Yearly Plan f5 Biology Edited

7/30/2019 Yearly Plan f5 Biology Edited

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BIOLOGY SCHEME OF WORK (F0RM 5)

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THEME : PHYSOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS

LEARNING AREA: 1.0 TRANSPORT

Week Learning Objectives Learning Outcomes Suggested LearningActivities

Notes Vocabulary

1.1 Understanding the importanceof having a transport system insome multicellular organisms

Students should be able to :

Identify the problem that could befaced by multicellular organisms inobtaining their cellularrequirements and getting rid of theirwaste products.

Suggest how the problem isovercome in multicellularorganisms.

Carry out activities to identify theproblem that could be faced bymulticellular organisms andexplain how the problem isovercome in multicellularorganisms as compared tounicellular organisms.a)correlate the different sizes of

cubes to total surfacearea/volume (TSA/V) ratio,

b)discuss how the (TSA/V) ratioaffects the movement ofsolute to the interior of cubes

c)relate the outcomes of (a) and(b) to the problems faced bymulticellular organisms ingetting cell requirement to thecells in the interior of theorganisms

d)suggests ways to improve themovement of solutes to theinterior of cubes withoutchanging the size of cubes

e)Explain why there is a needfor a transport system in somemulticellular organisms.

As compared tounicellular organisms

Cell requirementskeperluan sel

Waste products hasil buangan

Transportpengangkutan

Total surface areajumlah luaspermukaan


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Notes Vocabulary

1.2 Synthesising the concept ofCirculatory systems.


state what a circulatorysystem is

state the three componentof circulatory system inhumans and animals

state the medium oftransport in humans andanimals

state the composition ofhumans blood

explain the function ofblood and haemolymph intransport

describe the structure ofhuman blood vessels

explain how blood ispropelled through thehuman circulatory system.

explain briefly how bloodpressure is regulated

Read text materials and viewcomputers simulations oncirculatory system and discuss

the following:

a) what is a circulatorysystem

b) the three componentsof circulatory system,i.e. medium, vesselsand pump

c) blood and haemolymphas a medium oftransport

d) the composition ofhuman bloode) the function of bloodand haemolymph intransport

f) the structure of humanblood vessels: arteries,veins and capillaries

g) the basic structure andfunction of the humanheart

h) the circulation of bloodin humans in terms of:

i) pumping of the heartii) contraction of

skeletal musclesaround veins

i) the regulatorymechanism of bloodpressure

Only a brief descriptionof human bloodvessels is required.

Cardiac cycle is notrequired.

Baroreceptors in theaorta and carotidarteries are mentioned.

Circulatory system- sistem peredaran

Composition- komposisi

Blood vessles- salur darah

Regulatory mechanism- mekanisme kawal atur

Blood pressure- tekanan daran

Heart-jantung

Cardiac muscle- otot kardium

Skeletal muscle- otot rangka


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Week Learning Objectives Learning Outcomes Suggested Learning Activities Notes Vocabulary

1.3 Understanding themechanism of blood clotting

compare and contrast thecirculatory systems in thefollowing: humans, fish andamphibians

conceptualise thecirculatory system inhumans

Students should be able to:

explain the necessity forblood clotting at the site ofdamaged blood vessels

explain the mechanism ofblood clotting

predict the consequencesof impaired blood clottingmechanism in an individual

Look at the heart of the fish,

chicken and / or cow and notesimilarities and differences interms of size, and number ofcompartments .

Use schematic diagrams tocompare the circulatory system inthe following: humans, fish andamphibians.

Visualize and draw concept mapson the circulatory system inhumans.

Show photomicrographs of bloodclots.

Discuss the necessity of bloodclotting with respect to:

a) preventing seriousblood loss

b) preventing the entry ofmicroorganisms orforeign particles

c) maintaining bloodpressure

d) maintaining circulationof blood in a closedcirculatory system

Use a schematic diagram toillustrate the mechanism of bloodclotting.

Predict the consequences ofblood clotting related problemssuch as haemophilia ortrombosis.

Effectors are smoothmuscles of the arteriesand cardiac muscle.

Blood clotting-pembekuan darah

Damaged blood vessel- salur darah tercedera

Impaired blood clotting-pembekuan darah terjejas


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1.4 Synthesising the concept oflymphatic systems.


describe the formation of interstitialfluid.

state the composition of interstitialfluid.

state the importance of interstitialfluid.

describe the fate of interstitial fluid.

describe the structure of thelymphatic system,

explain how the lymphatic systemcomplements the circulatorysystem,

compare the content of blood,interstitial fluid and lymph,

predict what will happen ifinterstitial fluid fails to return to thecirculatory system.

conceptualise the relationshipbetween the lymphatic system andcirculatory system.

