Name index
Page numbers in italics indicate photographs or figures. Names (page numbers) in bold arechapter subjects (pages).
Adler, Hanna 104Alexandrov, P. S. 85, 94Alpher, Ralph 349Ambler, E. 275, 281Anderson, Carl D. 77, 138Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett 20Arrhenius, Svante 27–8, 32Artin, E. 84Astbury, W. T. 192Auger, Pierre, 77, 143, 229Ayrton, Hertha 2, 15, 15–25, 23, 218Ayrton, Will, 20, 22, 24
Baeyer, Otto von 76Bailey, Solon 64Bardon, Marcel 375, 376Bassi, Laura 1Becker, H. 138Becquerel, Henri 7, 44, 46, 50–1, 69, 229,
232Bell, Susan Jocelyn, see Burnell, Susan
Jocelyn BellBemont, Gustave 45, 47Berley, David 375Bernal, John Desmond 214, 218–9, 241–2,
249–50Berriman, R.W. 113Berson, Solomon 304–6, 309–13, 318Bethe, Hans xxi, 188, 349Bijvoet, Johannes 248Birge, Raymond 129, 133Birgeneau, Robert 356Bjorken, J. D. 432Blau, Marietta 3, 8, 109–26, 109, 374Blodgett, Katharine Burr 4, 37, 149–57, 149Bodichon, Barbara 20–2Bohr, Niels 78, 104, 128, 188, 264
Bolt, Bruce 6Boltzmann, Ludwig 79Born, Max 3, 123, 128–9, 134, 187Bothe, W. 138Bourbaki 84Bragg, W. H. 192, 198Brodsky, S. J. 432Brooks, Harriet 2, 32, 66–73, 66Bullen, K. E. 101Burbidge, (Eleanor) Margaret 164, 282–93,
282, 350Burbidge, Geoffrey R. 283, 288, 350Burnell, Martin 423Burnell, (Susan) Jocelyn Bell xx, 419–26, 419
Cameron, A. G. W. 285Cannon, Annie Jump 62, 159, 164–5, 289Carlisle, Harry 242, 251Cartwright, Mary Lucy xx–xxi, xxiv,
169–78, 169, 188Cattell, James M. 33Cauchois, Yvette 222–30, 222Chadwick, James 68, 112, 138, 144, 273Chandrasekhar, Subramanyan 179, 187, 320Charpak, George xxiiiChiewitz, O. 140Choquet-Bruhat, Yvonne 334–42, 334Cocconi, Giuseppe xxi–xxiiCocconi, Vanna xxi–xxii, xxivCondon, Edward U. 129–31Conwell, Esther 315–23, 315Cooper, Vera, see Rubin, Vera CooperCronin, J. 276Cross, Charles R. 27Crowfoot, Dorothy, see Hodgkin, Dorothy
Crowfoot
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452 name index
Curie, Marie xx, 2, 7, 10, 22, 43–55, 43, 66,74, 137–8, 141–3, 146, 229, 232–3, 236,238, 258, 276, 312
Curie, Pierre 7–8, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52–4,141–2
Dalitz, R. H. 110Davy, Humphrey 17, 51, 199de Broglie, Louis xxiiDebierne, Andre 70, 233, 237Debye, Peter 128, 132Desaguiliers, John Theophilus 174Devaux, H. 41DeWitt, Bryce 328DeWitt-Morette, Cecile Andre Paule xx,
xxii–xxiv, 324–33, 324, 334Dirac, Paul A. M. 77, 180, 182, 187, 328Donne, John 174Dresselhaus, Gene 358, 359Dresselhaus, Mildred Spiewak 308, 355–61,
355du Chatelet, Emilie 1
Eddington, Arthur S. 160, 163, 421Edwards, Don 392–3, 397Edwards, Helen Thom 379, 385–98, 385Einstein, Albert 84, 121, 132, 258, 290Eliot, George 20Ellis, Charles D. 68, 76, 273Ellis, John 401, 405Endo, Morinobu 356–7Eve, A. S. 71Ewing, Maurice 106Exner, S. 79
Failla, Giacchino 308Fajans, Kasimir 75Fankuchen, Isidor 242, 250Faraday, M. 335Fermi, Enrico 77, 111, 284Feynman, Richard P. xxii, 89, 324, 328, 349,
431Fleming, Williamina 159Ford, Kent 344, 351Fowler, R. H. 179, 187Frayn, Michael 188Franck, James 127–8, 130, 132–4Franzini, Paulo 376–7, 381Freier, George 299Freier, Phyllis StCyr 294–302, 294
Frisch, Otto Robert 78, 81Fujita, M. 357
Gaillard, Jean-Marc 404Gaillard, Mary Katharine 399–406, 399Gamow, George 183, 349–50Gaposchkin, Sergei I. 163–4Garwin, Richard 370Gell-Mann, Murray 89, 429Gerlach, Walther 266Gill, Laura 32–3Ginzburg, Vitaly 416Glashow, S. L. 402, 408Glazebrook, Richard 20Glazer, A. M. 216Gleditsch, Ellen 120–1Goeppert, Maria see Mayer, Maria GoeppertGoldberg, Leo 167Goldhaber, Alfred 264Goldhaber, Gertrude Scharff 262–71, 262,
304, 308Goldhaber, Maurice 263, 266–7, 304, 308Gordan, Paul 90–1Gordon, Charles 71Gorky, Maxim 70Gould, Barbara Bodichon Ayrton 22Green, Michael 410–11Greenwood, Ted 12Gregory, C. C. L. 283, 288Griesen, Ken 291Groes, Nils 6Gulledge, Gail Leslie, see Hanson, GailGursey, Feza 86Gutenberg, Beno 99, 100–1, 103, 105
Haber, Fritz 132Hahn, Otto 5–6, 68, 75–81, 132, 140–1Halpern, Leopold 3–4, 109, 119, 123Hanson, Andrew Jorgen 436Hanson, Gail Leslie 427–39, 427Hardy, G. H. 175Hartree, Douglas R. 178, 180–1, 187Harwood, Margaret 64Hayward, R. W. 275Heisenberg, Werner 128, 187Heitler, Walter 129, 328Henri, Victor 131Herzsprung, Ejnar 61Hevesy, G. 140Hewish, Anthony 419–20, 422–3
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name index 453
Hilbert, David 82–3, 87, 89, 91–2, 132Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot 5, 8–10, 10,
240–61, 240, 312Hodgkin, Thomas Lionel 258Hoffleit, Dorrit 64‘t Hooft, Gerard 408–9Hoppes, D. D. 275Hoyle, Fred 285Hubble, Edwin 57Hudson, R. P. 275Hulme, H. R. 179Hulubei, H. 224–5Hund, Friedrich 127, 129
Jacobson, Nathan 85, 93Jaffe, George 52–3Jahn, H. A. 195Javan, Ali 356Jeffreys, Bertha Swirles 178–91, 178, 179Jeffreys, Harold 101, 102, 108, 183, 185,
188Jensen, Hans 202, 207, 210Joliot-Curie, Frederic 8, 53, 138, 142–4, 229,
234, 328Joliot-Curie, Irene 8, 10, 53, 55, 137–48,
137, 229, 234, 237, 258, 276, 312, 328Jordan, Pascual 128
Kac, Mark 9Kallosh, Renata 407–18, 407Klein, Felix 83, 84, 86, 91Klein, Oskar 77Kleitman, Esther 13Knaggs, Ellie 195Kohlrausch, Friedrich 27–8Kohn, Hedwig 132, 134Kondo, J. 364Kravchenko, Sergey 366Krishnan, K. S. 194Kurrelmeyer, Bernhard 320
