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Development Through the LifespanDevelopment Through the Lifespan
Chapter 12
Emotional and Social Development inAdolescence
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Chapter 12
Emotional and Social Development inAdolescence
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Erikson’s Theory:Identity vs. Identity ConfusionErikson’s Theory:Identity vs. Identity ConfusionIdentity
Defining who you are, what you value and direction in life
Commitments to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals
Resolution of “identity crisis” or exploration
Identity Defining who you are,
what you value and direction in life
Commitments to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group, ideals
Resolution of “identity crisis” or exploration
Identity Confusion Lack of direction and
definition of self Restricted exploration in
adolescence Earlier psychosocial
conflicts not resolved Society restricts choices
Unprepared for stages of adulthood
Identity Confusion Lack of direction and
definition of self Restricted exploration in
adolescence Earlier psychosocial
conflicts not resolved Society restricts choices
Unprepared for stages of adulthood
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Self-Concept in AdolescenceSelf-Concept in Adolescence
Unify separate traits into larger, abstract ones
May describe contradictory traits; social situations
Gradually combine traits into organized system Qualifiers Integrating principles
Unify separate traits into larger, abstract ones
May describe contradictory traits; social situations
Gradually combine traits into organized system Qualifiers Integrating principles
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Self-Esteem in AdolescenceSelf-Esteem in Adolescence
Continues to differentiate New dimensions
Generally rises Temporary drops at school
transitions Individual differences become
more stable Self-esteem linked to value of
activities, adjustment Influenced by family, culture
Continues to differentiate New dimensions
Generally rises Temporary drops at school
transitions Individual differences become
more stable Self-esteem linked to value of
activities, adjustment Influenced by family, culture
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Identity StatusesIdentity Statuses
Level of E
xploration
Level of Commitment
High Low
High Identity Achievement Moratorium
Low Identity Foreclosure Identity Diffusion
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Identity Status and Cognitive StyleIdentity Status and Cognitive Style
Identity achievedInformation-
gatheringMoratorium
ForeclosureDogmatic, inflexible
Diffusion
Long-term diffusion Diffuse-avoidant
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Factors that AffectIdentity DevelopmentFactors that AffectIdentity Development Personality
Flexible, open-minded
Child-rearing practices Authoritative,
attached
Peers, friends Schools
Personality Flexible, open-minded
Child-rearing practices Authoritative,
attached
Peers, friends Schools
Communities Larger context
Culture Historical time period
Communities Larger context
Culture Historical time period
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Ethnic IdentityEthnic Identity
Sense of ethnic group membership Bicultural identity
Attitudes and feelings associated with membership
Sense of ethnic group membership Bicultural identity
Attitudes and feelings associated with membership
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Piaget’s Theory ofMoral DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory ofMoral Development
Heteronomous Morality View rules as handed
down by authorities, permanent, unchangeable, require strict obedience.
Judge wrongness by outcomes, not intentions
Heteronomous Morality View rules as handed
down by authorities, permanent, unchangeable, require strict obedience.
Judge wrongness by outcomes, not intentions
Autonomous Morality Rules as socially-agreed
on, changeable Standard of ideal
reciprocity Judge on outcomes and
intentions
Autonomous Morality Rules as socially-agreed
on, changeable Standard of ideal
reciprocity Judge on outcomes and
intentions
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Kohlberg’s Stages ofMoral DevelopmentKohlberg’s Stages ofMoral Development
Preconventional Level
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience
Stage 2: Instrumental Purpose
Conventional Level
Stage 3: “Good boy-good girl” (Morality of interpersonal cooperation)
Stage 4: Social Order Maintaining
Postconventionalor Principled
Level
Stage 5: Social Contract
Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principle
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Research on Kohlberg’s TheoryResearch on Kohlberg’s Theory
Few, if any, people reach postconventional morality
“Conventional” levels may require more profound thought than Kohlberg suggested
In real life, people often reason below levels of which they are capable
Situational factors Emotions
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Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning?Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning?