Draw a schematic diagram on theformation of interstitial fluid andlymph, and discuss the following :

a) spaces between cells.b) materials from blood

capillaries entering thesespaces.

c) composition of interstitial fluid.d) The importance of interstitial

fluide) The need for interstitial fluid to

return to the circulatorysystem directly or via thelymphatic system.

Discuss the following :a) the structure of the lymphatic

system,b) The flow of lymph,c) The role of the lymphatic

system in transport.

Use a graphic organizer tocompare the content of blood,interstitial fluid and lymph.

Brainstorm to predict what werehappen if interstitial fluid fails to

return to the circulatory system.

Study diagram or computersimulation on the lymphaticsystem, and discuss therelationship between thelymphatic system and circulatorysystem.

With the exception ofthoracic duct and rightlymphatic duct, specificnames of lymphvessels and lymphnodes and notrequired.

interstitial fluid- bendalir interstis

Lyhmpatic system- system limfa

lymph nodes- nodus limfa


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Notes Vocabulary

1.5 Understanding the role ofthe circulatory system inbody defence mechanism


state another function of thecirculatory system besidestransport.

identify the three lines of defencemechanism of the body,

describe the process ofphagocytosis,

state the meaning of antigen ,antibody, immunity andimmunization,

relate antigen and antibody toimmunity.

name and give examples of varioustypes of immunity,

State the affects of humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV) onthe bodys defence mechanism,

Discuss the necessity for a bodydefence mechanism in humans.

Gather information and discussthe bodys mechanism withreference to :a) first line of defence

- skin- mucous membrane

b) second line of defence- phagocytic white bloodcells.

c) third line of defence- lymphocytes

Draw and label the variousstages of phagocytosis

Discuss the following :a) antigens, antibodies, immunity

and immunization,b) how antigens and antibodies

are related to immunity.c)The various types of immunity

:i) active immunity (natural,

artificial)ii) passive immunity

(natural, artificial)

Carry out small group discussionon the following and present thefindings:a) the effects of HIV on the

bodys immune system.

Bodys defence mechanism- mekanisme pertahanan badan.Immunity

- keimunanImmunisation- pengimunanacquired immune deficiencysyndrome (AIDS)- sindrom kurang daya tahan


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Notes Vocabulary

1.6 Appreciating a healthycardiovascular system

1.7 Understanding the transportof substances in plants.

Describe the transmission of HIV,Suggest ways to prevent the spred

of acquired immune deficiency

syndrome (AIDS).


select and practise suitable ways tomaintain a healthy cardiovascularsystem


state the necessity for transportof substances in plants.

identify the vascular tissue in stem,root and leaf.

state the role of vascular tissue inthe transport of substances.

describe the structure of vasculartissue.

b) transmission of HIV.

c) prevention of AIDS

Research and discuss nutritionand lifestyle which can lead to ahealthy cardiovascular system.Then, select ways that aresuitable and practise them.

Discuss the following :a) the necessity for tansport ofsubstances in plants.

b) the problem that could befaced by plants intransporting substancesand how it is overcome inplants.

Carry out the followingactivities :a) to show the presence of

xylem as a continuous tubesystem to transport waterand minerals.

b) prepare slides and look atthe cross-section andlongitudinal section of adicot stem.

c) study prepared slides ofXS of stem, root and leafof a dicot plant and drawplan diagrams.

Cross section - keratan rentas

Longitudinal section keratanmembujur


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Notes Vocabulary

1.8 Synthesising the concept oftransport of substances inplants.

relate the structure of xylem totransport.

relate the structure of phloem totransport.

predict the effect of removing a ringof phloem tissue from a plant.


state what translocation is.explain the importance oftranslocation in plants.

describe the process oftranspiration.

explain the importance oftranspiration.

describe the pathway of water fromthe soil to the leaves.

Relate the following :a) the structure of xylem to

the transport of water and

mineralsb) the structure of phloem tothe transport of organicsubstances.

Carry out bark ringing to showthe role of phloem in thecontinuous transport of organicsubstances.

Discuss the following :a) the transport of organic

substances in plants.b) the importance of

translocation in plants.

Carry out small group discussionon the following and present thefindings ;a) the process of transpiration.b) the importance of

transpiration.c) the pathway of water from

soil to leaves using aschematic diagram.

Bark ringing is theremoval of a ring oftissue to the xylem

from around the trunkof a woody plant.

Mechanism to explaintranslocation is notrequired.

