pediatric Health Nurse
School nurse
• Hospital nurse
• Primary health centers
• Community health nurse
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Roles of the Pediatric Nurse
Health promotion and disease prevention Health teaching. Support/counseling. Applied the three levels of health prevention Coordination/collaboration Ethical decision making Health care planning Research
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Statistical terms
Birth rate The number of birth per 1000 population
Neonatal death rate
The no. of deaths per 1000 live births occurring between birth and the first 28 days of life
Infant mortality
The no. of deaths per 1000 live births occurring at birth or on the first 12 months of extra uterine life
Maternal mortality
The no. of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births that occur as a direct result of the childbearing process
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Health promotion and nursing management of
common health problems of infant, early childhood, school-age-children, and
adolescence
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Lecture 3-B
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Infant Physical Tasks
Physical Tasks: 0 - 6 months: Fastest growth period Head circumference is equal to or larger than chest circumference Posterior fontanel closes at 3 months Vital signs: HR and RR faster and irregular
Physical Tasks 6 - 12 months: Teeth begin to come in
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Infant Nutrition
Birth – 6 months: Breast milk is most complete diet Iron-fortified formulas are acceptable No solid foods before 4-6 months
6 - 12 months: Breast milk or formula continues Diluted juices can be introduced Introduction of solid foods: cereal, vegetables, fruits, meats
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Toddler
Physical Tasks:• Slow growth period• Anterior fontanel closes at 18 months• Primary dentition (20 teeth) complete by 2½ years• Develops sphincter control – toilet training possible
Motor Tasks: • Walks alone by 12 - 18 months
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Toddler Nutrition
Able to feed Appetite decreases- physiologic anorexiaIncreased need for calcium, iron, and
phosphorus – risk for iron deficiency anemiaChoking is a hazard
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Preschooler
Physical Tasks:• Slow growth rate continues
Motor Tasks: • Walks up & down stairs
Able to start social side of eating Establish good eating habits -
obesityPerspectives of Pediatric Nursing
Preschooler Nutrition
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School-age
Physical Tasks:Slow growth continuesWeight doubles over this
periodAt age 12, girls are bigger
than boysHas all permanent teeth by
age 12
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School-Age Nutrition
“Junk” food becomes a problem Busy schedules – breakfast is important Obesity continues to be a risk Nutrition education should be integrated into the school program
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Adolescent
Physical tasks:Period of rapid growthPuberty starts
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Sexual Development Girls Boys
Breasts develop Facial Hair growth
Menses begins Voice changes
Enlargement of testes at 13 yrs
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Adolescent Nutrition
Food intake needs to be balanced with energy expenditures
Increased needs for:Calcium for skeletal growthIron for increased blood cell developmentZinc for development of skeletal, muscle tissue and sexual maturation
Skipping breakfast, increased junk food, decreased fruits, veggies, milk Boys eat foods high in calories. Girls under-eat or have inadequate nutrient
intake.
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Play is the work of Children
Enhances Motor Skills Enhances Social Skills Enhances Verbal Skills Expresses Creativity Decreases Stress Helps Solve Problems
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Health Promotion
Childhood ImmunizationsNutritionScreenings throughout childhood(APGARS, newborn screenings, vision/hearing)
Health Teaching
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Injury Prevention & Safety Issues
Accidents are the leading cause of death in infants and toddlers (falls, burns, poisons)
Toddlers and Preschoolers – drowningSchool-age and adolescents – motor vehicle accidents
90% of all accidents are preventable!
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