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Page 1: EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis · PDF file · 2016-01-19past participle hit, cried I have been there before. gone, been The pizza was gone. Figure 2-6 The five (5) verb

Jan-19-16—4:55 PM

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

1 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator Announcements

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

2 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator Today’s Menu •  A Review of English Syntax Part 2

> Verbs and Verb Phrases > Compound NPs > Adjective Phrases > Adverbial Phrase Overview

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Jan-19-16—4:55 PM

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

3 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator Review of English Syntax J. Allen’s Book Natural Language Understanding Ch. 2

•  2.3 Verb Phrases >  Verbs carry “mood” information

–  Assertions (Declarative) –  Queries (Interrogative) –  Commands (Imperative)

Mood Examples declarative or assertion The cat is sleeping. yes/no question Is the cat is sleeping? wh-question Who is sleeping? Which cat? imperative Shoot the cat!

Figure 2-5 Basic moods of sentences

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

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© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator Review of English Syntax •  Verb Phrases

>  A declarative sentence consists of an NP (called the subject) followed by a VP (called the object phrase or the predicate).

>  The standard notation is: S → NP, VP >  A simple VP: Adverbial modifiers followed by the head verb,

followed by its complements. Verbs are used in 1/5 basic forms Form Examples Example Uses base hit, cry Hit the ball!

go, be I want to go. simple present hit, cries The girl cries often.

go, am I am hungry. simple past hit, cried I was thirsty.

went, was I went to the bank. present participle hitting, crying I am crying a lot.

going, being Being tired is difficult. past participle hit, cried I have been there before.

gone, been The pizza was gone.

Figure 2-6 The five (5) verb forms

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Jan-19-16—4:55 PM

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

5 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator Review of English Syntax •  A Classes of Verbs

>  Verbs are classified as follows: –  Auxiliary {Aux} Verbs : be, do, have –  Modal Verbs: will, can, could, should –  Main Verbs: eat, run, believe

>  Aux & Modal verbs take a verb phrase as a complement ∴ you get a sequence of verbs each the head of its own verb phrase

•  Tenses of Verbs >  Tenses are sequences of verbs that form the basis of

establishing when a proposition (assertion) is true >  There are six(6) Basic & Progressive Tenses >  Verb groups encode Person & Number agreement >  Subject-Verb Agreement: There must be person (e.g. third

person) and number (e.g., sing. or plural) agreement between the first verb in a VP and and the subject NP

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

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© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator A Review of English Syntax Tense The Verb Sequence Example simple present simple present He walks to the store. simple past simple past He walked to the store. simple future will + infinitive He will walk to the store. present perfect have in present He has walked to the store.

+ past participle future perfect will + have in infinitive I have walked to the store.

+ past participle past perfect have in past I had walked to the store. (or pluperfect) + past participle

Figure 2-7 The basic tenses

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Jan-19-16—4:55 PM

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

7 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator A Review of English Syntax Tense Structure Example present progressive be in present He is walking to the store.

+ pres. participle past progressive be in past He was walking to the store.

+ pres. participle future progressive will + be in infinitive He will be walking home.

+ pres. participle present perfect have in present He has been walking home. progressive + be in past participle

+ pres. participle future perfect will + have in present He will have been walking. progressive + be in past participle

+ pres. participle past perfect have in past He had have been walking. progressive + be in past participle

+ pres. participle Figure 2-8 The progressive tenses

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

8 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator Simple VPs •  Most English verbs distinguish only the 3rd person sing. Number First Person Second Person Third Person Singular I am, I walk you are, you walk he is, she walks Plural we are, we walk you are, you walk they are, they walk

Figure 2-9 Person/Number forms of verbs

•  B. Transitivity & Passives >  Main Verb: Last verb in a verb sequence drawn from the open

class of verbs. Complementary structures may/not be allowed >  Intransitive: The main verb stands alone/requires no complement

John laughed (laugh cannot be transitive). Jan ran. John slept. >  Transitive: Requires a NP to follow the verb

John found a dollar (find cannot be intransitive). >  Both: Verbs like run can be both transitive and intransitive.

However the meaning of the verb is different in each case. John ran. John ran the computer.

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Jan-19-16—4:55 PM

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

9 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator Simple VPs •  Transitive Verbs Allow a Passive Form

>  Use a form of the be aux followed by past participle >  The NP that would be in the object position becomes the subject >  Tense is carried by the initial verb in the group >  The 1st NP is semantically the object but syntactically the subject >  Use pronouns to check (I was hit vs. Me was hit*) >  Tense/Number Agreement between the verb & syntactic subject

I was hit by them vs. I were hit by them.* >  If a verb allows two NPs to follow it, the 2nd NP corresponds to

the Object NP and is called the Direct Object John gave Sue a book. John found me a dollar.