Pathway of water laluan air

Environmental factor factorpersekitaran.

Light intensity keamatancahaya

Relative humidity kelembapanrelative

Rate of transpiration kadartranspirasi

Root pressure tekanan akar

Transpiration pull tarikantranspirasi

Capillary action tindakankapilari


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Notes Vocabulary

state external conditions affectingtranspiration.

design experiments to study factorsaffecting the rate of transpiration.

explain the role of root pressure inthe movement of water in plants.

explain the role of cohesion andadhesion of water in the movementof water in plants.

conceptualise the transportmechanism in plants

d) the external conditionsaffecting the rate oftranspiration.

Design and conduct experimentsto study factors affecting the rateof transpiration, ie. ;a) air movementb) temperaturec) light intensityd) relative humidity

Carry out an activity to show thefollowing ;a) root pressureb) cohesion and adhesion of

water.

Discuss and draw a concept mapof the movement of water inplants in terms of the following :osmosis, transpiration pull,cohesion and adhesion of water,opening and closing of stomata,root pressure.


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THEME : PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS

LEARNING AREA : 2.0 LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT


2.1 Understanding support and

locomotion in humans andanimals.


explain the necessity forsupport and locomotionin humans and animals.

describe problems thatcould be faced byhumans and animals insupport and locomotion.

explain how problems insupport and locomotion

are overcome in humansand animals.

name the bones thatmake up the axialskeleton andappendicular skeleton ofthe human body.

Carry out small group discussion on the

following :

a) the necessity for support and locomotionin humans and animals.

b) the problems that could be faced byhumans and animals in support andlocomotion.

c) how the above problems are overcome inhumans and animals.

Study a model of human skeleton to identifythe following :a) axial skeleton consisting of the skull,cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae,lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternumand ribs.b) appendicular skeleton consisting of thescapula, clavicle, humerus, ulna, radius,pelvic girdle, femur, tibia and fibula.


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label the bones, the skeletalmuscles and tendons in adiagram of the arm.

Explain how movement isbrought about in a limb.

State the function of cartilageand synovial fluid at joints

Describe briefly the mechanismof locomotion in an animal.

State some consequences ofimpaired musculoskeletal systemon support and locomotion

Observe a chicken wing to note the positionand nature of muscle, ligaments andtendons.

Draw and label a simple diagram of an armto show the arrangements of bones,skeletal muscle and tendons.

Briefly discuss;a) how the bones, skeletal

muscle, tendons and jointsbring about movement inthe arm or leg.

b) the necessity of nerveimpulses in skeletal musclecontraction.

c) the antagonistic action ofskeletal muscle.

d) all muscles has twoprimary proteins.

e) source of energy is fromATP produced in adjacentmitochondria.

f) the function of cartilage andsynovial fluid at joints

Observe and discuss the mechanism oflocomotion in an earthworm, grasshopper,fish of bird.

Discuss and present findings on musclecramps, osteoporosis, muscular dystrophyand arthrisis

The slidingFilament model ofmusclecontraction is notrequired.

Only a simpleaccount isrequired.

contraction pengecutan

impaired terjejas

muscle cramp kejang otot


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2.2 Appreciating a healthymusculoskeletal system

2.3 Understanding support inplants


Practise ways to care for themusculoskeletal system.


Explain the necessity forsupport in plants

Explain how support is achievedin aquatic plants

Explain how support in terrestrialplants are achieved throughtissue modification.

Discuss and share ways ofCaring for the musculoskeletal system suchas:a) following a balanced dietb) having a good posturec) using a proper attire for

daily activities.d) taking appropriate

precautions duringvigorous activities.

e) practicising correct and safeexercise techniques.

Discuss the following ;a) the necessity for support in

plants.b) what could be the support

related problems faced by( i ) aquatic plants(ii ) terrestrial plants

c) how is support achieved inaquatic and terrestrialplants.

Carry out the following activities ;a) study the adaptation for support

(aerenchyma and air sacs ) in floatingaquatic plants eg. Water hyacinth.

b) study prepared slides of

cross- sections of old stems to identifytissue that help in support.

c) investigate how support inherbaceous plants eg. spinach andbalsam is achieved without woodytissue.


