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DIPLOMACY
DEVELOPMENT
SECURITY
INFORMATION AGE
Shanthi Kalathil
and
in the
Sverine Arsne
David Faris
Sarah Granger
Craig Hayden
James Herlong
Gerald Hyman
Lorelei Kelly
Andrew Puddephat
Joseph Siegle
James Valentine
EDITOR
institute for the study of diplomacy
georgetownuniversityschoolofforeignservice
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ABOUT THE INSTITUTE
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iii
CONTENTS
Ack
Introduction
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Shanhi Kalahil
Diplomacy in the Information Age
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Craig Hayden
F A Scc A S:Sc M, Dc, Scf 21 C 35
David M. Faris
Development in the Information Age
T C IC D S Ac:c, S, Sf P 51
Sverine Arsne
Cc A Cc: Dc, D, N M 63
Gerald F. Hyman
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iv Contents
c A P 79
Andrew Puddephat
Security in the Information Age
Cbc M G S 99
Sarah Granger & Lorelei Kelly
M V Ex Acc I F S 113
Joseph Siegle
I Y A Sk A, I D N M 125
James Valenine & James Herlong
Ab A 139
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Shanhi Kalahil
Acknowledgments
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Introduction
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3
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Transparency and Volatility:
International Relations in the Information Age
Shanhi Kalahil
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4 Shanthi Kalathil INTRODUCTION
: ransparency -c volailiy.
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Transparency and Volatility: International Relations in the Information Age 5
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6 Shanthi Kalathil INTRODUCTION
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Transparency and Volatility: International Relations in the Information Age 7
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8 Shanthi Kalathil INTRODUCTION
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Transparency and Volatility: International Relations in the Information Age 9
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10 Shanthi Kalathil INTRODUCTION
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Transparency and Volatility: International Relations in the Information Age 11
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FRAMING FOREIGN POLICY IN AN ERA OF
TRANSPARENCY AND VOLATILITY
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Transparency and volatility are inherently
difcult or large bureaucracies but promise
opportunities or innovation in statecrat
and other areas.
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12 Shanthi Kalathil INTRODUCTION
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To harness opportunities in the inormation
age, states and nonstate actors alike should
ocus on a strategy o resilience, credibility,
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Transparency and Volatility: International Relations in the Information Age 13
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Diplomacy in the Information Age
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17
INTRODUCTION
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Social Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, and
Network Power
Craig Hayden
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18 Craig Hayden DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
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FROM CONTEXT TO PRACTICE
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Social Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, and Network Power 19
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20 Craig Hayden DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
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WORKING CONCEPTS FOR A
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Social Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, and Network Power 21
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22 Craig Hayden DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
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Social Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, and Network Power 23
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WHERE THE CHANGE IS HAPPENING
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24 Craig Hayden DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
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F k c c-c c .57 T c F
, , c . c -c k , c k cc. T -, c c . T U S, x-, c c bc. R, c - cb cc c- q b q c. Sc x, b cc c c c .
S c c bc cb cc b c, , c c b c. F cb cc b c bc cc bjc .58 B c c opic j cc cc b, inormed c cc. Tk c c
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Social Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, and Network Power 25
k c c-.
Conceptual Tools
W k k cc? T US c -c 21 C Sc cc. T c-c b c k b -z cz b c k c k , c -, cc cc, cc cc.
T aciliaion -
c (b bc c c) c b
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k c cc c - b c cc-. Hc social c.
B b c -c?
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c . W b c c b c. Ac , , b c (c) c . cc b c b- -c F Cc .B I c b ehic c. T -
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26 Craig Hayden DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
xc 2012 U- C [] N Fk Sc Cc:
E 2 c c bc c -c cc c U.S. .T c b c-c c c b cc cc c . T b c cc c j , c c b-
c bz cc.63
Sc c c x-cb c b U.S. - c, , bjc. T k z cc diplomaicpos.
I 2011 cc b cc bcc G W U,U.S. c c xc c c c, - cc c U S.Pbc c c A S cb c U.S. b Fc-
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b
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cc.T b x, , cb
c public c cx c . T - 21 C Sc c c cc.
21ST CENTURY STATECRAFT AND
[PUBLIC] DIPLOMACY
T 21 C Sc b x, c, c b b kc. T cc c U.S. S D Ac R, Sc S HC. R cb 21 C Sc c c - k, c-, c k .66
Sc c c- bc, R c, cc c k
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Social Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, and Network Power 27
c - . W 21 CSc c b- U.S. c c,
cc c-c . A QDDR , c- cc, c-b, cc 21 c. M, cc , k, b k.67 - c c c -
c b c c .
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c c c - b c. Acc- R, c c c b c c.68 Sc c k c c c c c c.R U S c k cc b, c c c .69
j c, R c U.S. -c . c cc-k, c b -c c c. T - b c c- bz c c c - . T U S c- -c kc c c -c b.
S 21 C S-c c c S D
k V S F Sc, c-b c c@S cc c -
c, A
Ac c b c , - b c - c.70 - C- Sc b c F Cc , c U S cc -c, c, cc b c.71
I, R bjcpublic c 21 C
Sc. D 2012, R - 21 C Sc bq bc c. R, bc c k .72 R c bc -c c bc c c, - cc-.
I bc c, R c c b c c c
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b c k .73 Y c 21 C Sc cc b c k c c c bc c.74 T cc cc c bc c k c c
b S x b Sc
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28 Craig Hayden DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
C cb U.S. c - QDDR:
[] b
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jc. E Mz k k - .77 Mz b c- cc c - c cc.
A b R c cb bc -c b c . Pbc c b b b -c . I, b bc cand c c, cz, z.
T R c c c k QDDR
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b c b .78 Dc b cc b. H, c c R , , b c QDDR z , k, c c cc.
