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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Changes Mark theTransition of Adolescence?
Adolescence offers new developmental challenges
growing out of physical changes, cognitive changes, and socio-emotional changes
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Transitions of Adolescence
Adolescence Developmental period beginning at puberty
and ending at adulthood
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Rites of Passage
• Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Rites of Passage• Beginning high school• First kiss• First serious
relationship• Turning 16• Getting a driver’s
license• Turning 18• Graduating high school• Turning 21
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Physical Maturation in Adolescence
• Puberty Onset of sexual maturity
• Around puberty, boys and girls become more aware of their physical attractiveness
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Judged Socially CompetentJudged Socially CompetentMore Capable AthleteMore Capable Athlete
Social Recognition (Peers/Adults)Social Recognition (Peers/Adults)Overestimation of His CompetenciesOverestimation of His CompetenciesGranted “Older” Privileges/ResponseGranted “Older” Privileges/Response
Parents Hold Higher AspirationsParents Hold Higher AspirationsEnjoys Positive Self-Fulfilling ProphecyEnjoys Positive Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Treated as “Younger” Child by AdultsTreated as “Younger” Child by Adults““Younger” Treatment = Negative SFPYounger” Treatment = Negative SFP
Childish Dependence/ImmaturityChildish Dependence/ImmaturityThe “Last-Of-All-To-Mature”The “Last-Of-All-To-Mature”
Low Social Status (Sports/Social)Low Social Status (Sports/Social)More Anxious/Less Sure of SelfMore Anxious/Less Sure of Self
Scores Lower on Achieve. Tests (EA)Scores Lower on Achieve. Tests (EA)
““Some” Anxiety Waiting to MatureSome” Anxiety Waiting to MatureNot Nearly as Disadvantagous As Late Not Nearly as Disadvantagous As Late
BoysBoysOutperform Other StudentsOutperform Other Students
Matures at Closer Time w/ BoysMatures at Closer Time w/ Boys
The Only One in Grade DevelopedThe Only One in Grade DevelopedNo Status in Being Large/MuscledNo Status in Being Large/Muscled
Boys Yet to Appreciate DevelopmentBoys Yet to Appreciate DevelopmentSubject to Teasing and RidiculeSubject to Teasing and Ridicule
Associated w/ Low Self-Esteem/Dep.Associated w/ Low Self-Esteem/Dep.Become Popular w/ Boys (LA)Become Popular w/ Boys (LA)
Socialize w/ Older Companions (Boys)Socialize w/ Older Companions (Boys)Steered Toward “Older” Risk BehaviorsSteered Toward “Older” Risk Behaviors
EarlyEarlyvs.vs.
LateLateMaturationMaturation
EarlyEarlyvs.vs.
LateLateMaturationMaturation
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Cognitive Development in Adolescence• Teens enter Piaget’s final stage of growth…
Formal Operational Stage (abstract and complex thought)
• Hormones rise to high levels• The frontal lobes undergo a “remodel”
(pruning)• This leads to sensation seeking and risk taking,
and preoccupation with body image and sex
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Cognitive Changes• Egocentric version of formal
operations stage• 2 fallacies of teen cognition
–Imaginary audience: delusion that one is constantly being observed by others
–Personal fable: delusion that one is unique, unrealistically important and invulnerable
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James Marcia• Modeled work after Erikson• Said teen achieves neither
identity or role confusion, but various degrees of exploring and committing to an identity
• 2 elements necessary to form identity
1. Crisis: a time of upheaval where old values or choices are being reexamined
2. Commitment: dedication to role or value
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Marcia’s 4 Identity Statuses• Identity Diffusion –no sense of having choices; he
or she has not yet made (nor is attempting/willing to make) a commitment
• Identity Foreclosure –willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future. NO identity crisis. conform to the expectations of others regarding their future
• Identity Moratorium – IN crisis, exploring choices, but has not made a commitment to these choices
• Identity Achievement/Formation - Completed identity crisis and has committed to identity/value
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Marcia’s Marcia’s Modes ofModes ofIdentityIdentity
FormationFormation
Marcia’s Marcia’s Modes ofModes ofIdentityIdentity
FormationFormation