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LEARNING AREA : 3.0 COORDINATION AND RESPONSE


Notes Vocabulary

3.1 Understanding response andcoordination


list the changes in external andinternal environment faced bythe organism,

state why organisms have to besensitive to changes in internaland external environment.

clarify through examples themeaning of stimulus and

response

state the main components andpathways involved in detectingand responding to changes inexternal environment

state the main components andpathways involved in detectingand regulating changes ininternal environment,

clarify through examples themeaning of coordination

Carry out small group discussionon the following and present thefindings:

a) External stimuli, e.g. light,sound, smell, taste, temperature,pressure, and touch.

b) Internal stimuli e.g. sugar levelin the blood and osmoticpressure of blood.

c) the necessity for livingorganisms to respond to stimuli

Carry out activities to study:

a) human and animal responsesto external and internalenvironment

b) plant responses to externalenvironment

View computer simulations on thepathways in detecting andresponding to external andinternal stimuli in humans andanimals and draw schematicdiagrams involving the maincomponents.

Discuss what is meant bycoordination.

Main components arereceptors, integratingcentre and effectors.

Affent and efferentpathways are involved.

In regulating theinternal environment,negative feedback isinvolved.

External environmentpersekitaran luar

Internal environmentpersekitaran dalam

Stimulus rangsangan

Response

gerak balas

Negative feedback suap baliknegatif


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3.2 Analysing the role ofhuman nervous system


state the role of nervoussystem

draw and label a diagram toshow the organisation ofnervous system

name the main parts of thebrain and state theirfunctions,

draw and label a diagram ofa cross section of the spinalcord,

state the main functions ofthe spinal cord

label the structure of anafferent neurons,

identify the types of neuronsfrom diagrams given state the function of each

type of neurone

state the mode oftransmission of informationalong the neurone

describe briefly the pathwayof transmission ofinformation from receptorsto effectors

Discuss the role of nervous system.

Draw a diagram to show theorganisation of the nervous system.

View graphics of the brain and labelthe main parts of the brain, and statetheir respective function(s).

Draw and label diagram of a crosssection of a spinal cord.

Discuss the main functions of thespinal cord.

Draw and label the structure of theefferent neurone ( nucleus, cell body,cytoplasm,dendrites,axon,synapticdendrites, myelin sheath ).

Identify and discuss the function ofthe three types of neurone.

View computer animations on thetransmission of information in theform of electrical signals.

Discuss the mode of transmission ofthe information along the neurone.

Draw a schematic diagram to showthe pathway of transmission ofinformation, and discuss thefollowing:

The parts of the brain to bestudied are thecerebrum,cerebellum,medullaoblongata,pituitary,hypothalamus andthalamus.

Cross section of spinal cordinclude grey matter,whitematter,dorsal root,ventralroot,ganglion,spinal nerve.

Nervous system sistemsaraf

Spinal cord saraf tunjang

Transmission of information penghantaran maklumat

Electrical signals isyaratelectric


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Notes Vocabulary

draw and label a simple diagramof a synapse,

describe the transmission ofinformation across synapses,

state the role of synapse intransmission,

give examples of voluntaryaction,

give examples of involuntaryaction

outline the transmission ofinformation in voluntary action

outline the transmission ofinformation in involuntary action

draw a schematic diagramshowing a reflex arc,

give examples of nervoussystem diseases

a) reception of stimuli byreceptorsb) from receptors to the centralnervous systemc) integration and interpretationby the central nervous system tothe effectorsd) response by the effectors

Draw and label a simple diagramof a synapse,

Conduct small group discussionon the following:a) transmission of informationacross the synapseb) the role of the synapse intransmission

Discuss vountary action andinvountary action with examples.Discuss the following:a) vountary action e.g, raisingyour hand to answer a question,b) involuntary action involvingskeletal muscles e.g. knee jerk,c) involuntary action involvingsmooth muscles or glands eg.

normal blood pressure.

Work in small groups to draw aschematic diagram of a reflex arc

Visit homes for aged.Show compassion towards seniorcitizens and patients withAlzheimers and Parkinsonsdiseases.

Note:Conditional reflex isnot required.

Voluntary action tindakanterkawal

Involuntary action tindakan luarkawal

Knee jerk sentakan lutut

Skeletal muscles otot licin

Reflex arc arka refleks


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Notes Vocabulary

3.3 Analysing the role of hormonesin humans


state what a hormone is,

state what the endocrinesystem is,

state why the endocrinesystem is necessary,

state physiologicalprocesses not directlyregulated by the nervoussystem,

describe how the endocrinesystem complements thenervous system,

Carry out small group discussionon the following and present thefindings:

a) What a hormone is,b) What the endocrine

system isc) Why the endocrine

system is necessary,despite having thenervous system,

d) The physiologicalprocesses which arenot directly regulatedby the nervous system,e.g. menstrual cycle,development ofsecondary sexcharacteristics, growth,etc

e) How the endocrinesystem complementsthe nervous system.