CONCLUSION
T c c b c - c k. O , c c c -
b c c c b c. S c c cc bc -c, b cc ,bc, c cc .c b , b c -c cc.
Y b cx c -
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Social Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, and Network Power 29
. O , k cb k c c (k 21 CSc) c
c cqc k bc. P c b cb, cc c c.
B cb b c .N -c b - c c cc. I, b c c
- c.79 I c U.S. c c - c .B U.S. Ab- Bz T S c c c c bc -c c cc.80 T bc cc cc c -. S E R,
, Foreign Aairs 1922, b c bc . S q :
A [R] cb -c b c -c c c bjc . A c c j b jc ccb c c bf -
j.81
T c cc c b c- c c . R bc , , b -
c. Ic, xcb cc c . T b Zbb, Bc W-, Ac q b c c c c .82
B b cqc c cz k as b-cbc b cc k c c- c . I ,
b c c- b c bc bc. A b, b b - cc c. A , cc xc c cc c b c --b.83
Apower c c cz c cc-c k .84 A c c -c cc c c U S
ccc c k , c, c. c c c. V- z. T q -
b cb , cc z, k, c cc. I - c , b c c, c c -, b c c c b c .
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30 Craig Hayden DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
ENDNOTES
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P. Dz, Digial Diplomacy: U.S. Foreign Policy in heInormaion Age (W, C: G PbG, 2001); M E Pc, Media and Sover-eigny: Te Global Inormaion Revoluion and Is Chal-
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Sc (T Ac U, W, DC,
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C E I Pc, W-
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__bc_c_20.
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C D D.
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E Ccc, E ,
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T D, Public Diplomacy, (S 2010):2439.
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P.
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Nk Cc M Cc
Pbc Dc, Hague Journal o Diplomacy 2: 3(2007): 213228.
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C.
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Kb, W H. D, Mc T, Pb-
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42. S W-W, Rk D D-
c: A N E Ac Pc (
C E I Pc, W-
, DC, M 17, 2012). ://c.
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45. S, P, N, T F
Dc.
46. I B N, T E Sc D-
c: Sc P U,Inernaional Rela-ions 17: 3 (Sb 1, 2003): 341369. 47. M C, Te Power o Ideniy. Te Inor-maion Age: Economy, Sociey, and Culure (M, MA:
Bck, 1997). 48. Mz, Te Ne Delusion. 49. W. Lc B, N M P:
T I Gb Ac, Conesing Me-dia Power: Alernaive Media in a Neworked World, .Nck C J C (R & L,
2003), . 1738.
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R, Diplomacy & Saecra 21: 2(2010): 286.
52. W, P: Dc T
D.
53. C Ojk, C G (Sc-
L, I, F N P-
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54. S N, Rk K
Pbc Dc N A: A C
Pc Cc ( T Bk-
I, W, DC, M 30, 2012).
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F, S S G: B
Bck Cb Ac Pbc D-
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Sc.
67. 21 C Sc (W, DC:
U.S. D S). ://../-
c//x..
68. R, Rk D Dc. 69. Ib.
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N D W, Washingon Diploma, J 27,2011. ://..c/x.?I
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c.
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Cc. 82. Bc W, Rk T L T
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84. C, Communicaion Power.
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35
INTRODUCTION
Sc b c - cz c . O c, , b k b x c -c c. U, , q .C c c-c c c cc? A ,
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cc cc. T b ccz c k A Scc b c I c A S.
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Men c c c S, A S
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cc Sb 11,2012, c A-c b C Lb ck U.S. c Bz, c U.S. b Lb, J. C S. T C - b U.S.-c c T Icc M,
c b c bb Abc - Yb . T Yb
c P M . A bc c b
b, L Scz, bc c U.S. b C, b cc, USEbC,1 k c b U.S. c. T :
T Eb U S C c- c b - M- c b . , 11
From the Age of Secrecy to the Age of Sharing:
Social Media, Diplomacy, and Statecraft in the
21st Century
David M. Faris
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36 David M. Faris DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
Sb 11, 2001, ck U S, Ac - cc. Rc
b c Accc. W jc c b
b c b .2
T Rbc , MR, z c Ob -z ck. W R c-cz Scz c Ob -
ck Lb, c b Ob qck c -
b b b b W. W c, b c-c, -c Yb, b A S ,
k .W c Sb
2012, Ac c b - k-bck , Ab Fcbk b, c-c, cc U.S. c c-, c, . A , Ac b bc c -. T C b b b c -c S D. T c , bc cc cc , E, Lb . Cz b -
cc bc c- x c b z . A , c cc b-
, c U.S. - b E I -, k TIcc M. F, c cc ,
c c c --cc - b . I c b U.S. - Ab S b -z . B
k c b c bc. Bc I -b Ac b, U S b c c c bc I c c k B S Ab c cc A-c . I , c - c c - Ab cz cb zc--c c c. F cc , c c
Ac , c . I , Acc cc c, b, c,
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From the Age of Secrecy to the Age of Sharing 37
- c b b z Ac c. T c Ac b-
c c Ac k c k c c c b cz .
THE AGE OF SECRECY VERSUS THE
AGE OF SHARING
M c b cb b MkP J. E. Sc c c c, c .3 ,
cc b . Scc b b b cc k c b
c c . T c () bc, b b -c c cc. T c jz cc c, -
b. Wkk x k c
b . D c bc cb c, c cb, c b c b c
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bc c cc U.S. . N ck -. T c c bb
cc c U.S. -cc .
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, bc , bc c
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c - c b A-Jz bc - c A-c- b c c b I c Lb, c. B A S b k c- E c, ccb Ac - E Ob - c vole ace b HMbk .