Laidlaw, Michael G. G. 325Langevin, Paul 52, 229Langmuir, Irving 4, 37, 149, 150–2, 155Larmor, J. 67Laue, Max von 266Lawrence, Ernest 278Leavitt, Henrietta Swan 5, 56–65, 56, 163Lederman, Leon 376, 394Lee, Ben W. 399, 400, 405
Lee, T. D. 274–5Lee-Franzini, Juliet 374–84, 374Lehmann, Inge 5–6, 97–108, 97Lenard, Philip 118Leray, Jean 338, 340Lichnerowicz, Andre 338, 340Lie, Sophus 88Linde, Andrei 416–7Lindsey, Gillian 12Littlewood, John 170–2London, Fritz 194Lonsdale, Kathleen 191–201, 191Lonsdale, Thomas Jackson 192, 198Lord Rayleigh see Strutt, John WilliamLorenz, Edward xxi, 172–3Lundy, Richard 398Lynden-Bell, Ruth 214
Mais, Walter 320Maltby, Margaret Eliza 6, 26–35, 26, 70Mandelbrot, Benoit 173Marconi, Guglielmo 16Marks, Sarah Phoebe see Ayrton, HerthaMoszkowski, S. A. 8–9, 11, 13Maury, Antonia 159Max, Claire xxMaxwell, James Clerk 334, 335Mayer, Joe 208–10Mayer, Maria Goeppert 8, 202–12, 202, 268,
270, 276, 289McDaniel, Boyce 391–2Megaw, Helen Dick 213–22, 213, 242Merton, R. K. 5Meitner, Lise 5–6, 8, 74–82, 74, 127, 135,
140–1, 238, 273, 276Mendeleev, Dmitrii Ivanovich 231–2, 234Meyer, Philip Randolph 33Millikan, Glen 241Milne, E. A. 179Minkowski, Rudolph 91, 128, 335–6Mohorovicic, Andrija 103Monastyrsky, Mikhail xxivMontgomery, Dorothy 403–4Moore, Henry 10Morette, Cecile Andree Paule see
DeWitt-Morette, Cecile Andree PauleMorgenstein, Myriam P. see Sarachik,
Myriam P.Moore, Henry 10Motchane, Leon xxiii
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454 name index
Mott, Neville 179Mottelson, Benjamin Roy 264
Nanopoulos, Dimitri V. 400–3, 405Nernst, Walther 27, 132Neugebauer, Otto 92–3Nightingale, Florence 11, 258Nishina, Yoshio 77Noether, Emmy xx, 6, 83–96, 83, 93, 133,
177Norton, Peter 376
Occhialini, G. P. S. 113O’Gorman, Margaret 11Oldham, R. D. 99Oliver, Jack 102Oppenheimer, Robert xxii–iiiOrnstein, Martha 31Orr, Frances 32–3Orthman, W. 273Ostwald, W. 41, 86
Pais, Abraham 7Palevsky, Joan 12Pankhurst, Emmeline 22Pauli, Wolfgamg 76, 128, 273, 329Pauling, Linus 194Payne-Gaposchkin, Ceclia 63–4, 158–68,
158, 165Peachey, Margaret see Burbidge, (Eleanor)
MargaretPeierls, Rudolf E. 8Peng, H. W. 328Peoples, John 376Perey, Marguerite Catherine 231–9, 231Perrin, Frances 143, 228–9Perrin, Jean 228–9Perry, John 17, 21Peterson, H. 119Philipp, Kurt 77Philpot, John 241Pickering, Edward C. 5, 63, 65Pitcher, Frank 71Pitcher, Harriet see Brooks, HarrietPlanck, Max 79, 132, 174Pockels, Agnes 4, 36–42, 36, 150–1Pohl, Robert W. 120, 133Poincare, Henri 170–1Powell, C. F. 3, 113–4, 123Powell, H. M. 249
Power, Sheila xxiiPrendergast, Kevin H. 286Prizbarn, K. 123
Quimby, Edith 304, 308
Ralph, Mary Katharine see Gaillard, MaryKatharine
Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt) 4, 40–1Reimer, Marie 29Richards, Theodore William 233Richter, B. 441Robinson, James Harvey 31Rona, E. 120Roswit, Bernard 308–9Rubin, Robert 348Rubin, Vera Cooper 289, 343–54, 343Russell, Bertrand 258Russell, Henry Norris 159–60Rutherford, Ernest 46, 49–50, 66–71, 112Ryle, Martin 423
Sackett, Penny xxSachs, Allan 376Sachs, R. G. 208Saha, M. N. 159, 164Saito, R. 357Sakharov, Andrei 416Salam, A. 408Salant, E. O. 122Samios, Nicholas 376Sandage, Allen 351Sarachik, Myriam P. 362–73, 362Savart, Felix 27Sayr, Anne 9Schaefer, Vincent 156Scharff, Gertrude see Goldhaber, Gertrude
ScharffSchmidt, Gerhard Carl 44Schrodinger, Erwin 113, 123Schroeder, Paul 356Schwartz, Melvin 376Schwarz, John 410Schwitters, Roy 437Scott, Charlotte 20Seager, Sara xxSegre, Emilio 278Shapiro, Maurice 3–4Shapley, Harlow 57, 61, 159–60, 163–4,
166–7
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name index 455
Shockley, William 316, 320Sime, Ruth 5Sitterly, Charlotte Moore 349Skodowska, Maria see Curie, MarieSmith, David Eugene 31Soddy, Frederick 75Somerville, Mary 1, 21Spiewak, Mildred see Dresselhaus, Mildred
SpiewakSponer, Hertha 127–36, 127Stahr, Martha 349StCyr, Phyllis see Freier, Phyllis StCyrSteinberger, Jack 376Stetter, G. 120–1, 123Stimson, Dorothy 31Strassmann, Fritz 5–6, 77, 80–1Straus, Eugene 311Strutt, John William (Lord Rayleigh) 4, 40–1Sussman, Rosalyn see Yalow, Rosalyn
SussmanSwirles, Bertha see Jeffreys, Bertha Swirles
Tamm, Igor 416Tang, You Chi 257Taylor, Harold 179, 184Taylor, Mary 186–7Taylor, W. H. 219Teller, Edward 129, 131, 134, 208Thatcher, Margaret 250Thom, Helen see Edwards, Helen ThomThomson, G. P. 267Thomson, J. J. 70–1Thorndike, Lynn 31Ting, S. C. C. 441Tollestrup, Alvin 398Trotter, Alexander P. 19, 21Trueblood, Kenneth 248Turner, Jean 5
Tuve, Merle 351Tyutin, Igor 408
Van der Pol, Balthasar 170van der Waerden, B. L. 85van’t Hoff, J. H. 27Vaughan, Janet 250Veltman, Martinus 408–9Venkatesan, T. 357Voigt, Woldemar 132
Wambacher, Hertha 3, 111–2, 120–1, 123Webster, Arthur G. 28Weinberg, S. 408Weisskopf, Victor F. 316, 320Weyl, Hermann 84–5, 92–3Wheeler, John 78, 330Wiik, Bjorn 397, 442Wilczek, Frank 325Williams, Ellen xxWilliams, Gary 4, 12Williamson, Elizabeth 288Wilson, Robert 392–3Wong, Chun Wa 12Wu, Chien-Shiung xx, 272–81, 272, 273Wu, Sau Lan 440–50, 440
Yalow, Aaron 307, 312Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman 8, 303–14, 303Yang, C. N. 275, 278Yardley, Kathleen see Lonsdale, KathleenYuan, Luke C. L. 280Yukawa, H. 208
Zeeman, Pieter 233Zobernig, Georg 442–3Zumino, Bruno 405Zweig, G. 429
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Subject index
Italicized page numbers refer to illustrative material.
