DATA ANALYSIS WITH SPSS 13.0

CONTENTS

Introduction to SPSS 13.0: Interface & Installation Theory and Practice (with exercises)

FrequenciesDescriptiveCrosstabCompare meansCompute variablesDraw charts

SPSS INTERFACE

Data view: Data entered into SPSS. Each row demonstrates a case

Variable view: variables designed based on data table. Each variable is demonstrated by a column in data view.

TYPES OF VARIABLES

Nominal Variables: defined, not in order (e.g. province, district, sex)

Ordinal Variables: defined, in order (e.g. D8) Ratio Variables: (e.g. age, D2, D3)

FREQUENCIES ANALYSIS

Command: Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies.

Function: calculate the frequency of appearance of each variable. (e.g. How many percent of the population are involved in the project? How many percent of HHs own farmland?

Objects: nominal and ordinal variables,

To calculate means and media of variables select “mean, medium, mode.

Draw charts: bar charts and pie charts Read outputs (see SPSS Handbook) & charts

FREQUENCIES

(Data taken from 1991 US General Social Survey)

FREQUENCY: RESPONDENT’S SEX

(Data taken from 1991 US General Social Survey)

READ THE DATA

Cumulative %: the percentage increased by successive addition

Percentage: including missing values

Valid %: excluding missing values

Row-column interchange: Right click on the output window / choose edit content / choose pivot-transpose rows & columns

EXERCISES FOR PRACTICING

Use frequency statistics to describe:The total number of male/female-headed HHs

in the researchThe number of HHs by ethnicityThe characteristics of HHs who have land

ownership certificate, nominal person, roof and toilet.

Describe table E3 (11-49)

2.1 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Function: indicate the allocation of variables, including the convergence & divergence level

Descriptive is often used to calculate the mean value of variables.

Objects: ratio variables (e.g., age, income, height, weight)

Command: Analyze Descriptive Statistic Descriptive

Read outputs

DESCRIPTIVE

DESCRIPTIVE

(Data taken from 1991 US General Social Survey)

OUTPUTS READING

- The minimum age of respondents is: 18- The maximum age of respondents is: 18 - The mean age of respondents is : 45.63

PRACTICING

Use Descriptive to describe: The mean age of HH heads in the research? The mean of Harvest (E5) The mean expense for chemical fertilizer

CROSSTAB

Function: analyze the correlation between 2 variables (compare the mutual dependence of 2 variables)

Objects: used for quantitative variables Command:

Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs Read outputs (see SPSS Handbook)

CROSSTAB

(Data taken from 1991 US General Social Survey)

CROSSTAB

Row(s): enter dependent variable (e.g. Land ownership certificate)

Column(s): enter independent variable (e.g. Sex)

CROSSTAB

Select Cells select Percentages by Row, Column, and Total

PRACTICING

Use crosstab to define:HH heads’ reading ability (literacy) (A4) and security

feeling of land-use right (D8)HH heads’ ethnicity (A7) and material of dwelling

roof (B2)HH heads’ ethnicity (A7) and material of dwelling

floor (B3)

COMPARE MEANS

Function: calculate and compare parameters of ratio variables by certain values (Means, standard deviation), often used to compare mean values.

Objects: quantitative variables (ratio variables and ordinal variables)

Command: Analyze Compare Means Means Read outputs (see SPSS Handbook)

COMPARE MEAN

(Data taken from 1991 US General Social Survey)

COMPARE MEAN

Dependent list: quantitative variables, measurable (e.g. farmland being watered)

Independent list: qualitative variables (e.g. HH heads’ ethnicity)

PRACTICING Use Compare Means to define:

Whether the average loan within last 12 months borrowed by a male HH head higher than that by a female one? (J5 & A3)

Among sources of loans (friends, relatives, banks) (J6), which source is most borrowed on an average?

COMPUTE

Function: combine variables into a new variable to calculate, compare and analyze.

Objects: quantitative variables Command: Transform Compute Variables Read outputs

PRACTICING

Generate a new variable demonstrating rice yield (including spring rice and seasonal rice) used in family.

Generate a new variable demonstrating cereals yield (including spring rice, seasonal rice, corn, other cereals)

Calculate mean rice yield/m2 and define if the HHs attended the agriculture encouragement classes have higher yield than those did not take part in the classes.

DRAW CHARTS

Analyze Descriptive statistics Frequencies Choose Charts (Pie, Bar…)

PRACTICING

Calculate mean height of children aged 1-5 in (based on year of birth) in each commune.