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38 David M. Faris DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
c. T 1950 1990 (c b A-Jz) c ,
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Q cc c b b ? O c. B q c
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A E-S E b - 1977 b c b
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From the Age of Secrecy to the Age of Sharing 39
, , ck, , cc. O c k c, -
b , k-, b cz c cc, Dcb 2010.
THE RISE OF THREE-LEVEL GAMES
T c k U S c c . I 1980, R R- c c c
c b xc -cc c M E. T cc c
b ccz b c c- Rb P -
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c , c, , q xc. , , b -c j (A-Jz
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b c , c c --(: c c) --- z (NGO) cc. T
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b c , c M E, - c bc c c c .
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40 David M. Faris DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
D b c c c b c c c c kE, k b -
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SECRET CORRUPTION, OPENLY EXPOSED
T B Ac c . c
Wkk b. T bb .T xc B
A cq xc c . B c Wkk c cb c c b c .10T B A cc b , b b-b c cc b k c cb. I c b c- b k
b b Wkk bb -c c c c.T ccz k -c cb b b c b Nawaa, Fc b S B Gb cb-
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From the Age of Secrecy to the Age of Sharing 41
bc c B A.
T c c c c -
A Scc. A, b c c x c- k c k c b x. E KFk bc ck 1940, b E c V. Mk c c b, A Scc, k k . B A S, k c
c ( Rbcc McK 11) . T cc Fc c ,
F M Mc A-M c- Fc c . I A Scc, c- b b Le Monde,
b A S, cc b b Fc ck c -c . W A-M c Fc c ; , c c -c.
A-M ( c ) b b c . I b -c --c k b b
c , cz , c bjc, , -
k cc. I A Scc, b Fc c c q c bB A, -c cc. B A
S, c b b c ( c k b x qck), k --
q xc c BA - b. O b, c c - c Skz
. T Ob b
j - E, Vc P J B c Mbk c . C, c c
c , , . A , cR, bc c- . B c- , bc c -c cb - . F c, c c
b . I b cc , cc - .
THE PERSONAL ACQUAINTANCE IS POLITICAL
T c Fcbk c bc z - c.C Sk c b z .12 Sk cc c - -- c c cb c c
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42 David M. Faris DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
c cc c. S c c Fcbk , -c c k. T -
, b K,13 c cc b b - c k cc.14 Sk c z Ab S, k bc c cb c c c. W A
A K S b Fcbk cb- c J-
25, b k cc jj, J 25 bc O cb E c c, b
b -2000.15 T b-, N A, W Abb, H- E-H, b b , c, - b . B b, c c c c .
B cc b c-. E c b,k D K, q j, c, c D K. T , , - c. Cc , b b c, b-b c b D K, R C Pc, c b x -c Ac c . O Fcbk, cc
b bc b c cc- c b c.T c, c c
c .T c c bck c c -, b k c bck Fcbk, k k .
T c bc c
c. A
E , Mbk
bc -c c bcc
cc ccb b c b Mbk c -. B k,
jc b c . L A-Jz,c , c jc . T ,
b, c. S, , q
b, bc jc . T, bc c c , c cqc Mbk. T k c - c c, b b b .
T - - c -
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From the Age of Secrecy to the Age of Sharing 43
. O D C, c Sq z -c , c
b . P- c
b b c. W GAb N c, Sx-DW b, E c c-, cz , cb, -, b . , b b cz,
#c-. O c Fcbk b
c . I c, c b , 2011. Dc -c b c b U S I c c E , -b z xc , b
b b b c c, c c E -, Fcbk, b, x b . N b . M c E k b c . T -, b W z,
b I. T kc, c, b E Mz,
kR C I .16 G k bc c, k c c c U.S. ck
M E.
ENGAGING HORIZONTAL NETWORKS
H U S c A S? F, xz - - c, k, j b c b M E. T b U.S. -, cc. O U.S. - c c b - k b
Ac c, , k. T U.S. D Ec U.S. c cq xc , b k k ck - b c bcc. Fb c, F L
A S (FLAS) c, -c c c . T c bc k U.S. b cc -. A , c, E
k, c, c , , b U.S. . T b , c b - k c.
O b-c c cc E.I k , c c cc - b
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44 David M. Faris DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
, c c . G k c b j 21 C Sc.
B Ac k U S b -c , k Ab c c c?T c k bjc c U.S. ck . Cc A-c Abc, - E c, -c c c b c U.S. ck b
z E b bAc k k - cc b Ac c c b b c.
Cc k-b, b U.S. c b c .T S D C Ic Ac (CIA) Bk b, b -c c c b c bk c, c, cc b. Rc c, c c U.S. - b, cc A Sccc. T c cc- b c ,k, cc c b b . O Mc K , S D- b c c k b b c c.17 I A S, b c c
c cb cc , , k c k CIA.
, Ac ck b cb c bb. T c cb k
b c . Rb c-c Fcbkc x cz bc cc S D- Ac I. T bc , J C-
c b c.18 Bck Ob , b cc c c.B b c-c bck-- , -c bx. T c b .
A c, C b c k c S D- - c . C, c bc - b c b. T c Ob , S D b b cc b- b -Ac
c x.19 B C b ck bck U.S. T Icc M cc b M
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From the Age of Secrecy to the Age of Sharing 45
B E Abc cc, . I c, -
b E bc k ck b c -
c b b bc c. A U.S. b c k b b c cc , c c k b cc b- c c. T b b bc . A . I A , c
W . B
c , b - .
CONCLUSION
T c, c-c c , bck xc . F c, j , b
b, c- A Scc. T ck b c bk, b bck. I c c A Scc -, b : S cz, . T c -cc -k
. T q bc c, b - . I b c A S c -. S b k
bc , b c b c c, c .
Sc b ck q-
b c c c. F c, c c U.S. c ? A .., k c? A -? T c- cc U.S. -
b C (@USEbC) b c (.., c b c).20
O cx bb U.S. , cc, c M E? T -c q c b b ,- c. W q, U.S. ck b A Scc A S b .