α2Canum Venaticorum, 284ACA. see Association for Collegiate
AlumnaeAcademie des Sciences, 237accelerators, 391, 397acoustics, 26, 27
pitch, 27actinium, 236
decay series, 75discovery of, 233spectrum of, 233
action, as integral of the Lagrangian, 87Admiralty and War Office (UK), in World
War I, 16, 19adsorption of gases, 149airplane wing de-icing, 152Airy functions, 183Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 12algebra, 6, 84–5, 88, 90–2, 180, 380, 412, 416alpha decay, 75alpha particle, reaction with nuclei, 110alpha rays, 145
passage through matter, 138American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
27, 312, 321, 359, 372, 397Fellow, 290, 405, 448
American Association for the Advancementof Science, 33, 64
Fellow, 300, 372, 438President, 359
American Association of University Women,64, 156, 289. see also Association forCollegiate Alumnae
Annual Achievement Award, 156American Association of Variable Star
Observers, 64American Astronomical and Astrophysical
Society. see American AstronomicalSociety
American Astronomical Society, 64, 164,289–90, 346, 352, 425
American Chemical Society, 156American Geophysical Union, 106, 108American Philosophical Society, 352, 359American Physical Society, 11, 33, 156,
210, 279, 322, 341, 359, 382, 398, 405,437
Committee on Women in Physics, 322Fellow, 156, 268, 300, 372, 382, 397, 438,
448analytic function theory, 173, 175Andromeda Galaxy, 351anomalous dispersion (of X-rays), 193, 195,
197, 248–9definition, 244description of, 226
antibiotics, 251antipernicious anemia factor, 9. see also
vitamin B12
anyons, 325arcs
arc lightsanti-aircraft searchlights, patent for, 18arc lamp technology, patent for, 18
hissing of, oxidation of carbon anode, 16arthritis, rheumatoid, affliction of D.
Hodgkin, 10Association for Collegiate Alumnae, 28. see
also American Association ofUniversity Women
Committee on Fellowships, M. Maltby,33
astatine, 224astrophysics
absorption of radiation by a gas, 179beginning of, 158
asymptotic approximation (AA) method,184
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subject index 457
asymptotic freedom (in strong interactions),400
atom, source of radioactivity, 44, 47Atomic Energy Project, work by I.
Joliot-Curie from 1945–1951, 143Atomic Scientists Association, 199atomic spectroscopy, 128
chemical composition and temperatures ofstars, 159–60
Auger effect. see radiationless transitionsAustrian Academy of Sciences, 121, 123Austrian Association of Woman
Academicians, 120Ayrton equation, 16Ayrton fan, 18–19
protection of troops in gas warfare, 19
background field method, 325Bakerian Lecture 1904, 67Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory, 358, 363barium, 45, 77, 80, 140–1barium titanate, 215–6, 218Barnard College, 2, 6, 27–32, 29, 32, 70,
370baryons, 429–31Battelle “Rencontres” in Seattle, 331Be star, 283Bedford College for Women, 198Bell Laboratories, 320, 370bent crystal spectrometer, 224. see also
Cauchois spectrometerbenzene
hexamethyl, 192spectrum of, 208structure of hexamethyl, 192
first determination of structure of anaromatic compound, 192
beta decay. see nuclear beta decaybeta particles, 76, 263–4beta rays, 145. see also electronsBianchi identities, 89biomedical physics, 303–6black holes
entropy formula, 413extremal, 413in string theory and supergravity,
412–13Blau-Wambacher stars, 111, 116B-mesons, 378, 444
B0 – anti-B0 mixing, 400–1
bosons, 325, 386, 395, 403, 409, 411branes, 414bremsstralung process, 442British Association for the Advancement of
Science, first woman president, K.Lonsdale, 199
Bronx High School of Science, 370Bronx Veterans Administration Hospital
(VA), 308–10Brookhaven National Laboratory, 117, 122,
265, 267, 377, 404, 431Brooklyn College, 320Brown University, 156, 176Bryn Mawr, 70, 90, 92, 155
California Institute of Technology, 289Cambridge Electron Accelerator, 436Canadian Radium and Uranium Company,
121cancer, 64, 238, 240carbon in steel, detecting and proportioning,
141carbon nanotubes, 355, 357carbon science, 355–8. see also graphite
carbon fibers, 357fullerenes, 355, 357, 360nanotubes, 355, 357–8, 360
career obstaclesanti-Semitism, 118enforced exile, 80, 109gender discrimination, 63, 81, 91–2, 106,
118, 156, 165–7, 267, 290, 307, 322–3,341, 369–71, 391, 404, 447
nepotism rules, 8, 209–10, 267, 289, 300,307–8, 330–1, 359
related to family, 32, 39–40, 71, 424–5Carnegie Institution of Washington, 158,
351Carnot’s principle, 47–8Carolina-Wilhelmina University,
Brunswick, Germany, 41carrier (chemical, for radioisotope), 141,
146Cat and Mouse Act, 22Cauchois spectrometer (bent crystal
spectrometer), 223, 226causality, 335–6, 336, 339cell walls, 37Centre de Chimie Physique at Orsay, 229Centre de Recherches Nucleaires, 237
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458 subject index
Cepheid variable stars. see also variablestars
discovery of Hubble law, 57as distance indicators, 60–2, 161, 163light curves of, 163orbits, 161period-luminosity relation, 56–9, 61
CERN, 123, 390, 402, 404–6, 416, 434, 444,446–7, xxii
chalcite, 45chaos theory. see also non-linear equations
becomes fashionable, 173discovery of, xxinon-linear amplifier, dynamics of, 170
chaotic solutions, 172“dramatic fine structure,” 174
charge carrier, 235, 365charge propagation, 318chemical composition of stars. see also
stellar atmospheresastronomical spectroscopy, 290–1
Chevalier de la Legion d’Honneur, 331Chevalier de l’Ordre national du Merite, 331children of
Bell Burnell, Susan Jocelyn, 424Choquet-Bruhat, 340Conwell, Esther, 321Curie, Marie, 44DeWitt-Morette, Cecile, 330–1Dresselhaus, Mildred, 359Freier, Phyllis, 301Gail G. Hanson, 436Gallliard, Mary Katharine, 404–5Goldhaber, Gertrude, 267Hodgkin, Dorothy, 258Joliot-Curie, Irene, 143Kallosh, Renata, 417Lee-Franzini, Juliet, 381Lonsdale, Kathleen, 198Maltby, Margaret, 33Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia, 164Rubin, Vera, 349, 352Sarachik, Myriam, 370Wu, Chien-Shiung, 279Yalow, Rosalyn, 310
chlorine gas, 18–9cholesterol, 240cholesteryl iodide
chemical formula of, 242, 243structure of crystalline, 242, 243
chromodynamics, 89coupling strength, 401quantum theory (QCD), 401
cinema projectors, 17City College of New York, 370closed shells, 204–7CNRS (French national Center of Scientific
Research), 228, 237, 404Co60 nuclei, beta decay of polarized, 275collaboration
B. and H. Jeffreys, 182Cartwright and Littlewood, 170–3of experimental high energy
physicists, 435L. Meitner and O. Hahn, 75, 81M. Blau and E. Rona, 120M. G. and J. Mayer, 208Marie and Pierre Curie, 7mother-daughter, 141mother-son, 264other, 194, 210, 224, 257, 275, 286, 356
collaborationsALEPH, 444CLEO, 445CMS, 438KLM, 299OPAL, 439SLAC-LBL, 436–7TASSO, 441
