orqidea

lela cucqiriZe

klasi VIkiTxvis done – 6.1teqstis tipi – SemecnebiTi

saqarTvelos dawyebiTi ganaTlebis proeqti (G-PriEd) madlobas uxdis lela qistaurs, rezo gogias da nugzar arCe maSvils, romlebmac paata papavas xelmZRvanelobiT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes am wignis momzadebaSi. gansakuTrebuli madloba qalbaton medea kakaCias (USAID)ga we uli daxmar e bisTvis.

am masalis momzadeba SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis keTili nebiTa da aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos mxardaWeriT. masalebis Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia SemdgenelTa jgufi da igi ar warmoadgens aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosa da aSS mTavrobis azrs. Ees masala momzadda aSS saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos dawyebiTi ganaTlebis proeqtis farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrosTan erTad.

Sesavali

albaT yvela Tqvengans aqvs Tavisi sayvareli yva­vili. zogs mzesaviT yviTelgula gvirila uyvars, zogs – qoCora iasamani, zogs – erTi bewo ia, zogs – kompiuterTan qoTniT midgmuli Cxvletia da msuqa­na kaqtusis yvavili urCevnia yvelafers.

ra aris yvavili?

Tqven albaT ukve iciT, rom yvavili mcenaris saxecvlili ylortia. is Sedgeba gvirgvinis foTle­bisgan, jamis furclebisgan, mtvrianebisgan da but­kosgan. swored yvavilia mcenaris gamravlebis or­gano. misgan mcenaris Tesli da nayofi warmoiqmneba.

arsebobs moyvavile da aramoyvavile mcenareebi. aramoyvaviles uwodeben mcenares, romelsac yvavi­li ar aqvs, mag. naZvi, kviparosi da sxv. moyvaviles uwodeben mcenares, romelsac yvavili aqvs. Turme Cvens planetaze 500000­mde saxeobis mcenarea gavr­celebuli. aqedan naxevarze meti yvaviliania.

yvavili, rogorc simbolo

yvavili silamazis, sinazis da siyvarulis simboloa. mas xSirad iyeneben heraldikaSi.1 yvela saxelmwifos Tavisi gerbi aqvs. gerbebi

1 `heraldika~ laTinuri sityvaa da `macnes~ niSnavs.Tavdapirvelad im mizniT warmoiSva, rom erTmaneTisgan gaerCiaT orTabrZolaSi monawileebi da Cafxutiani mebrZolebi. heraldika damxmare istoriuli disciplinaa, romelic gerbebs Seiswavlis. Tavis mxriv, gerbi memkvidreobiTi ganmasxvavebeli niSania.

ვვვვვვვ ვვვვვვვვ ვვვვვვვვვ ვვვვვვ ვვვვ.

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aqvs aseve qalaqebs, gvarebs, provinciebs, sxvadasx­va gaerTianebebs, samefo dinastiebs.

magaliTad, maldivis gerbze gamosaxu­lia xuTfurcliani vardi.

safrangeTis samefos gerbSi ki gamo­yenebuli iyo TeTri SroSani (lilia).

yvavils ara marto qveynebis, Tqven warmoidgineT, sportuli klubebis emblemadac ki iyenebdnen. maga­liTad, yvelasTvis cnobili inglisuri safexburTo klubis, `manCester iunaitedis~ maisurebs 1908/09 wlis sezonis inglisis Tasis finalSi lankasteris wiTeli vardis emblema amSvenebda.

arsebobs omebic, romlebic swored yvavilis saxeliT Sevida istoriaSi. aseTia 30­wliani samo­qalaqo omi, romelic inglisis or samefo dinastias – lankasterebsa da iorkebs – Soris mimdinareobda da romelic cnobilia, rogorc `alisferi da TeTri vardebis omi~. es imitom, rom am dinastiebis samefo emblemebi alisferi da TeTri vardi iyo. swo­red lankasterebis alis feri vardi gamoiye­na `manCester iunaited­ma~.