F U.S. c, -b b U.S. c M E k c bc, cz -
k , x c c -ck c. I c cc . C, c A S cb cb - b U S. T b c k M E, b. T A S cc - c k B S
Ab c
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46 David M. Faris DIPLOMACY IN THE INFORMATION AGE
c b xc b kbc. I b c- k J B Mc A-M - -
b c bc . I - M Ac c c k
bc bc k -c b b . T c c c cb c.I c US c k bc
b . T U S c : c
bck xc, c z k, , -c-b b- .
W cc , c b .
ENDNOTES
1. J R, I Pbc R D
C Eb, T Cb, Foreign Policy (S-b 12, 2012). ://cb.c.c/
/2012/09/12/__bc__-
___c_b.
2. G K, T R C R-
E C Eb S,
Washingon Pos, Sb 13, 2012. ://. .c / b / c - c ck / /
--c-----
c-b-/2012/09/13/9786b6-0-111-b153-2185099541_b..
3. Mk P J. E. Sc, O Sc,
Qb A A: T Ic Wkk
Dc,Deence Sudies 11:2 (J 2011): 236.
4. W R, Arab Mass Media: Newspapers,Radio and elevision in Arab Poliics, (N Yk, NY:P, 2004).
5. I A, I U I A
A P, Chrisian Science Monior, J 4,2010. ://.c.c/W/2010/0104/
I--I----.
6. Rb P, Dc Dc P-
c: T Lc -L G,Inernaional Orga-nizaion 42:3 (S 1988): 427-460. 7. Bc G, Ac Pbc Dc:
E Ccc, E ,
Hague Journal o Diplomacy 6 (2011): 351-372.8. H R C, Rk I-
Ac L C
Cb (S Fcc, CA, Ocb 15, 2010). ://
../c//2010/10/149542.. 9. J Lc, D Dc. NewYork imes Magazine, J 16, 2010. ://..c/2010/07/18/z/18b2-0-.
/?=.
10. Mk, W Ac:
I , c cb b
WkLk Ab cc c
bck U.S. c,Foreign Policy, J 25, 2011.://.c.c/c/2011/01/25/
__c?c=.
11. Rbcc McK, Consen o he Neworked:Te Worldwide Sruggle or Inerne Freedom (N Yk,NY: Bc Bk, 2012).
12. C Sk, Here Comes Everybody: Te Power oOrganizing Wihou Organizaions (N Yk, NY: P- P, 2008).
13. K, N O N: T E
S E E R 1989,
World Poliics 44: 1 (Ocb 1991): 7-48. 14. S Bkc, D H, I
Wc, A T F, F, C, C
C I Cc,Journal o Poliical
Economy, 100: 5 (Ocb 1992): 992-1026.15. D F, Dissen and Revoluion in a DigialAge: Social Media, Blogging and Acivism in Eg yp(L-: I.B. C., 2012).
16. E Mz, Te Ne Delusion: Te Dark
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From the Age of Secrecy to the Age of Sharing 47
Side o Inerne Freedom (PbcA, 2011). 17. Mc K, Dc: S
D 2.0, All Tings Considered, N PbcR, Fb 21, 2012.
18. J C, Wiki a War: Conic in a SociallyNeworked World (2012).
19. S c Rb D. K Te Arabiss:
Te Romance o an American Elie (N Yk, NY: TF P, 1995).
20. .k.c. D Sb 4,
2012. T C b k 109,184. F
c, E z- R N Nk (RNN) k 684.
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Development in the Information Age
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51
THE RISE OF ICT IN DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
AND THE ADVENT OF NEW PLAYERS
Ic, c k c .c c - ccb c 2005Paris Declaraion on Aid Eeciveness, c- 2008 b Accra Agenda or Acion.1 I 2011, Busan Parnership or Eecive Developmen Co-operaion2 c.
I cc c- (IC) c c . A c cc IC - (IC4D).3 I IC ( c cc , c c) c c.4
T IC c -. O , c c c-, c c, c,5 c cb c c c . F c, c b- c c bc c
.
O , IC c b - jc. B bcz - , c, c, cc.Mj , c W Bk,6, 7 U.S.
Ac I D (USAID),8 c k Oz- Ecc C D(OECD),9 , , k z- IC c c -b c c.
A x, OECD D C k Wk10
Wk.11
I cx, -c b ICc c. T c Ac, IC -c cc bckb c c j b -, c. C c c c k Ac bc b c-c c.
The Chinese ICT Development Strategy in Africa:
Transparency, Sovereignty, and Soft Power
Sverine Arsne
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52 Sverine Arsne DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
S c c -c C c cc. F x, C cc c
b c b b, x- c, c , c c, ,12 , c, c cc
Ac c c- b cc.13
I c c C . I,I k b
cc IC c.I, c
k , x c .14 T
ccc c b bq c cc c, c j c, -c, cc b c . I c bI c . I , I x c b - k c
b b IC.T c k C, c
c c b c, xc c x .
CHINA HAS BECOME A CENTRAL PLAYER IN
AFRICAN ICT DEVELOPMENT
C b -c c . I c Ac c c
cb c , b c -b C c c jc.
C c c- b C M Cc(MOFCOM) xc C- c bkC Ex Bk CD Bk. S c b C c c c (ODA) b OECD D Ac C. T c cc (bz)
b Ex Bk. Acc China Whie Paperon Foreign Aid b C S Cc,
Ac c 45.7 c C 2009.15 T Whie Paper on China-
Aica Economic rade and Cooperaion, bb I Oc C S Cc 2010, 2007 2009, C -
US$5 b - x b c Ac. I US$10 b Ac 2010 2012.16, 17
I c, C - c Ac c , cc- OECD ( c- O Oc F), cb c . T - c x b c ( ) c c C c x Ac. Db B q L R, C Ex Bk, c 2007 $20 b x b c
. S b 2010, C D- Bk c $10 b jc Ac cc .