colliders. see also LHC; SSC; Tevatronelectron-positron, 434
LEP, 438PEP, 432, 438PETRA, 432, 441TESLA, 397
high energy, 390, 403linear, 397proton-antiproton, 390proton-proton, 434
Columbia Nevis Cyclotron Laboratories,381
Columbia Nuclear Emulsions Laboratory,381
Columbia University, 122, 209, 278, 307,370, 380, 404
Commander of the British Empire (CBE),425
Committee of Concerned Scientists, 372Compton Medal of the AIP, 360Compton scattering, 77
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subject index 459
computing equipment, 248conducting polymers, 318–9configuration interaction, 180, 183conformal method, 338conservation of angular momentum, 88conserved vector current, in beta decay,
276continuous symmetry groups
finite, 88–9infinite, 88–9
cooking, 156Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), 378Cornell University, 188, 339, 348, 359, 378,
390–4, 445, xxicosmic acceleration, 415cosmic inflation, 414cosmic radiation. see also cosmic rays
nuclear composition of, 295–6solar modulation of, 297–8
cosmic ray isotopes, 298cosmic ray stars. see Blau-Wambacher starscosmic ray tracks, 111cosmic rays, heavy primary nuclei in, 113,
118cosmological constant, 414CP violation, 379, 446critical exponent, 368–9crystal structure
of barium titanate, 216determination by heavy atom method,
245ice, 214non-centrosymmetric, definition of, 244.
see also non-centrosymmetriccompounds
rules to develop phase relationships,197
structure determination, 193of benzene ring, 194
structure functions, 193of tartrates, 248–9
crystallography see X-ray crystallographydiffraction patterns see X-ray diffraction
patternsdiffuse scattering, 195–7
dynamic disorder, 195–6crystal texture, 195
electron-density maps. see electrondensity maps
first analysis of an organic crystal, 194
phase problem, 246refinement of structure, 246structure functions, 193unit cells, 246unit-cell dimensions, 242, 246–7, 251use of computing equipment, 248
crystalsdiamagnetic anisotropy, 194mother liquor, 241–2, 250optical anisotropy, 195symmetries of, 44
Curie Institute, 67Curie temperature, 50curvature, of four dimensional spacetime,
336curvature tensor, 336–7Cyrus B. Comstock Award, 279
Dame Mary Cartwright, 176dance, 381DA�NE, 379Dannie Heineman Prize in Mathematical
Physics, 341dark energy, 414dark matter
invisible component of galaxies, 345mass of, 348
Department of Scientific and IndustrialResearch (DSIR), 170
DESY, 392, 397, 401, 432, 441, 447detectors. see also nuclear emulsions
in high energy physics experiments,428
MARK I, 432TASSO, 441TPC, 442
diamonds, 196–7diffeomorphisms, 88diffuse scattering (of X-rays). see
crystallographyDirac equation, 182Dirac-Fock method, 180Distinguished Alumni Award, Brooklyn
College, 321double quantum emission, 207Duke University, 133dyslexia, 390
E. O. Lawrence Prize, 398, 405e+ e− pair production, 77, 138–9
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460 subject index
earth, structure of, 97inner core, 97–101Lehmann (220 km) discontinuity, 102–3outer core, 99seismic waves from earthquakes, 98–101,
103two shell model, 98–100, 99
Ecole d’Enseignement Technique Feminine,236
Ecole Normale Superieure, 339Einstein, Albert
epitaph for E. Noether in the New YorkTimes, 94
recommendation of M. Blau for position inMexico, 121
Einstein equations, existence anduniqueness of solutions, 336
eka-cesium, 232–3electric arcs, 15–18electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions,
28electrical conductivity of solutions, 27–8electrical resistance, 364electrodynamics, 89, 335electron density maps, 193, 219, 241, 243–4,
255, 256definition of, 245
electron diffraction, 263electron magnetic spectrometer, 273,
273–4electron-atom collisions, 128electron-positron collisions, 428, 432, 440,
444electron-positron pairs, 77, 263, 397–8, 401electrons, 146, 182, 429
beta particles identical to, 264in a crystal, 316in solar corona and solar wind, 420
electroweak interactions, 408element 87, 232–3energy, law of conservation of, and
radioactivity, 47–8energy conservation, 86enzymes, 245European Physical Society, 330, 443, 448exchange forces, 182Executive Committee Special Prize of the
European Physical Society, 448Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure
(EXAFS), 225
Faddeev-Popov ghosts, 410Faxen-Waller theory, 195feldspars, 214–5
plagioclase, 215Fermi surface of graphite, 356Fermilab, 117, 268, 377, 385, 388, 389,
390–2, 394, 396–7, 402, 405, 446fermions, 182, 325, 403, 409, 443ferroelectricity, 216ferromagnetism, 50, 216, 263Feynman’s path integral method,
DeWitt-Morette’s work on, 324–6Fields Medal, xxivfirst woman
first and only to receive Hughes Medal ofRoyal Society (London), 22
member of Septemviri, 176physics award from ACA, 28professor in Sorbonne, 52to receive doctorate in physics from
Cambridge University, 150Albert Lasker Award, 312first two admited to University of
Erlangen, 6first two Fellows of Royal Society
(London), 22Gold medal of the Royal Astronomical
Society, 352Henry Norris Russell Prize Lecture, 164honorary doctorate, Princeton
University, 279member of Academie des Sciences, 237Nobel Prize for theoretical physics, 202officer National Academy of Sciences,
359participant in French government, 143Ph. D. in physics, Cambridge
University, 150president of American Astronomical
Society, 164president of American Physical
Society, 289president of British Association for the
Advancement of Science, 199professor at University College
London, 197research scientist in GE, 149Thomas Alva Edison Award, 321university professors in Germany, 80use of Palomar telescope, 351
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subject index 461
fission. see also nuclear fissiondiscovery of, 75, 141of a uranium nucleus, 263
flourescence, aromatic molecules, 132fragmentation. see also nuclear spallation
of heavy nuclei, 115of quark-antiquark pairs, 341. see also jets
in e+ – e− annihilations, 437, 444francium. see also eka-cesium
discovery of, 232–6physical, chemical and biological
properties, 234radioactive properties, 233–4
Franck-Condon principle, 129–30Frascati, 227, 379, 382Frayn, Michael, Bertha Swirles Jeffreys’
correspondence, 188French Legion of Honour
I. Joliot-Curie, Officer of, 144Y. Cauchois, Officer of, 229
French Society of Chemical Physics, 229Fulbright Fellowship for study abroad, 358fullerenes, 355
Galactic Center, 57, 161galaxies, 57–9, 285–7, 343–5, 347–51gamma globulins, 305gamma radiation, 76–7gamma ray astronomy, 299gamma rays, 145, 223gardening, love of
Blodgett, K., 156Lehmann, I., 105Megaw, H., 219Pitcher, H., 72
Garvan Medal, 156gauge groups
global, 88local, 88