Carry out group activity to labelthe main glands in the endocrinesystem.

Name the main hormonesproduced by each endocrinegland.

Endocrine glandskelenjarendocrine


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Week Learning Objectives Learnng Outcomes Suggested LearningActivities

Notes Vocabulary

label the main glands of theendocrine system,

name the main hormonesproduced by eachendocrine gland,

state the functions of thehormones involved in somephysiological processes,

describe briefly howsecretion of hormone isregulated,

describe brieflycoordination involving both

the nervous and endocrinesystem in a fight or flightsituation,

state the effects ofhormonal imbalance

state the use of hormonesin medicine

Match the hormones with theirfunctions in the followingphysiological processes:

a) Reproduction,b) Growth,c) Homeostasis.

Discuss how secretion of ahormone can be regulated by :

a) another hormone, e.g.thyroid stimulatinghormone (TSH),

b) level of certainsubstances, e.g.glucose,

c) nervous system.Discuss the involvement of boththe nervous system andendocrine system in a fight orflight situation (involvingadrenaline).

Carry out small group discussionon the following and present hefindings on:

a) the effects of imbalanceof thyroxine, growth

hormone, antidiuretichormone and insulin,

b) the use of hormones inthe treatment ofdiabetes mellitus anddwarfism.

The main hormonesrequired are:- follicle-stimulatinghormone,- luteinising hormone,- estrogen- progesterone- androgens- growth hormone- thyroid-stimulatinghormone- thyroxine- insulin- glucagons- antidiuretic hormone,and- adrenaline.

Hormonal imbalanceketidakseimbangan hormone

Dwarfism kekerdilan


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3.4 Synthesizing the concept ofhomeostasis in humans


Explain the necessity tomaintain an optimalphysical and chemicalcondition in the internalenvironment,

state the meaning ofhomeostasis,

design an experiment tostudy the effect of differentquantities of water intakeon urine output,

relate changes in bloodosmotic pressure to urineoutput,

describe the formation ofurine,

relate the formation of urineto excretion,

describe briefly themechanism ofosmoregulation,

Discuss the following:a) physical factors body

temperature and bloodpressure,

b) chemical factors in theblood partial pressureof oxygen and carbondioxide, osmoticpressure, and sugarlevel,

c) the necessity tomaintain an optimalphysical and chemicalcondition in the internalenvironment,

d) the meaning ofhomeostasis

Design an experiment to showthe effect of different quantities ofwater intake on urine output.

Discuss the following:a) the relationship

between regulation ofosmotic pressure andthe formation of urine,

b) the formation of urine,c) the relationship

between urineformation andexcretion.

Draw and label the followingstructures:

a) kidney,b) nephron.

Regulation of thephysical and chemicalfactors in the internalenvironment is vital forsurvival.

The action of sodiumpump is not required

Regulation -- kawalatur


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predict the consequencesof impaired kidney function,

describe the regulation ofblood sugar level,

describe the regulation ofbody temperature,

conceptualise homeostasis.

View computer simulations anddraw a schematic diagram on theprocess of urine formation anddiscuss the following processes:

a) ultrafiltration,b) reabsortion,c) secretion

Draw a schematic diagram on theaction of antidiuretic hormone(ADH), and discuss the following:

a) the process ofosmoregulation by thekidneys,

b) negative feedbackcontrol inosmoregulation.

Gather information and discussthe following:

a) haemodialysis,b) kidney donation and

kidney transplant,

Recall, discuss and draw aconcept map on variousmechanisms that together keepthe physical and chemicalconditions inside the organismconstant in terms of:

a) blood sugar level,b) body temperature,c) partial pressure of

oxygen and carbondioxide,

d) blood pressure.


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Notes Vocabulary

3.5 Practising a healthy lifestyle

3.6 Understanding planthormones


describe the effects of drugand alcohol abuse onhumans,

explain the factors that canlead to drug and alcoholabuse,

practise a healthy lifestyle


State what plant hormones are. Give some examples of plant

hormones.

Infer the effects of auxins ongrowth responses

Explain the role of auxinsintropism

State the use of hormones inagriculture

Show pictures of drug addictsand alcoholics, then discuss drugand alcohol abuse.Research and report on:

effects of drug andalcohol abuse such ason the nervous system,

social factors that canlead to drug andalcohol abuse.

Attend talks on drug and alcoholabuse.Participate in anti-drug abuse andanti-alcohol abuse campaigns.

Research and report on:

a) the meaning of planthormone

b) plant hormones e.g. auxins,ethylene

c) effect of auxins based onscientific findings onphototropism.

d) role of auxins inphototropism andgeotropism.

e) the use of hormones inagriculture.