B, C c bk c c c k C c Ac cb
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The Chinese ICT Development Strategy in Africa: Transparency, Sovereignty, and Soft Power 53
c, x b c, c, .
T C c c c Ac c c
b c F C-Ac C-,18 c
c 2000. I OECD, MD C -c c, - c k c c bk c C- c k c c Ac. Tb C c b c (FDI) cccc -.19 A Ac b C -, C , , C
Ac c cb,k C k c Ac, cb ( c) c cqc b cc c.
W c c- , c xc, , -c c, c b c jc cc. F x, Whie Paperon Chinas Aican Policy CG C-Ac c , elecommunicaions, c-c, cc c-.20
A , c c C -c H ZE bc j, cc -cc k - c. O kx c E, , cc B, ZE b c E G M cPjc, c US$1.5 b .21 I 2008,ZE c xc b
E cc bckb -k.22
I. CITIZENS RIGHTS
O k c b c-c IC b , -, c c. IC cc b c c.T z c bcc b c -cc bc c. E- ccb c. I , -
cc b c c c. I , IC
b cc b c c- cc .
I c, c cc C c zz, bcC c c- cc c I . T z R- W B q C - I23 bc c c-c cb. C
H RC c I F 2010.24
I c, b q c , cc C
b IC cc c cc, c q- k b IC, -c, cz. T I C -z c b - . A z bc -c ccb IC. A
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54 Sverine Arsne DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
, C cz x c b c c , b c q .25 Rbcc McK c
k .26T, cc
c Ac C cc cc, b cc- cc cc. I, C cc
Ac c c cc x c bc .
T x Ac c c cc. E
c cc b , -
c ( 1.1 c E- cc I ).27T c ck c
bck x c c , k c b C $1.5 b.28 E c k c I c (VIP) cc c c - c q cc , cc R WB.29 T , c -c k b, k ccc C c Ic cc ( - b c ).
H, Ac c C c c -c c c. T c c. F x, E c, O NkI c I -
Sb-S Ac,30 c M E N Ac
I c.31T c b c
c c ICc ( I cc - c M E N A-c Sb-S Ac, c c c) , c, , c C .
W c, , -q b Ac , c c- c b c xc c32 b b c
C c, c cq c k. I c,C c - b c c c c - c. B H ZE c I c c c- , cc b I c jc.33
A b , C c- c k b, c -c . T cx ICc c x , b
bc cbc .
II. TRANSPARENCY, CYBERSECURITY, AND
SOVEREIGNTY
Pc bc IC b cc, c bc . F x,
c H, G , c c b C
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The Chinese ICT Development Strategy in Africa: Transparency, Sovereignty, and Soft Power 55
q c c-c c, c bc-, c c.34 A- b b c c
x , k c ( c) (bz c). O c c c, b C .
T cc cb-c bc b, C U S b k cb .35 I c-x, U S A b
H ZE c b b k cc jc -.36M, U.S. C
k q c -c c C c U.S. cc37 cc C c q k b k U.S. k.38 I b C c C c cb ck.39 I , - c cbc c IC .
, c C c b b ccb cbc. F, c k
b C C P C c. T
c C, qc c cc -b c b 1980 c-c , b c cc c. F x, H-
, R Z, k c CP Lb A c. S
Y, c, k CM S Sc.40 A H c, k C-
b b (c C- ).
B, ck c C jc Ac () .41 C D Ac C- b c .I c bk
b c b c. T ck cc -- b C Ac c cc c-
, c c c cc.42 T c xc, c IC -c c. H, c , , C, c b b - b x .
I, C bk c C - . T, c b C 2000, c C c -
b c C- c x k. T b MOFCOM M F A C c cc c. I , jc c- c C c-c x, c x c cc.
T C cc c , , c c cc .43 I Dcb 2010, H-
Cb Sc E C
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56 Sverine Arsne DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
G B44 b c . I 2011, c,
b KPMG,
H b b (b c cc S Y M S Sc , c b R ).45H b c U.S. ck k, c c H c .46
T c c-b C cc- c. IC c b x- C, c
b . A c, ck c k b c , j k ccc C. A , -, H ZE k C - cq k. A b cc b c b , c c c C c c c- b c . I , c - C c b - c c k c cbc .
Ac, Ac , cb-c c-c. A c c c k-, Acc jc IC c. M, -
Ac b z c c b c
b c.47 I, c cc c- c. Fc
z ( IM F, W Bk) c- c c- c (-z, , ,c.).
I , c c C- cc b c Ac c k c .
C c c c , c c c c .
B ?
III. THE OPAQUE POWER OF NORMS
, C c c c - cc Ac. H,
Ac - c C b .
A c, C - c c .B J N ,48 C b c cc - b b C c, c, k, , c-c k-.49 T b x C c ,c Ac.50 T x Cx, c, IC cc .
I, Ac k cb . C
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The Chinese ICT Development Strategy in Africa: Transparency, Sovereignty, and Soft Power 57
cc - c c c c .M, k b C-
c Ac C b cc. A C c b C c I Ek Fc (IEF) I c-c U (IU),51 c C q k cc. T, b - k c cccc cc,
c C c.
A b cc k C -c Ac c-c c. F x, H G c c c K ( Ac).52C c - Ac IC x ?
A k I c-c R, c bck 1988, b 2012, C k c c k c-c U N IU.53T k c c c - c k c C, c , k, c c, xc .54
I cx, C c , ( ) -
k c c c (c US). T - -- z b c
bb c.T b c. T IU b xc cc Ac c k c C .