gauge theories, 90, 325, 408, 410, 412, 416Gauss-Codazzi conditions, 338Geiger-Muller counter, 146general coordinate transformations, 86,
337General Electric (GE) Laboratory,
Schenectady, NY, 155–6General Relativity (GR), 83, 84, 86, 88–90,
334, 341energy conservation in, 86, 88–9principle of equivalence, 89, 336
theory of gravity, 335–8basis for numerical exploration, 338existence and uniqueness of Einstein
equations, 336–8precise mathematical treatment of
certain elements, 335–6geodesic, 336Georgetown University, 349
Observatory, 350germanium. see semiconductorsGeV accelerators, 115–8Girton College, 20, 170, 175–6, 186, 188,
217–9Mistress of, 175, frontispiece
gluon. see also Standard Modelexperimental signature, 401gluon jets, 442–3
gluons, 378–9, 401, 409, 411, 440Godolphin School, 175Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical
Society, 352Gold Medal of the University of Paris, 230Gottingen University, 32, 84, 91, 132, 133,
187, 209Gradmaalingen, Danish seismographic
institution, 104grand unified theories (GUTs). see Standard
Modelgraphite
electronic structure of, 356graphite intercalation compounds (GICs),
355–6, 360gravitational lensing, 345gravity, 407, 410. see also General
RelativityEinsteins’ use of curvature, 336
gravity waves, 337gymnastics, 415
hadrons. see also fragmentation, ofquark-antiquark pairs
internal structure, 429–30new, discoveries of, 429, 444
half-life, 145Hamilton’s Principle of Least Action, 87Hartree self-consistent field
method, 181–2multi-electron wave functions, 181–3relativistic case, 180
Harvard College, 158, 163–4, 166–7
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Harvard College Observatory, 57–8, 62–3,164–7, 348
Circular, 5, 57–9, 61Harvard Graduate School, 446Harvard Revised Magnitude Scale, 58, 63Harvard women at the Harvard Observatory,
165spectral properties of over 300,00
stars, 159work of, 159, 164–6
heavy primary nuclei, 113Helen B. Warner Prize, 289Helen Megaw Island, 214hemoglobin, microscopic studies, 276Henry Norris Russell Lecture, 289, 352Henry Norris Russell Prize, 164Herschel Medal from Royal Astronomical
Society, 425Higgs boson, 400–1, 440, 444–6Higgs particle. see Standard ModelHigh Energy and Particle Physics Prize
of the European Physical Society,448
history of physics, 1, 11, 31Hollins College (Virginia), 403Hubble Law, 57, 59Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 59Hughes Medal of the Royal Society of
London, 22human immune system, 305–6human rights, 372Humphrey Davy Medal of the Royal Society
of London, 51Hunter College, 307–8, 358, 383Hunter College High School, 358hydrogen bonds, 214, 242hydrophilic molecules, 151–2hydrophobic molecules, 151hyperfragments, 118hyperons, 118
ice crystals, 153, 220, 242immune system, 305–6Imperial College London, 187independent particle model. see also nuclear
shell modelatomic, 208nuclear. see nuclear shell model
Indiana University, 438indicator method, 146
Inge Lehmann Medal of the AmericanGeophysical Union, 106
Institut de Recherches Subatomiques, 237Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques
(IHES), xxiiiInstitut du Radium (Paris), 137, 233, 236Institut fur Radiumforschung, Vienna, 3,
119Institute for Advanced Studies, Dublin, 328Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 93,
328, 339, xxii–xxivInstitute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE), 321Institutet for Teoretisk Fysik, Copenhagen,
328Institution of Electrical Engineers, 16, 21,
25first woman member, H. Ayrton, 21
insulin, 250antibody-antigen reaction, 306malfunction of, in diabetes, 305structure of, 9, 240–1, 248–50, 257
internal conversion of gamma rays, 179International Congress of Women, 22International Federation of University
Women, 23International Union of Crystallography,
197, 199, 259International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC), 237iodine metabolism, 305ionic dissociation, 27, 28ionization chamber, parallel plate, 44isotope, 145, 146isotropic phase space, 433Italian Physical Society, Varenna School,
329
J. J. Sakurai Prize of the APS, 405jets
axis of, determination (Hanson), 432–3in elementary particle interactions,
427–8in high energy e+ e− collisions
(annihilations), 401, 431, 442quark jets, 433, 445. see also
fragmentationexperimental discovery of, 428, 432–4
paper describing, 434as verification quarks exist, 431
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three jet events, 401, 442, 443experimental discovery of, 442–3
John Price Wetherill Medal of the FranklinInstitute, 278
Johns Hopkins University, 209J/ψ particle, 441
Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fur Physikalischeund Elektrochemis, 133
Kaiser-Wilhelm-Insitut fur Chemis (KWI),79, 80
Kaluza-Klein theory, 327Kingswood School, Detroit, Michigan, 390Kinsey Institute, 268Kitt Peak National Observatory, 350K-meson, 117–8, 374, 377–9, 400–1
K0 – anti-K0 mixing, 400Kondo effect, 364
Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, 229laboratories for science courses, 30Lagrangian field theory, 87Langmuir trough, 150, 152. see also Pockels
troughLangmuir-Blodgett films, 151–2lanthanum, 141latent image
development of, 110fading of, 112studies of and methods for processing
photographic layers, 111Laue patterns, 195–6
photographs, 197Laura Leonard Prize, 41Lavoisier Medal, 144Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, 416Lego plots, 269Lehmann discontinuity, 103Leibniz Medal, 123leptons, mesons, and baryons, 430Leray theory, 338Les Houches Summer School of Theoretical
Physics (l’Ecole Ete de PhysiqueTheorique), 328–31, xxii–xxiii
LHC (Large Hadron Collider), 434, 436, 438,446
Lie groups, 88Lieben Prize, 121light, speed of, 297, 335, 337light bulbs, 150
light propagation in wave guides, 317–18light-emitting diodes, 316, 319lighthouses, 15liquid drop model. see nucleusLiquid Drop Model (of nucleus), 78, 203local energy conservation, 86, 89local magnetic moments, 364lonsdaleite, 197Los Alamos. see nuclear weaponslow temperature conductivity of
semiconductors, 316–7low temperature resistivity, 363–6low temperature spectroscopy of aromatic
molecules, 132
MacArthur Fellowship, 398Madeira School for Girls, 390Magellanic Clouds
Cepheid variables in, 58–9Large and Small, 57, 58
magnetic anisotropy of crystals, 194magnetism, 44magnitude scale, 57–8, 60Maldecena Conjecture, 414Manhattan Project, 203, 208–9, 278, 320many atom molecules, 131Marcel Grossmann Prize, 332, 341Maria Goeppert Mayer Award, 210mass, gravitational effects in GR, 336masses of quarks and leptons, 401–2Mateucci Medal, 144Matthew Principle, 5Maxwell–Faraday-Lorentz field theory, 335McGill University, 68Meitnerium, element 109 named for Lise
Meitner, 81meson exchange, 208mesons, 115, 122, 386–7, 394, 429–31, 438.
