CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 1)
Chapter 6: Nonverbal Messages
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CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 2)
Principles of Nonverbal Communication
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1. Nonverbal messages interact with verbal messages Accent Complement Contradict Control Repeat Substitute
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 3)
Principles of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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2. Nonverbal messages help manage impressions To be liked To be believed To excuse failure To get help To hide faults To be followed To confirm and communicate self-image
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 4)
Principles of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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3. Nonverbal messages help form relationships4. Nonverbal messages structure conversation5. Nonverbal messages influence and deceive6. Nonverbal messages express emotions
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 5)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication
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1. Body gestures, movement – kinesics Emblems Illustrators Affect displays Regulators Adaptors
The meanings of gestures vary culturally
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 6)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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2. Body appearance3. Facial communication
We signal emotions through facial expressions We use management techniques to manage our
facial expressions Facial feedback hypothesis Cultural display rules
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 7)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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4. Eye communication – occulesis Functions of eye contact
Monitor feedback Secure attention Regulate conversation Signal nature of relationship Signal status Compensate for distance
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 8)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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4. Eye communication (cont.) Eye avoidance
Maintains privacy Civil inattention
Pupil size Cultural and gender variations
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 9)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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5. Touch, tactile communication – haptics Highly primitive and essential Varies with age and relationship Has multiple meanings
Positive emotions Playfulness Control Ritual Task-relatedness
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 10)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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5. Touch communication (cont.) Touch avoidance is related to communication
apprehension or anxiety Rules of touch vary culturally
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 11)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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6. Paralanguage and silence Paralanguage – vocal but nonverbal
Rate Volume Pitch
We form impressions of people based on their paralanguage
Paralanguage affects persuasiveness Norms for paralanguage vary culturally
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 12)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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6. Paralanguage and silence (cont.) Silence communicates Functions of silence
Time to think Hurt others Respond to personal anxiety Prevent communication of conflict or certain topics Communicate emotions Achieve certain effects You have nothing to say
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 13)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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6. Paralanguage and silence (cont.) Spiral of silence
We’re more likely to voice your opinion if you agree with the majority on a controversial topic
The minority view stays silent and the majority view gets stronger
Different cultures view silence differently
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 14)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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7. Spatial messages, territoriality – proxemics Proxemic distances
Intimate – 0 to 18 inches, within touching distance Personal – 1 ½ feet to 4 feet, surrounded by
protective bubble, touch only by stretching Social – 4 feet to 12 feet, conduct business or social
interactions Public – 12 feet to 25+, keep your distance, people
blend into the background
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 15)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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7. Spatial messages, territoriality – proxemics
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 16)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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7. Spatial messages (cont.) Territoriality
Primary/home territories Secondary territories Public territories Home field advantage
Territorial markers Central markers Boundary markers Ear markers
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 17)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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7. Spatial messages (cont.) Encroachment – right of invasion
Unwritten rule Usually granted to higher status
Withdrawal Turf defense Insulation Linguistic collusion
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 18)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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8. Artifactual communicationMessages conveyed by objects made by human hands; includes color, clothes, hairstyle, jewelry, perfume
Space decoration Color communication Clothing and body adornment Cultural display Scent (olfactory communication)
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 19)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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9. Temporal communication – chronemics
Psychological time emphasis or orientation on time Past Present Future
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 20)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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9. Temporal communication (cont.)
Formal time divisions include minutes, hours, days, and weeks, months, and years
Arbitrary Vary culturally
Informal time divisions are ambiguous and include “forever,” “early,” and “soon”
Include cultural attitudes about time
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 21)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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9. Temporal communication (cont.)
Monochronic cultures schedule one thing at a time Compartmentalize working, socializing, family Relies on schedules
Polychronic cultures schedule many things at a time Working, socializing, family activities overlap Relaxed about schedules
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 22)
Channels of Nonverbal Communication (cont.)
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9. Temporal communication (cont.)
Social clock – culture’s time schedule for the right time to do complete milestones such as graduating from college, getting married, having children, buying a house
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 23)
Nonverbal Communication Competence
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1. Increase competence in decoding nonverbals Mindfully seek alternative judgments Be tentative Pay attention to all nonverbal channels Consider being wrong Be sensitive to cultural context Consider all the factors that can influence
communication
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 24)
Nonverbal Communication Competence (cont.)
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2. Increase competence in encoding nonverbals Consider your choices Be consistent in your messages Monitor your nonverbal choices Avoid extremes
CH 6: Nonverbal Messages (slide 25)
Nonverbal Communication Competence (cont.)
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2. Increase competence in encoding nonverbals (cont.) Be aware of your situation Maintain eye contact Avoid adaptors Avoid strong and potentially unpleasant scents Be cautious about touch
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