Kohlberg Rights and justice orientation
GilliganCaring for others orientation
Ethic of Care
Both sexes use both orientations, but females may stress care more
Greater experience as caregivers
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Reasoning About Care IssuesReasoning About Care Issues
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Influences on Moral ReasoningInfluences on Moral Reasoning
Child-Rearing Practices Caring, supportive Discuss moral concerns
Schooling Peer Interactions Culture
Child-Rearing Practices Caring, supportive Discuss moral concerns
Schooling Peer Interactions Culture
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Moral Reasoning and BehaviorMoral Reasoning and Behavior
Modest connection Behavior influenced by many factors
Emotion Temperament Situation, history Moral self-relevance
Peers, family Just schools
Modest connection Behavior influenced by many factors
Emotion Temperament Situation, history Moral self-relevance
Peers, family Just schools
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Civic ResponsibilityCivic Responsibility
Skills For achieving
civic goals
Skills For achieving
civic goals
Knowledge Of political issues
Knowledge Of political issues
Feelings Of attachment to community
Feelings Of attachment to community
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Religious Involvement and MoralityReligious Involvement and Morality
Formal religious involvement declines in adolescence
Religious involvement linked to: More community service Lower drug & alcohol use Later sex Less delinquency
Formal religious involvement declines in adolescence
Religious involvement linked to: More community service Lower drug & alcohol use Later sex Less delinquency
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Gender Intensificationin AdolescenceGender Intensificationin Adolescence
Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior
Biological, social, cognitive factors
More in early adolescence, declines mid to late adolescence
Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior
Biological, social, cognitive factors
More in early adolescence, declines mid to late adolescence
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Parent-Child Relationships in AdolescenceParent-Child Relationships in Adolescence
Authoritative Parenting Balances autonomy with
monitoring as needed Extra challenging during
adolescence
Authoritative Parenting Balances autonomy with
monitoring as needed Extra challenging during
adolescence
Autonomy De-idealize parents Shift from parents to self and peers for guidance
Autonomy De-idealize parents Shift from parents to self and peers for guidance
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Family Influences on Adolescents’ AdjustmentFamily Influences on Adolescents’ Adjustment
Warm, supportive relationship with parents Amount of spent with family not a factor in
conflict
Family circumstances Finances Time Adult relationships
Warm, supportive relationship with parents Amount of spent with family not a factor in
conflict
Family circumstances Finances Time Adult relationships
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Adolescent Free Time Around the WorldAdolescent Free Time Around the World
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Characteristics of Adolescent FriendshipsCharacteristics of Adolescent Friendships Fewer “best friends” Stress intimacy, loyalty
Closeness, trust, self-disclosure Friends are similar or get more
similar Identity status Aspirations Politics Deviant behavior
Fewer “best friends” Stress intimacy, loyalty
Closeness, trust, self-disclosure Friends are similar or get more
similar Identity status Aspirations Politics Deviant behavior
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Gender Differences inAdolescent FriendshipsGender Differences inAdolescent Friendships
Girls Emotional closeness,
communal concerns Get together to “just
talk” Self-disclosure
Girls Emotional closeness,
communal concerns Get together to “just
talk” Self-disclosure
Boys Achievement, status Get together for
activities Intimacy related to
gender identity Androgynous: more
likely to be intimate friends
Boys Achievement, status Get together for
activities Intimacy related to
gender identity Androgynous: more
likely to be intimate friends
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Self-Disclosure in RelationshipsSelf-Disclosure in Relationships
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Risks of Close FriendshipsRisks of Close Friendships
Corumination Relational aggression
Girls’ closest friendships shorter
Victimization from online-only friends
Corumination Relational aggression
Girls’ closest friendships shorter
Victimization from online-only friends
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Risks of Online FriendshipsRisks of Online Friendships
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Benefits of Adolescent FriendshipsBenefits of Adolescent Friendships Opportunities to explore self Form deep understanding of