see also leptons, mesons, andbaryons
B-mesons, 378, 444charmed-mesons, 401K-mesons, see K-mesonπ -mesons, 400. see also pionsupsilon mesons, 377–9, 394
metal-insulator transition, 362, 364–7,368–9
Methods of Mathematical Physics, 183, 185Michelson Medal of the Franklin Institute,
423
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Michelson-Morley experiment, 335microwave background radiation, 345, 419,
421Milky Way
clouds of, 57. see also Magellanic Cloudsnebulae, 57size of, first measurement, 57
mirror symmetry. see parityMassachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT), 27, 32, 321, 340, 355, 359–60,436, 441, 447
molecular films, thick, 152molecular films on water, 37, 149–50molecular spectra, 129–31molecular spectroscopy, 130–1molecular structure, 130molecular theory, 130–1molecular weight of radioactive gas, 67monolayer films, 151Moscow State University, 416mother, devoted, Marie Curie, 44Mount School (York, England), 422Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 310M-theory, 411, 412, 413–5. see also string
theoryMullard Space Science Laboratory in Surrey
(UK), 424multi-electron atoms. see Hartree
self-consistent fieldmultipole radiation, 184muons
Michel parameter, 376neutrinoless decays of, 375
musicphysical basis of, 30. see also acoustics
music, love ofDresselhaus, M., 360Jeffreys, B., 188–9Maltby, M., 30, 33Meitner, L., 79
National Academy of Engineering, 321, 359,397
National Academy of Science (U.S.), 167,209, 259, 268, 278, 290, 312, 321, 359,371, 381, 405
National Academy of Sciences (Shanghai),277
National Accelerator Laboratory (NAL),393
National Center of Scientific Research(France) see CNRS
National Central University in Nanjing,277
National Medal of Science, 278, 290, 312,359
National Science Board, 352, 406National Science Foundation, 322, 351, 371,
382, 392National Technology Medal, 398National Union of Scientific Workers, 23Nature, 4, 21, 41, 67, 70, 420–1, 423
obituary of I. Joliot-Curie by Sir JamesChadwick, 144
publication in by A. Pockels, 40Naval Ordinance Laboratory, Washington,
DC, 299–300Nazi fascism, 118Nazis, 92, 120–3
escape fromM. Sarachik’s family, 92Y. Choquet-Bruhat’s father deported
from France because of resistanceactivities, 339
left Austria because of,M. Blau, 120
left Germany because ofE. Noether, 92G. Scharff-Goldhaber, 266H. Sponer, 133L. Meitner, 5
neptunium, 224neutrinos, 273, 327, 375–6, 386, 388, 394,
398, 429, 441, 444. see also nuclearbeta decay
“desperate remedy,” 76flavors of, 376
neutroncomponent of cosmic rays in the
atmosphere, 112discovery, Joliot-Curie result, 138discovery, Chadwick, 112, 138emission from polonium-beryllium
sources, 112spectrum, from nuclear reaction, 110,
112studies with recoiling protons, 112, 136,
138neutron stars. see pulsarsNew York Academy of Sciences, 321, 372
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New York City Mayor’s Award forExcellence in Science, 372
New York Research Foundation, 382–3Newman Laboratory of Nuclear Studies
(LNS) at Cornell, 392Newnham College, Cambridge, 104, 163Nicholson Medal of the APS, 359Nobel Committee, doubts about, 423Nobel Institute for Physics, 80Nobel Prize
B. Richter and S. C. C. Ting; Sau Lan Wukey member of team, 441
Blau recommended by Schrodinger, 113C. F. Powell w/o acknowledgement to
Marietta Blau, 4, 113Dorothy Hodgkin (Chemistry, 1964),
257Hewish and Ryle (1974), Jocelyn Bell
Burnell left out, 423Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie (Chemistry,
1935), 139Irving Langmuir (1932), Agnes Pockels left
out, 37M. Goeppert Mayer with J. H. D. Jensen
(1963), 210Marie and Pierre Curie with J. Becquerel
(1903), 51Marie Curie (Chemistry, 1911), 52Otto Hahn (Chemistry, 1944) Lise Meitner
left out, 81Rosalyn Yalow with R. Guillemin and A.
Schally (for Physiology orMedicine), 312
T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang (1957); importantwork by Chien Shiung Wu, 276
Noether’s Theorem, 84, 86–90non-centrosymmetric compounds, 244–5.
see also crystal structurenon-linear amplifiers, pathological behavior,
xx. see also chaos theorynon-linear equations, 171–2. see also Van
der Pol equationnon-reflective glass coatings, 153–6North Polar Sequence, 58, 62Northampton School for Girls, 186nuclear beta decay
Fermi theory confirmed, 273–4forbidden transitions, 274group displacement law, 75shapes of spectra, 76, 273–4
nuclear emulsions, 109, 295, 297, 299, 375,376
detectors of composition of cosmicrays, 115
sensitivity of, 112, 113, 114, 115nuclear explosions, surveillance, 102nuclear fission. see also fission
neutron emission in, 80, 203, 263, 272spontaneous, 263
nuclear pairing, 203, 206nuclear physics, 50, 75, 109, 144, 202, 262,
276, 295, 303, 391nuclear recoil. see radioactive (nuclear)
recoilnuclear shell model, 203–7
magic numbers, 8, 203–6nuclear pairing, 203–6spin-orbit coupling, 207
nuclear spallation, discovery of, xxinuclear test-ban treaty, 102nuclear weapons
Meitner refused to work on, 78Meitner’s love of physics diminished
by, 78nucleosynthesis, 288, 296nucleus, 146
liquid drop model, 78, 203Variable Moment of Inertia Model, 264
collective behavior of, 263, 264–5discovery of, 49
Oberlin College, 32, 62oily films, 36, 150Open University, 424Oppenheimer Memorial Prize, 425optical anisotropy, 195optical fibers, 316–7optical spectroscopy, 233, 291Order of Merit, 258organic solids, 318–9organometallic compounds, definition, 245Orsay Scientific Center of University
Paris-Sud, 144outdoor activities (hiking, camping, skiing,
sky-diving), 79, 156, 266, 332, 341Outstanding Junior Investigator Award, 448Oxford University, 175
pairing (nuclear), 204, 206Palomar Observatory, 351
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466 subject index
parityconservation or non-conservation, 275maximal violation of parity
conservation, 275–6parity violation, 374–5particle detection, methods of, 110, 117. see
also detectorspath integral. see Feynman’s path integral
methodPatterson map, 245, 247
definition and description, 245Patterson Synthesis, 193–4penicillin, 248, 251, 252
chemical formula of, 251, 252structure of, 240, 248
pepsin crystals, 241–2Perfect Cosmological Principle, 344periodic table of elements, 75, 231–2, 234perovskites, 215–6phase problem, 246–7Phi Beta Kappa, 64, 307, 322, 446Philosophical Magazine, publication in by
H. Brooks, 69Philosophical Society of Washington, DC,
164phosporous-32, 140photoabsorption problem, 225photoelectric effect, 178photo-emulsion technique, 110photographic
emulsion, 109film, 110method and Fermi, 111