CONCLUSION
T c c k C cq c
c Ac c c. I - cc c, k b , c cbc b cc c.
N C cc c cc. C c,, c c c ccb A-c c. C c, , c , , c cz x. B -k x C IC c c c k b IC, -c, cz. T
c c cc c c.
A cqc, C Ac . I b-c Ac c b - bjc c, c c. Ac c, c , ,
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58 Sverine Arsne DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
c c. A , - c cc c Ac c.
C c
cbc Ac c c c . A c , , z cc xc c . T cc c- c k xc c cc c b c.
H, C c- jc - c b , cq k k - . M , C , c c C b cc,cc, c . B Ac IC c c . T c ck b c c H ZE, c, k, c c c.T c cc c cc cc, c q- b c (c -c) c .
W C c c b c-c c c k
b. W c c b c-
( j) b b c
Ac.55T -
c c c cc .56T k q bc , bc cc cc. Oc b k IC , b c c-. T, c c, c-c , c b c c, b c ,
cc c x - cz.
ENDNOTES
1. Paris Declaraion on Aid Eeciveness (2005) Accra Agenda or Acion (2008). .c./-c/11/41/34428351..
2. ://.c./b4/-
//4/OUCOME_DOCUMEN_-_FI-
NAL_EN..
3. U,IC4D: Inormaion and Communi-caion echnology or Developmen (Cb U- P, 2009). S j c
: Inormaion echnology or Developmen;
Inormaion echnologies and Inernaional Developmen;Elecronic Journal o Inormaion Sysems in DevelopingCounries, c. 4. A ,
c- -
c IC c
cc, cc, c, c
. S bb b IP-Lz,IClogy. ://c./bb. 5. J C. B, P . J, J M.
G, U IC c c c:
E- c -
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The Chinese ICT Development Strategy in Africa: Transparency, Sovereignty, and Soft Power 59
c c, Governmen InormaionQuarerly 27: 3 (J 2010): 264-271. 6. W Bk, Inormaion and communicaionor developmen 2012Maximizing mobile (W-
, DC: 2012). ://c.bk./EXINFORMAIONANDCOMMUNICAION-
ANDECHNOLO GIES/Rc/IC4D-2012-R-
..
7. W Bk,Inormaion and communicaions ordevelopmen 2009: exending reach and increasing impac(W, DC, 2009). ://b.bk./
WBS IE/E XERNAL/OPICS /EXINFORM A-
IONANDCOMMUNICAIONANDECHNOLO-
GIES/EXIC4D/0,,cMDK:22229759~PK
:5870649~PK:64168445~PK:64168309~S
PK:5870636,00..
8. S c ://../_k/cc___/_c.
9. Rc Hk, T IC4D (M-
c, UK: OECD D c k
, I D Pc M-
, 2009).
10. ://.k./x./
OECD_D_C.
11. ://k./x./N_H.
12. F x, A b H ZE
b bc k J
bc b c cc
bb. J S, H, ZE b A-
,I News (J 14, 2012). ://..c./N/304858,-z-b--.x.
13. Db B, China, Aica, and he globalaid archiecure (Abj, I C: Ac D- Bk, 2010). ://.c.//c-
//R-k--c-c--c-
c-A-2010.; M D, How Chinais inuencing Aicas developmen (P, Fc: OECDD C, 2010); J Lk, F-
, , Occasional UI papers 5
(2011). 14. S, x, Rbcc McK, Conseno he Neworked: Te Worldwide Sruggle or Inerne Free-dom (N Yk: Bc Bk, 2012). 15. C S Cc, China Whie Paper on For-
eign Aid (Bj, C: Mc 21, 2011). ://-..c/c/2011-04/21/c_1849913..
16. I Oc S Cc, WhiePaper on China-Aica Economic rade and Cooperaion
(Bj, C: Dcb 2010). ://..c/c/2010-12/23/c_1771603..
17. B C (ODA)
Ac b $1.2 b 2008 bb
$1.4 b 2009. Db B, C A:
W, W, W H c? Rising China.Global challenges and opporuniies, . J G L S (Cb, A: ANU E P, 2011),
. 203222. ://.../-c/-
/2011/08/c131..
18. F C-Ac C (Bj,
C). ://.cc.//.
19. D, How China is inuencing Aicas develop-men. 20. I Oc S Cc, WhiePaper on Chinas Aican Policy (Bj, C: J2006). ://..c.c/200601/12/
20060112_234894.. E .
21. Db B, C A, . 203
222.
22. ZE C, ZE H E
cc C B N N-
k, ZE (Bj, C: J 2, 2008). ://.z.c .c/ /_c //200807/
20080703_156835..
23. R W B, W D A
Cb C (Mc 12, 2011) (P, Fc).
://c12..//#cc.
24. H R C, I F-
, Foreign Policy (J 21, 2010). ://.c.c/c/2010/01/21/_
?=.
25. S A, Inerne e poliique en Chine(P, Fc: K, 2011); S A,
C : I, c ,Poliique
rangre 2 (2012): 291303. 26. Rbcc McK, C Nk A-, Journal o Democracy 22: 2 (2011): 3246.
27. IU (G, Sz, 2011). ://.
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60 Sverine Arsne DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
./IU-D/c/c/x/x..
28. A Jcb, C N M A
Mk I Ac, NY.c, A 16,
2012. ://..c/2012/08/17//
c/c---k---c.?=.
29. R W B, G
c (P, Fc: J
7, 2012). ://../---
-c--07-06-2012,42735..
30. ON I, Sb-S Ac.
://./c//c.
31. ON I, M E N A-
c. ://./c//.
32. I c k
Cc, McA, Wb c c-
. H N J Yk, WesCensoring Eas: Te Use o Wesern echnologies by MiddleEas Censors, 20102011, ON I, Mc2011, ://./-c----
-c---c-2010-2011.