Only a simpleaccount is required isrequired.

Ethylene is alsoknown as ethene.

Drug abuse penyalahgunaandadah

Responsesgerakbalas


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LEARNING AREA : 4.0 REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH


4.1 Analysing gamete formation

4.2 Analysing the role ofhormones in the menstrualcycle.


Explain the necessity fororganisms to reproduce

State types of reproduction. Explain the necessity for

formation of gametes.

Describe formation of sperm inhumans.

Describe formation of ovum inhumans.

Compare the formation ofsperm with that of ovum.


State what menstruation is. Relate menstruation to

menstrual cycle.

State then importance of themenstrual cycle

State the hormones involved inthe menstrual cycle

Relate hormonal levels to thedevelopment of follicles, theprocess of ovulation, and theformation of corpus luteum

Relate hormonal levels to thechanges in thickness of theendometrium

Discuss the following about

reproduction:a) the necessity to reproduceb) the two types of

reproductionc) the necessity for formation

of gametes

Study diagrams of the stages in theformation of a sperm and ovum.

Compare the formation of a spermwith that of an ovum.

Discuss the following:

a) what menstruation isb) the relation between

menstruation and menstrualcycle

c) the importance of the menstrualcycle

d)

hormones involved in themenstrual cycle

Study and interpret graphs onhormonal levels during the menstrualcycle.

Study diagrams, and discuss theeffect of hormonal levels on thefollowing :

Reproducemembiak

Menstrual cycle kitar haid

Ovulation - Pengovuman


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4.3 Understanding the earlydevelopment of a zygote inhumans.

Explain the role of hormones inregulating menstrual cycle

State what premenstrualsyndrome(PMS) is

State what menopause is


Describe what fertilization is. Describe in simple terms the

early development of a zygote.

Name the two main stages inthe development of a zygote inpreparation for implantation

Describe the formation of twins Compare identical twins with

fraternal twins

State the functions of theplacenta in foetal development

Explain the advantages offoetus having a separatecirculatory system from that of

the mother.

a) follicle developmentb) ovulationc) formation of corpus luteumd) thickness of the endometriumDiscuss the following:

a) Premenstrual syndromeb) MenopauseUse diagram and computer simulationto discuss the following:

a) the formation of zygoteb) the early development of a

zygote as the formation of a ballof cells which becomes

implanted in the wall of theuterus

c) identify morula and blastocystfrom the diagrams given

d) formation of identical twins,fraternal twins and Siamesetwins.

Ilustrate how identical and fraternaltwins are formed, and give somedifferences between them.Research and report on:

a) functions of the placenta infoetal developmentb) the advantages of foetushaving a separate circulatory systemfrom that of the mother.

Only a simple accountis requirerd.

Premenstrual syndrome(PMS)-Sindrom Prahaid

Menopauseputus haid

Fertilizationpersenyawaan

Identical twins- kembar seiras

Fraternal twins-kembar takseiras

Implantation-penempelan

Umbilical cord- tali pusat


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4.4 Appreciating thecontribution of science &technology to humanreproduction.

4.5 Synthesizing the concept ofsexual reproduction in flowering

plants.

Students should be able:

Explain the contribution ofScience & Technology tohuman reproduction

Explain some moral issuesrelated to the application ofScience & Technology tohuman reproduction.

Explain what sexuallytransmitted diseases are.

Give examples of sexuallytransmitted diseases


identify male and femalestructure in a flower.

describe the formation of pollengrains.

Describe the formation of theembryo sac in the ovule.

Describe the formation ofpollen tube.

Describe the formation ofzygote.

Describe the formation oftriploid nucleus.

Conceptualize doublefertilization.

Relate the structure of a fruit tothe flower parts.

Explain the importance ofdouble fertilization for thesurvival of flowering plants.

Research and report on:

a) family planninga) sperm bankb) artificial inseminationc) in-vitro fertilizationd) surrogate mothere) sexually transmitted diseases

Examine a flower to identify:(a) various flower part.(b)the structure which produce maleand female reproductive cells.

Draw diagrams to show thestages in the formation of

(a) pollen grains from pollenmother cell,

(b) embryo sac from embryosac mother cell.

Describe briefly what happens at eachstage in both (a) and (b).

Artificial insemination-permanianberadas

In vitro fertilisation-persenyawaan in vitro

Surrogate mother-ibu tumpang

Pollen debunga.Embryo sac pundit embrio.

Germination

percambahan.


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Conduct an activity to observe thegermination of pollen grains in sugarsolution.