photographic emulsion detectorsalpha particle tracks, 141at CERN and Fermilab, 117stripped layers, 112
photography, interest in, Megaw, H., 219physics with GeV accelerators, 115–8piezo-electricity, 44
experimental laws of, 50pi-mu-e decay, 113, 114, 118
parity violating effect, 275pions. see also mesons, π–mesons
discovery of, 113, 115, 274lifetime of neutral, 118
pitchblende, 45, 47, 52, 112, 224, 232–4, 233plagioclase feldspars, 215plasma, 16
dense, X-ray diagnostics, 228
Pockels point, 38, 39Pockels trough, 37, 37–8
Langmuir trough, 150polarons, 318–9polonium, 146
alpha rays of, 138from decays of radium D, 138discovery of, 45in gold and tellerium, 224
Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 352positrons, 138
emission induced by alpha particles,139
predissociation, 129, 131Princeton Pennsylvania Accelerator, 377Princeton University, 93, 159, 278–9Principle of Equivalence, 89, 336Prix du Rayonnement Francais, 331Prix Thibaud, 405protoactinium, Meitner-Hahn discovery, 75proton, 146
beams, 115tracks, 110–3
proton-proton collisions, multiple pionproduction, xxii. see also scattering
Pugwash Conference on Science and WorldAffairs, 258–9
Dorothy Hodgkin, president of, 259Pugwash Movement, formation of, 199pulsars
discovery of, 419–21neutron stars as, 421–2
QCD. see chromodynamicsQSO. see quasarsQuakers. See Society of Friendsquantum gravity, 407, 410, 413–4, 416quantum mechanical tunneling, 367quantum mechanics, 128, 133, 180–3, 325,
339, 367, 378, 409early days, 53, 178, 186–7, 203many electron atom, self-consistent field
method, 181–3in physical chemistry, 208–9Saha ionization theory, 164solutions of, 183, 185wave functions 320
quantum statistics, autocorrelation of pions,xxii
quarkonium, S-wave states, 378
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quarks. see also fragmentationb-quarks, 377–9, 402confinement of, 430spin, determination of, 433–4t-quarks, 379, 390, 396, 400up, down, and strange, 429
quasars, 282, 419defined and described, 287–8distant quasars observed, 345
quasi-one-dimensional organics, 316, 318
radar, 169–71, 173Radcliffe College, 62, 358. see also Society
for Intercollegiate Instructionradiation measurement, 238radiation sickness
pernicious anemia of Marie Curie, 53Pierre Curie, 51
radiationless transitions, 76radiationless transitions (Auger effect),
76–7radio amplifiers, 169–70. see also non-linear
amplifiersradio astronomy, pioneering program
of Anthony Hewish, 419–20and Martin Ryle, 423
radio telescopefirst, 419–20radio sources, 420, 421, 423
radioactive elements, 146, 232radioactive isotopes, 140
of Xenon, 24radioactive (nuclear) recoil, 66–8, 73, 75radioactivity, 44–6, 48–50, 54, 66, 69,
146of 3.5 hours half life, 141diagnostic for discovery of new
substance, 45natural decay series, 67, 75new type discovered (artificial
radioactivity), 139originates from, 49time dependence, 46
radiochemistry, 75, 80, 144, 234, 237Hahn-Meitner collaboration, 78Marie Curie initiated field, 50
radiodermatitis, 238radioimmunoassay (RIA), 140
scientific basis for, 306radioisotope, 141, 304–6, 308–9
radium, 7, 45, 67, 70, 138, 141, 146, 232attendant fame, 50Nobel Prize citation, 52radiation from, 47
Radium Institute (Paris), 144I. Joliot-Curie’s research, 142–3M. Perey, 236
Radium Institute (Vienna), 123radon, 67, 71, 138, 146, 224, 232Raman spectroscopy, 356–7, 360Ramsauer effect, 128Rayson School in New York City, 155recession velocities, 344recoiling protons, 112redshifts, 287, 344refractive index, 208, 244, 246relativity
general theory of. see General Relativity(GR)
special theory of, 335–6, 409, 433energy conservation in, 86
Research Corporation Award, 278Ricci tensor, 336–8Riemann tensor (Riem), 337–8
oscillating (observable gravitywaves), 337–8
Robert Wilson Prize, 398Romnes Faculty Award, 448Royal Danish Geodetic Institute, 105,
106Royal Greenwich Observatory, 289Royal Institution of Great Britain (RI), 194,
196, 259Royal Society (Edinburgh), 107Royal Society (Gottingen), 86Royal Society (London), 2, 3, 17–8, 21–2, 51,
174, 176, 184, 199Copley Medal, 259Council membership, 176Fellow, 176, 196, 258, 290
honorary, 107fellowship rejected because a married
woman is not a ‘person,’ 3, 21Hughes Medal, 22member, 187Royal Medal, 259vice-President, 199
Royal Society of Canada (Transactions),publication in by H. Brooks, 69
Royal Victoria College, 69
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Rubin-Ford effect, 345Russell-Einstein Manifesto, 258
Saha theory, 159, 164sand ripples in water and air, 18, 22scattering
of high energy electrons by protons anddeuterium, 429
of high energy gamma rays (Comptoneffect), experimental verification ofKlein-Nishina formula, 77
of neutrons by hydrogen in emulsions,429
proton-proton inelastic, 377Schrodinger Prize, 123searchlights, 17–18seismological studies, 98–103. see also
waves from earthquakes, earthsemiconductors, 318, 319, 321, 359, 363
charge motion in, 316–17doped samples, 316, 317, 365silicon and germanium, 316
Sex Disqualification Removal Act, 22ships, emergency ventilation, 19sickle cell anemia, 276Sigma Xi, 322silicon. see semiconductorsSir John Leman School (Becles, Suffolk),
249SLAC, 429
SPEAR, 431evidence for jets, 432Mark I program, 437
Small Magellanic Cloud, 161Smith College, 278soap films, 151, 153–4Sobolev spaces, 338Society for Intercollegiate Instruction. see
Radcliffe CollegeSociety of Friends (Quakers), 199, 422solar activity modulation, 297–8solar flares, 299solar X-ray spectrum, 227solid-state, 195, 316, 321, 365, 377solitons, 318Somerville College, Oxford, 9, 249–50Soochow School for Girls, 277Sorbonne, 43, 50, 51, 52, 228–9, 237, 322sound, 27–30, 98–103, 254Soviet Academy of Sciences, 176
space groups, 192, 197, 242, 246description, 246and geometrical crystallography, 192International Tables for X-ray
Crystallography, 192spacetime, four-dimensional, 336SPEAR/Mark I, 436–7Special Theory of Relativity. see relativitysphygmomanometer, 15Spin and Pin groups, 326–7spin-orbit coupling, 204, 207spiral galaxies
large scale motions, 344, 345rotation curves of, 345–7, 347Rubin on, 343–8
spontaneous symmetry breaking, theorieswith, 325
consistency, 408sports, 415standard candles. see Cepheid variable starsStandard Model (elementary particles and
their interactions), 86, 386, 399–402,445
gauge particles, 442, 444gluon, 442photon, 441–2
grand unified theory (GUT), 401–2phenomenological implications,
402and gravity, 411Higgs particle, 401–3, 441
mass of 446history of, 399–400, 427, 444number of families in, 444symmetry breaking, 402
Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory(SLAC), 436. see also SLAC
Stanford University, 322, 417static disorder, 196stellar atmospheres
astronomical spectroscopy, 290–1hydrogen and helium, 159–60Payne’s doctoral thesis, 159–60Russell’s belated agreement, 160temperature of, Saha theory, 159
stellar photometryHenrietta Leavitt and, 57–8photographic magnitude scale, 57–8
steroid structure, 242–3, 243steroids, 250
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Stockholm Appeal (against use of atomicbombs), 144
strange attractors, 172strange particles, 375, 388street lighting, 15string theory
description of, 411–12M-theory, 412, 413
strong force (particle physics), 430subatomic particles, 48, 367, 429suffrage movement, 20suffragists, militant, 22SUNY at Stony Brook, 381superconducting supercollider (SSC),
396superconductivity, 356, 362–3, 386,
416supergravity, 339, 403, 407, 409–10, 412–4,
416superpositions of waves, 180–3superstring theory, 403, 411supersymmetry, 339, 409
breaking of, 403string theory, role in, 411
surface monolayers, 151–2surface science, 36, 150surface tension
of nucleus, 78of water (with surface impurities), 37–9,
150–1symmetries
and conservation laws, 84, 86–7, 90of crystals, 44discrete, 380duality, 411gauge, 409. see also gauge groupsnucleus for study of, 280superfluous variables, 337
symmetrybreaking, 325, 402–3, 408–10effect on X-ray diffraction patterns, 192of general relativity. see general coordinate
transformationsrotational, 88time translational, 86, 88
symmetry groups, 88synchrotron, 386, 391–2. see also Tevatron
alternating gradient (AGS), 377beam extraction, resonant slow, 387Cornell, 391–4
Fermilab Main Ring, 385, 386radiation, 227, 279, 421, 434superconducting proton synchrotron
(SPS), 388, 396
τ − θ puzzle, 274–5, 276Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,
Bombay, 330tau neutrino, detected, 388teaching duties, of Marie Curie, 50Technical Institute outside Copenhagen,
322telescopes
in Burbidge’s work, 283–92Hubble space telescope (HST), 59photographic magnitude scale, 58radio telescopes, 419–20, 422, 424in Rubin’s work, 345–51
TESLA Test Facility Project (TTF), 397Tevatron, 376, 379, 385–6, 388–90, 394–6,
398, 446beam extraction, slow resonant, 387,
392–4Thatcher, Margaret, student of D. Hodgkin,
250The Dyer’s Hand, autobiography of Cecilia
Payne-Gaposchkin, 166thick molecular films, 152Thin Solid Films, issue dedicated to K. Burr
Blodgett after her death, 156Thomas Alva Edison Medal, 321thorium, 140–1, 232
decay series, 67, 75discovery of, 44, 46Nobel Prize citation 1911, 52very small content in rocks, 141
thyroid diseases, 305Tinsley Prize, 425Tom Bonner Prize, 279topology, 85, 171, 325–6transuranic elements, 77, 140, 146, 224
atomic properties of, 208spectra of, 224
tunnel effect, 129tunneling, 363, 367–8two-dimensional gas, thermodynamics of,
151
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, 382U. S. Department of Energy, 360, 397
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UC Berkeley (University of California,Berkeley). see under University
UCLA (University of California, LosAngeles). see under University
United Nations, 380universality class, 368–9universe, 57, 59, 158, 161–3, 278, 287, 296,
344, 348–50, 390, 414–5, 446Universite de Marseille, 339University College London, 198, 288University of
Bath, 424Berlin, 80Bristol, 187Caen, 327California
Berkeley, 24, 277, 330, 405Los Angeles, 11, 12Riverside, 438San Diego, 8, 210, 289, 350
Cambridge, 155, 250, 422Chicago, 155, 320, 358Copenhagen, 104Erlangen, 90–1Frankfurt-am-Main, Institute of Medical
Physics, 119Glasgow, 422Illinois in Urbana, 267, 307Manchester, 187Miami at Coral Gables, 122Minnesota, 299Munich, 266North Carolina, xxivNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill, 330Paris, 327–8, 339Rochester, 320, 322Southampton, 423Strasbourg, 237Texas, 331Tubingen, 132Vienna, 79, 119
II. Physical Institute, 119Wisconsin-Madison, 447
University Research Association, Fermilab,268
uranic rays, study of, 44uranium, 140
decay series, 75ore, 45. see also pitchblenderadioactivity of, 46, 48, 49
uranium-235, 78uranium project of Meitner, 77–8very small content in rocks, 141
U.S. Particle Accelerator School Prize,397
V-A theory of weak interactions, 377Van der Pol equation, 170–1, 170–5, xx
aperiodic solutions, xxitopological structure of aperiodic
solutions, 171Variable Moment of Inertia model, 264variable stars. see also Cepheid variable
starseclipsing variables, 160, 161light curves of, 162–3in our galaxy, 161in Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), 161
Vassar College, 348, 446velocity anisotropy, 344–5velocity fields, 345, 350vitamin B12, 241, 247–9, 253, 255, 257vortices, 18
in water and air, 18–19
W. K. H. Panofsky Prize, 437W and Z bosons, 395, 445
four jet events, 445line shape of Z, 442
W bosons, 395, 444Ward identities, 89water surface, 40
surface tension, 37–8water waves, 18, 39waveguides, 317–8waves from earthquakes, 103–4. see also
earthweak interactions, 89, 274–6, 280, 375–6,
378, 408, 410, 444weather, unpredictable in precise
mathematical sense, 173. see alsochaos theory
Weizmann Women and Science Award, 352Wellesley College, 32white lines, 225Wilson cloud chamber, 145, 146Wolf Prize from the State of Israel, 279work without pay
L. Meitner, 79M. Curie, 51
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-82197-1 - Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women toPhysicsEdited by Nina Byers and Gary WilliamsIndexMore information
subject index 471
Maria Goeppert MayerMarietta Blau
World War I, 18–9, 53, 79World War II, 152, 199
work interrupted by, 110K. Lonsdale jailed, 199
Worldwide Standardized SeismographicNetwork, 102
XANES (X-ray Absorption Near EdgeStructures), 225
xenon, 272Xerox Presidential Prize, 321Xerox Wilson Research Center, 321–2X-ray
beam, monochromatic andconvergent, 222
diffraction, 192, 224, 247, 257effect of crystal symmetry, 192, 247
optics, 222solar, 222spectra
by reflected radiation, 225–7of transuranic elements, 224
spectroscopy, 222–5, 228X-ray crystallography, 240–3, 246–7, 249,
277phase problem, 246
X-ray diffraction patterns, 192, 195, 215,241–2, 249–50
X-ray spectrum, 227X-ray training, by I. Joliot-Curie for nurses
during WWI, 142
Yalow-Berson method, 304Yukawa potential, 207
Z bosons, 395, 444
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-82197-1 - Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women toPhysicsEdited by Nina Byers and Gary WilliamsIndexMore information
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