33. S Sck, Fz F L
C, H, C c G, A I, WSJ.
c, Ocb 27, 2011. ://.j.c/c/
SB100014240529702046445045766515035778232
10.; B B, ZE H ,
cb I b c
, Te Verge (Mc 24, 2012). ://..c/2012/3/24/2898835/z----
--cb--b-c-.
34. A Mb, C-K: Kb -
c H x-
, Allaica, M 26, 2012. ://.c.c//201205260006..
35. Nck Hk, US C cb
, .c.k, A 16, 2012. ://.
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37. Mc K, US C I-
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R, Ocb 8, 2012. ://k..c/-
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39. I Oc S Cc, WhiePaper on he Inerne in China (Bj, C: J 15,2010). ://c..c///
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40. K B, H c c -
US, Financial imes, A 19, 2011. ://..c/c//0/6593b90-684-110-464-00144-
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45. Economis, H, T c -b M. R, J 2, 2011. ://.c.
c//18771640. 46. Sc E. A, D A
D, C H C IPO [ bc
], Wall Sree Journal, Ocb 4, 2012. ://.j.c/c/SB10000872396390443493304
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The Chinese ICT Development Strategy in Africa: Transparency, Sovereignty, and Soft Power 61
578036860213855012..
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b cc , Review o Aican Poliical Econ-omy 31: 99 (2004): 1129 ; O S, D -
q cq: - cc S, ic&soci 5:23 (2012). ://cc../1030 ; J
S, T W C
cc c Ac c-
, elemaics and Inormaics 21: 1 (2004): 1124. 48. J S. N, So power: he means o success inworld poliics (N Yk: Pbc A, 2004). 49. B G Yz H, Sc
C , Survival 48: 2 (2006): 1736.
50. Jcb, C N M; I G-
, M Rk Nc S, China inAica: a new approach o media developmen? (U Ox, 2010). ://c./c--
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c Lb Sc (MPLS). C Gb-
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53. Rb McD, T U.N. T I
F, WSJ.c, Fb 21, 2012. ://.
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U S P Sb-S Ac T U.S.
I? Join Force Quarerly 64 (J 2012). ://..//c----..
56. Lc L, Code and oher laws o cyber-space (N Yk, Bc Bk, 1999).
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63
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(USAID) b b c, cb- c C b ccz ccc b ,k W Bk bk.
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b c. F , bjc , c , c , b ck Sb 2001 N Yk W b x cc q k
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b q bc c
Complicating the Already Complicated:
Diplomacy, Development, and the New Media
Gerald F. Hyman
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64 Gerald F. Hyman DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
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Ac c b c c.G c z b, c, , b,
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DIPLOMACY AND DEVELOPMENT:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONS
N k c c c,
c c U S, , - ( c), . Ic, C c -
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b policy c D S. T S D c, USAID, c
c ESF , c c, ( c) b .S b k q c S Oc M B, S b c b
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Complicating the Already Complicated: Diplomacy, Development, and the New Media 65
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c . I US-AID k c cc. S S c, USAID cc .2
B c c c, c b c. I b b c c c . S c c b.3 I -
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bc c. E cc c, $750 c ck
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, jc b . S , ESF c jc c, c c c c, . I , b cc c c
b c c- ESF .
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c b c ,b, c.
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66 Gerald F. Hyman DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
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bq c cc,
V. Sck b b b S H, b c c c, b, c c bz c. I, US c, -c : Iq, ( c) A. A V,
j c -q j . T cc c, -
G D P c- A F M 3-24, b bb, c, , b c b c. T c . T b c. T b , cc, c -
. H b b b (A) b (Iq), c b U S, b- b c.
H, , c c c S US-
AID cb , c c U S -c, b c cc c c c . A V, c bc - cc . M, - b q c c
b. F x, C E-c R P (CERP) c
c c- c b c , , c. I , CERP jc, b jc
b , ck , c. S- x b - , c, U S c cc .O c, c -c c CERP . T , cc .
M, , c b, b - b c c
c c c-c , c c c b. S, b c b ( b ) - c c - cc, -, cc c . I- S USAID c c , x cc (PR), c jc c c c c -k k - b .
A b c , cc c S USAID,c , W , Q Dc DR (QDDR), c.4
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Complicating the Already Complicated: Diplomacy, Development, and the New Media 67
F x, PR Iq A,c c b c cc- , b
c bc c c , , c c -c. D jc c c cc bjc , b , b-
jc c b , j kc c. S, c cx x b, c , c , -
c , c -. T , c c q , c c . TS USAID c - c ( ,c PR ) ,
b , USAID c c S c, c.5 S ck : ; S; USAID. D-c, , c c c. D-
- cc c . B c- c ( c) , U.S. c c- .6
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c, cc - c b . A x Sc S H RC QDDR c c, cc
c S US-AID.7 A Cc Sbz O b ( - c) S. T c cc b , -- k c , b k c c b S USAID. N b cc cc, c c b c b, b -, c . C-
q c , c, .
T c c c c- b c, -, c. I c b , D D- b c - q , -c b. T c c U S b- b cc. A b c c D D - , c -c .
T c cA-c b x. N sae Ac , cc, U.S. c xc : c;
b c b b b b ; - b; k c
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68 Gerald F. Hyman DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
U.S. securiy , c Ac b -c b b A Q
c- , Ac c b, c c c b D D N SecuriyCc. R b Ac, c c c C W, c. I-, c
b b c -
, c, cc bc .
S c c -c c cc -b, c S USAID QDDR. U N S-c S 2010, bc -- c c-, c c Dc , c - c b S USAID.T c b c cc. A j . I c, b D b S USAID b .8 I-, b
b S USAID c c b c D
b S USAID . S c,c, -c k x b cc
bc c c . Dc c k S Lk C,
S Pk, q- .