Discuss the following:(a) the formation of two male

nuclei from the generativenucleus.

(b) The formation of a zygote .(c) The formation of triploid

nucleus.

Discuss and draw a concept map ofdouble fertilization in flowering plants.

Examine the structure of fruits.

Eg.mango.

Long beans and relate them to theflower parts:(a) seeds from the ovule.(b) seed coat from the integument(c)fruit from the ovary.

Discuss the importance of doublefertilization for the survival of floweringplants.

Double fertilizationpersenyawaan ganda dua.

Seed coat kulit biji.


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4.6 Understanding growth inmulticellular organisms.

4.7 Understanding the growthcurve .


Explain briefly the necessity forgrowth.

Explain what growth is.


Identify the parameter used in themeasurement of growth.

Describe the Sigmoid growth curve.

Relate the shape of the growthcurve to the growth phases of anorganisms.

Explain the shape of the growthcurve of an insect.

Discuss the necessity for growth.Carry out small group discussion ongrowth in terms of :

(a) growth being an irreversibleprocess.

(b) Increase in the number ofcells.

(c) Increase in cell size.(d) Cell differentiation.

Study diagrams or prepared slides toidentify the growth zone at root tip andshoot tip.

Generate idea on the appropriateparameter used in the measurementof growth.Conduct an activity to study thegrowth of a plant:e.g onion, maze or balsam.Study and interpret the dataOn growth in human and discuss thefollowing:

(a) the shape of growth curve.(b) Phases of growth.(c) Relationship between

(a) and (b).Study and interpret a growth of aninsect and relate the shape of thecurve to its growth.

Parameter used canbe height, length,volume, dry mass andfresh mass.

Growth pertumbuhan.Irreversible tidak berbalik.Cell differentiation pembezaan

sel.

Growth curve lengkungpertumbuhan.


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4.8 Understanding primary andsecondary growth in plants.

Student should be able to:

State the type of growth in plants.

State what primary and secondary

growth is.

Name the tissues involved inprimary and secondary growth.

State the location of the tissuesinvolved.

Explain the importance of primarygrowth.

Explain the importance of secondarygrowth.

Compare and contrast plant thatundergo secondary growth withplant that do not.

State the economic importance ofplants that undergo secondarygrowth.

Discuss the type of growth in plants.

Conduct a field study to identify plantsthat undergo primary and secondarygrowth.

Examine prepared slides or diagramsof a cross section of a young stem,mature stem, young root, mature rootin dicots to identify the primary andsecondary tissues.Research and report on the following:

(a) relate primary growth toheight, support andtransport of substances.

(b) Relate secondary growth toadditional support andtransport.

(c) State the importance ofvascular cambium and corkcambium.

(d) Compare plants thatundergo secondary growthwith those that do not.

(e) The economic importance ofplants that undergosecondary growth.

Primary growth pertumbuhanprimer.Secondary growthpertumbuhan sekunder.

Cork cambium cambiumgabus.


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THEME : VARIATION AND INHERITANCE.

LEARNING AREA : 1.0 INHERITANCE


1.1 Synthesizing the concept of

inheritance based on Mendelsexperiment.


State what is meant by inheritance.Differentiate traits and characters

Identify characters and traits inMendels experiment

State that there is a hereditaryfactor that determines a particular

character.

Identify dominant trait and recessivetrait.Explain genes and allelesExplain dominant allele andrecessive alleleState the meaning of phenotypeand genotype.Relate allele combination togenotype.State the meaning of homozygote

and heterozygoteDetermine the phenotypic andgenotypic ratio in the first andsecond filial generation.

Discuss the following based on example :

(a) inheritance(b) characters and traits.Study diagrams showing the result ofMendels monohybrid cross experiment,then discuss

(a) characters and traits in Mendelsexperiment

(b) there is a hereditary factor thatdetermines a particular character.

(c) Dominant trait and recessive trait.(d) Genes and alleles(e)

Dominant allele and recessiveallele

(f) Phenotype and genotype(g) homozygote and heterozygote(h) phenotypic and genotypic ratio in

the first and second filialgeneration.

(i) the importance of meiosis I in thesegregation of alleles.

E.g:

Character: heightTrait: tall, short.

Character: colourTrait : white, red.

Schematic diagramsshould show thesegregation of allelesin meiosis

Inheritance pewarisan.

Characteristic

cirri.Hereditary factor factorpewarisan.


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1.2 Understanding inheritance

State the meaning of monohybridinheritance.

Conceptualize Mendels First Law.

State the meaning of dihybridinheritance.