another Foundation for future intimate
relationships Help deal with life stress Can improve attitude toward
and involvement in school
Opportunities to explore self Form deep understanding of
another Foundation for future intimate
relationships Help deal with life stress Can improve attitude toward
and involvement in school
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Cliques and CrowdsCliques and Crowds
Clique Small group – 5–7 Good friends Identified by interests, social status
“popular” and “unpopular”
Crowd Larger – several cliques Membership based on
reputation, stereotype
Clique Small group – 5–7 Good friends Identified by interests, social status
“popular” and “unpopular”
Crowd Larger – several cliques Membership based on
reputation, stereotype
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From Cliques to DatingFrom Cliques to Dating
Boys’ and girls’ cliques come together Mixed-sex cliques hang out Several couples form and
do things together Individual couples
Boys’ and girls’ cliques come together Mixed-sex cliques hang out Several couples form and
do things together Individual couples
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Changes in Dating During AdolescenceChanges in Dating During Adolescence
Goals change throughout adolescence Early: recreation, group activities, shallow
intimacy Gradually look for
more intimacy Relations with
parents, friends contribute to internal working models for dating
Goals change throughout adolescence Early: recreation, group activities, shallow
intimacy Gradually look for
more intimacy Relations with
parents, friends contribute to internal working models for dating
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Dating ProblemsDating Problems
Too early dating Drug use, sex, delinquency Poor academics Abuse Mental-health problems
For homosexuals Finding partners Peer harassment, rejection
Too early dating Drug use, sex, delinquency Poor academics Abuse Mental-health problems
For homosexuals Finding partners Peer harassment, rejection
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Peer ConformityPeer Conformity
Pressures to conform to: Dress, grooming, social activities Proadult behavior Misconduct
Rises in early adolescence, but low overall
More conformity in early adolescence Authoritative parenting helps resist pressures
Pressures to conform to: Dress, grooming, social activities Proadult behavior Misconduct
Rises in early adolescence, but low overall
More conformity in early adolescence Authoritative parenting helps resist pressures
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Depression in AdolescenceDepression in Adolescence
Most common psychological problem of adolescence – 15–20%
Twice as many girls as boys Early-maturing girls Gender intensification
Factors: Genetics Child-rearing practices Learned helplessness
Most common psychological problem of adolescence – 15–20%
Twice as many girls as boys Early-maturing girls Gender intensification
Factors: Genetics Child-rearing practices Learned helplessness
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Depression During AdolescenceDepression During Adolescence
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Adolescent SuicideAdolescent Suicide
A leading cause of death for North American youth Related factors:
Gender Ethnicity Family environment Sexual orientation Mental disorders Life stress Personality:
Intelligent, withdrawn Antisocial, impulsive
A leading cause of death for North American youth Related factors:
Gender Ethnicity Family environment Sexual orientation Mental disorders Life stress Personality:
Intelligent, withdrawn Antisocial, impulsive
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Preventing SuicidePreventing Suicide
Notice warning signs Provide adult and peer support Teach coping strategies
Notice warning signs Provide adult and peer support Teach coping strategies
Interventions Medication Therapy Remove access to means
Interventions Medication Therapy Remove access to means
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Factors in DelinquencyFactors in Delinquency
Peers Rejection, antisocial peers
Gender Individual differences
Temperament Intelligence School performance
Family characteristics Neighborhood
Peers Rejection, antisocial peers
Gender Individual differences
Temperament Intelligence School performance
Family characteristics Neighborhood
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Two Routes to Adolescent DelinquencyTwo Routes to Adolescent Delinquency
Early-Onset – behavior begins in middle childhood Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine
Late-Onset – behavior begins around puberty Peer influences
Early-Onset – behavior begins in middle childhood Biological risk factors and child-rearing practices combine
Late-Onset – behavior begins around puberty Peer influences
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