>  The first NP is called the Indirect Object (e.g. Sue and me above) >  There is an equivalent sentence where the Indirect Object

becomes a PP John gave a book to Sue. John found a dollar for me.

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

10 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator Simple VPs •  Particles: {up, out, over, in, on, etc.}

>  Verb forms constructed from a verb + an additional word. These words are called particles and they overlap with prepositions

>  With look, take, or put you get different meanings, e.g., take out, take over, take up, take in

>  In some cases you get different interpretations as to whether you consider the word a particle or a preposition

I looked over the paper. ≣ I scanned the paper. I looked over the paper. ≣ I looked at some behind/above the paper

>  If the object is a pronoun you can make a sharp distinction between particles and prepositions. The pronoun must precede the particle & the pronoun must follow the preposition.

I looked it up. ≣ particle I looked up it. ≣ preposition

>  Particles may follow the Object NP, prepositions CANNOT I gave up the book to Mary or I gave the book up to Mary I climbed up the ladder vs. I climbed the ladder up*

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EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

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© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

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•  D. Clausal Comps: verbs allow clauses as complements >  Clauses share most of the same properties of sentences and may

have subjects, indicate tense, and occur in passive forms >  S[that] : A sentence preceded by that

–  I know that he is nice. I know that she has been nice. >  VP [inf] : A clause that involved the infinitive verb form

–  Josh wishes to see her. >  S[inf] : A clause that involves a sentence using the infinitive

–  John wishes for Sue to see him. >  S[wh] : complements that are wh-words, e.g., who, what, when,

where, how, why, whether, that, how many, etc. –  John knows who planned the party. John knows whether it is true.

•  E. Prepositional Phrase Complements: Many verbs require specific prepositions. Ex.: NP + PP[to] or NP + Locn

John gave a kiss to Mary John put the bike in the closet.

Simple VPs

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

12 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator Verb Complement Forms

Figure 2-11 Some common verb complement forms in English

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Jan-19-16—4:55 PM

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

13 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator Compound NPs •  2.4 Some NPs use sentences or VPs as sub-complements

>  Many require specific prepositional phrases love: PP [of] love of money familiarity: PP [with] familiarity with the course reliance: PP [on] reliance on himself

>  Nouns such as reliance or research take VP[inf] or S[inf] His desire to please his parents. His desire for Mary to open her heart.

>  NPs can be built out of clauses, e.g., S[that] can be a Subject. You can also use VP[inf], VP[ing], S[ing]

That I got an A was surprising. To own a Lexus would be great. For us to win would be a miracle. Giving up custody was unfortunate. Bill giving up Microsoft caused surprise.

>  Relative clauses are sentence forms used as modifiers in NPs which are introduced by relative pronouns who, which, that, etc

The woman who gave him trouble… The car that was on sale…

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

14 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator Compound NPs >  In relative clauses the embedded clause is a sentence

with an NP missing. If the missing NP is filled with the NP that the sentence modifies the result is a complete sentence that captures the same meaning as was conveyed by the relative clause

The girl gave him trouble. The car was on sale. He gave his OK to her

> Relative clauses can have passive forms The girl that was in trouble smiled at him.

> Base relative clauses need not be introduced by Pro. The woman John gave his heart to is married.

> Reduced relative clauses delete the Rel Pro & aux verb The woman given the money is beautiful…

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EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

15 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator ADJ Phrases •  2.5 A single adjective complement form used with verbs

>  Many require specific prepositional phrases pleased: PP [with] John was pleased with the test. angry: PP [at] John was angry at the dog. angry: S[that] John was angry that Sue cheated willing: VP [inf] He was willing to change

>  The more complex ADJ phrases are most commonly found as complements of verbs be and seem or follow the head of the NP. They generally cannot be used a modifiers preceding the head of NPs

>  ADJ may take a degree modifier preceding the head: very angry >  Complex degree modifiers are possible: far too heavy >  Some structures have degree modifiers with their own

complement forms: too stupid to come inside

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

16 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator ADV Phrases •  2.6 A single adverb complement form used with verbs

>  Many indicate the degree (very, rather, too) >  The manner in which something is done: slowly, hesitantly >  The frequency in which something is done: rarely, never, often >  They can occur in different positions:

Then, john gave Mary the book. John, then gave Mary the book. John gave the book to Mary then.

>  Adverbial Modifiers are constructed out of a wide variety and range on constructs such as location (in the box), manner (in great haste), frequency (every day), and time (when the clock rang). They can only occur in sentence initial or sentence final positions.

>  It is more useful to consider ADV phrases by function such as manner, temporal, freq, and duration than by syntax.

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Jan-19-16—4:55 PM

EEL6841: Machine Intelligence & Synthesis

17 University of Florida EEL 6841 – Class #11 Spring 2016

© Dr. A. Antonio Arroyo

Urban NaviGator

The End!