Conceptualize Mendels SecondLaw.


state the blood groupsinthe ABO system and

Rhesus factor (Rh factor)in humans

explain the inheritance ofABO blood group inhumans

(j) Meaning of monohybridinheritance.

Conduct an activity using coloured buttons orbeans to illustrate Mendels First Law.

Discuss Mendels First Law as the Law ofSegregation.

Study diagrams showing the result ofMendels dihybrid cross experiment thendiscuss the following:(a)meaning of dihybrid inheritance(b) the importance of meiosis in terms ofindependent assortment of chromosome.

Discuss Mendels Second Law as the Law of

Independent Assortment.

Discuss :

a) blood groupsand Rhesus factor(Rh) factor)

b) inheritance of ABO blood group inhumans.

The use of Punnettssquare is required.


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1.3 Understanding genes

and chromosomes

differentiate autosomesfrom sex chromosomes

identify the differenthuman karyotypes,

explain sexdetermination in off-springs

explain sex-linkedinheritance usingexamples.

describe hereditydiseases.


state the unit ofinheritance state the location of

genes. describe the structure of

deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)

describe in simple termsthe manifestation of atrait of an organism fromthe basic unit ofinheritance

Examine a drawing of a micrograph of humanchromosomes and :

a) determine the number of chromosomes,b) arrange the homologus pairs based on the

location of the centromere and size ofchromosomes

c) identify autosomes and sex chromosomesCompare the karyoptypes of a normal human beingwith that of a person with Downs syndrome.

Draw a schematic diagram to show the following :a) sex determination in offspringsb) sex-linked inheritance of haemophilia and

colour blindness

Gather information and discuss:a) hereditary disease such as thalassaemia

Research and report on :a) unit of inheritanceb) the location of genes

Construct a model of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)and discuss the following :

a) structure of nucleotidesb) structure of polynucleotidesc) double helix structure of DNA

Only a brief accountis required

sex determinationpenentuan seks

sex-linked inheritance-pewarisan terangkai seks

colour blindness-buta warna


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Week Learning Objectives Learnng Outcomes Suggested Learning Activities Notes Vocabulary

explain briefly the importanceof genetics to mankind.

describe the application andabuse of knowledge ingenetics.

argue on the need for ethicsand moral in the application ofgenetics.

Draw a schematic diagram and relate how a traitis manifested from the basic unit of inheritance interms of :

a) chromosomes to DNAb) DNA to genec) Gene to proteind) Protein to the trait of an organism

Research and report on the following :a) DNA fingerprintingb) Human genome projectc) Potential of stem cell researchd) Genetic engineering,

i) gene therapyii) genetically modified

organisiii) genetically modified foodiv) medicine (production ofinsulin)

Discuss the implications of the above to mankind.

Conduct a forum or debate on ethical and moralissues in the application of knowledge in genetics.

Visit research centres that conduct research ingenetic engineering.

An explanation ofthe mechanism ofprotein synthesis is

not required

Double helix- helix gandadua

DNA fingerprinting cap jariDNA

Genetic engineering

kejuruteraan genetic

Ethics-etika


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THEME : VARIATION AND INHERITANCE

LEARNING AREA : 2.0 VARIATION


2.1 Understanding variations in

organisms

2.2 Understanding the causes ofvariation


State the importance ofvariations in organism Give examples of

variation in humans.

State the type of variation. Compare continuous

variation withdiscontinuous variationwith discontinuousvariation

A student is able to :

State the factors causingvariation.

Explain the effects ofgenetic factors onvariation.

Explain the effects ofenvironmental factors onvariation.

Discuss the importance of variation

in organisms.

Conduct an activity to investigatevariation in humans and present thedata graphyically.

Discuss continous and discontinousvariation based on graphs.

Compare continuous variations withdiscontinuous variation.

Discuss the causes of variation interms of :

a) genetic factorsb) environmental

Discuss the effects of genetic factoron variation.Conduct an activity, such as roleplaying or modelbuilding , to show

the process of genetic recombination.

Conduct an activity to study theeffects of different environmentalfactors on the variation of plants

Variations- variasi

Continuous variation- variasiselanjar

Discontinous variation- variasitak selanjar


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2.3 Be respectful towards oneantother despite variation

Explain mutation.

Explain the importance ofvariation in the survival ofa species.


Accept that people aredifferent.

Respect each other

Discuss the following :a) Chromosomal mutation,b) gene mutation

Discuss examples of mutation and

mutagens

Discuss the importance of variation inthe survival of a species

Participates in games and clubactivities involving individuals fromvarious ethnic groups.

Conduct a sketch to show respect forall Gods creation

Yearly Plan f5 Biology Edited

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