THE INFORMATION AGE
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c k cx, cc c - c c c.
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W c - c , , k, , ( bjc k- c bc cc bc) b b bz z - .9 O , jb c k c, b,q c c
c .N b, x
, b, z c , b c -
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Complicating the Already Complicated: Diplomacy, Development, and the New Media 69
, c c. E - c c I c- c bck , cc , c
b bc.10 M, c cc, k c c c , k c c c, c c cqc. I , - c b bc , , c ccbc . M ,
b z c c c , -b, ccb, c .11
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k x c c k c .
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c c qz -z , c c - b cc. W G xc Fcbk, I, c (x)(SMS), E J b - b , c
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A Wq). T b S Lb, -Kc Lb, .
B c-x b c. R b- U S cc , c c, b c b 24/7, . S
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70 Gerald F. Hyman DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
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c c c . N - x , , c c -
z bc . T cb S USAID q k b , c, c, c U S.T c c, b - z (NGO) bck b
c, k c cx bc c jc . C b c .
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c? I c, D - c cb cc - c k c c c b. T , c ( c bc ) Cc, K, b, Xj-, R (H k R, b B?). T c ( hereore cq)cc c- c x- b -. Iq A b c
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A, Cb), j c c () z- cc. B bc c -c c
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. M, c -j c , , k cc c c b-b b.
S, , cc, c 140 cc. B bz ,, cx, , , -cc c c c bc q-Mc, b, cc, c . H c I N q P-, M, B. A c b b c b c c c c c c c I
bb c c P K P Nx q b, c -
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Complicating the Already Complicated: Diplomacy, Development, and the New Media 71
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k c , c cc c b bc .
B c cx b , c c cc c. T x c c c b -. T Wkk cb bx. Ab c c- b c c-
c ccb b cc k, b U S c c x c. T b k
c , b c b . S, c, k x k c. T xc b , c , -c q, ( ) cc.E c c, c c c c c, c b c c -. N k, b, c b c bc. O c, c- c c, : b bc b b , -- c , , b -
b c. A M Ac c , b c c, b c ,
k : M , .
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c c b b , -b b c c, A, b.T Ab Gb b c Ab Gb, , c - G N Bc cb. T c b A- K b xc -c b c c , c jc --c c G. A , x- c cc .
M, q b (c c k), Wkk cb c mainsream - b c cq bc P P
V W c. W b b-? W b ? W b? W b c? W
b ? W b cz? H ? H c? A .
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72 Gerald F. Hyman DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
B c b c c bc b c .C c , c-
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cc b b. A , c b bc c
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b c k- cc c ( c) c. T k bc c - c , , c b -k . B c bc , cc, bc , , cb c ()
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Complicating the Already Complicated: Diplomacy, Development, and the New Media 73
bc b c (c ), , k, k c. T x b .
U, c c c-b b x b b x q -, k cc, k bc c. C, c b c cc. A k c c . T -,
c c c b c c , , z c.
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b c k c , k c-
c b, cc.
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b Bj ( cb) c U.S. b k c-
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c c b cC; c b-; c , cc, . c , c
b c , b c , bb , . T c b c c x-c c b , q c b c. A , b , c C b; - j ; k ; c b q; b C- , , , c- - . H b b - b C cz c, , k C cz .T c
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74 Gerald F. Hyman DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
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F , cqc -c -c b . , , cc. D c b . I, c x bcz bb x c -
c c. C US, c b c c b -c b ( USAID
b) b b Ac USAID .
S, c - b bc. P b x c, c c- -c bc c , c c . k b-
x, c b -k c c c-c c c -k, b k q bb c b c. M b c
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b . W c cc cc, b : L c,
b c c b cq -
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c c .Icb . T c , c, jc b- c. x b b c, c b b ( , b bc ck b c -). W k c
c c cc ( -) jc c,
c c, cc c c cq. M, c - ( c c) cc, k ck .
P cc cc jc. Pz - b c bc c cc c c
b k c. Iz c, c, cc , c c,
cc . A z xc . Y cc cc. M bc b bc c (c, q, k) b bc c b c. I - k ; bc b c c k . S-c , cc,
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Complicating the Already Complicated: Diplomacy, Development, and the New Media 75
c k z c cx cc cc. N, cc- cc .
Lk, - c b- , c b c cc c, - b . T , c , , k - q . I c, -c c k b -, k b. B cc
bc q c- bc c. Ac c-c c b b c , , c, , cc . . . b - q. W bc, c b c : U.S. cc c
c, .G c b , b c k .
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-c H Mbk b, D S, c S
q . T U.S. $5 b q - . T U.S. cz US. A , c ( ,
c) , c -b- V, b, .
Uk c, c c,
Paris Declaraion on Aid Eeciveness, c c b c. T c z c , , c c b ; b c
ccb . T c. Mc P Dc kb c ; j cc; c; c, , c.B c b - c , P -c c c c , c c, . I c-, c , c c . T c, , b ccb c, b c bc. A , jc, ,cc, x k , c b bc , b - b b c c bc. I c, x, c c c, c -c. S, : W , c ? F ?H ? k. O
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76 Gerald F. Hyman DEVELOPMENT IN THE INFORMATION AGE
c, c c c, , c.
SUMMARY
T c c c. F b- , bck, q . T c b -c c b c . W , ? A, ,
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bc . Tc , E, Lb - q x b k C E c b c.T cc , c, b b bc b, , , cx . F , b A Q , c- b-b c cc , . T ; b c z c b
cqc; cc -z c c c k . T , x, ( x,cb
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ENDNOTES
1. A cc AC P (ACP); C S (CSH);
F M Fc (FMF); Gb HIV/AIDS
I (GHAI); I M Ec
(IME); I Ncc C
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