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iciT, kidev sad gvxvdeba `alisferi da TeTri var­debis omi?~ ase daarqva mezobeli ubnis biWebTan mumrikis xelSi Casagdebad dawyebul `orTabrZo­lebs~ astrid lindgrenis nawarmoebis personaJma, deteqtivma kale blumkvistma. Tumca am omze rom ukeT gaigoT, jobs, kale blumkvistze dawerili wig­nebi waikiTxoT. garwmunebT, Zalian isiamovnebT.

bardisa Tu SroSanis garda gerbebsa Tu emblemebSi gvxvdeba sxva yvavilebic. magaliTad, barbadosis saxelmwifo ger­bze gamosaxulia orqidea.

orqideaorqidea mcenareTa yvelaze didi ojaxia. garda

antarqtidisa, dedamiwis yvela kontinentze xarobs, umetesad – tropikul zonebSi, mag. bahamis kunZule­bze, samxreT amerikaSi, trinidadSi, kubaSi da sxv.

bunebaSi orqideis daaxloebiT 20000 veluri sa­xeobaa gavrcelebuli. amas emateba 10000­mde sxva­dasxva saxis oqrideac, romlebic dRemde xelovnu­rad gamohyavT.

ramdeni wlisaa orqidea?

orqidea planetis erT­erTi uZvelesi mcenarea. mas Zalian didi xnis istoria aqvs. mecnierebma or­qideis yvavilis mtveri qarvaSi Cakiruli futkris zurgze aRmoaCines da mividnen daskvnamde, rom es mtveri daaxloebiT 10­15 milioni wlis winandeli iyo. sxvadasxva gamokvlevaze dayrdnobiT imasac ki

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varaudoben, rom orqidea imaze adrec arsebobda, sanam dedamiwaze kontinentebi gaiyofoda. jer ki­dev Cvens welTaRricxvamde meoTxe saukuneSi orqi­deas eTayvanebodnen CineTSi. xolo qristesSobamde 375 wels, berZenma filosofosma da erT­erTma pir­velma botanikosma Teofrastma am yvavils `orqisi~ uwoda. swored antikuri periodidan vxvdebiT cno­bebs orqideaze. mis warmoSobaze ki xalxSi legende­bia gavrcelebuli.

legendebi

legenda 1: erT­erTi berZ­nuli legendis Tanaxmad, kvip­rosis mefis vaJi, adonisi, ro­melic RmerTebsac ki sjobda silamaziT, qalRmerT afrodi­tes Seuyvarda. amaze zevsi gan­risxda da erTxel, sanadirod wasulebs saSineli Weqa­quxili mouvlina. adonisma da afroditem mRvimes Seafares Tavi. am dros afro­dites oqros maSia gasZvra da ulamazes yvavilad, mxurvale siyvarulis simbolod, orqidead iqca. orqideis es saxeoba (Cypripedium calceolus) marTlac Zalian waagavs oqros maSias.

legenda 2: axali zelandiis aborigenebs Tavian­Ti legenda aqvT orqideaze.

odesRac, Zalian didi xnis win, mze Cvens planetas iSviaTad stumrobda, amitom yvelaferi TovliT iyo

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varaudoben, rom orqidea imaze adrec arsebobda, sanam dedamiwaze kontinentebi gaiyofoda. jer ki­dev Cvens welTaRricxvamde meoTxe saukuneSi orqi­deas eTayvanebodnen CineTSi. xolo qristesSobamde 375 wels, berZenma filosofosma da erT­erTma pir­velma botanikosma Teofrastma am yvavils `orqisi~ uwoda. swored antikuri periodidan vxvdebiT cno­bebs orqideaze. mis warmoSobaze ki xalxSi legende­bia gavrcelebuli.

legendebi

legenda 1: erT­erTi berZ­nuli legendis Tanaxmad, kvip­rosis mefis vaJi, adonisi, ro­melic RmerTebsac ki sjobda silamaziT, qalRmerT afrodi­tes Seuyvarda. amaze zevsi gan­risxda da erTxel, sanadirod wasulebs saSineli Weqa­quxili mouvlina. adonisma da afroditem mRvimes Seafares Tavi. am dros afro­dites oqros maSia gasZvra da ulamazes yvavilad, mxurvale siyvarulis simbolod, orqidead iqca. orqideis es saxeoba (Cypripedium calceolus) marTlac Zalian waagavs oqros maSias.

legenda 2: axali zelandiis aborigenebs Tavian­Ti legenda aqvT orqideaze.

odesRac, Zalian didi xnis win, mze Cvens planetas iSviaTad stumrobda, amitom yvelaferi TovliT iyo

dafaruli. zogjer mze dedamiwaze sxivs agzavnida. sxivi Tovls swrafad adnobda. Tovli niaRvrad iq­ceoda. ase Cndeboda zRvebi. zRvidan aorTqlebuli wyali TandaTan ufro da ufro did Rrublebs war­moqmnida. amis gamo mze dedamiwas veRar xedavda. man sxivebiT scada Rrublebis gafantva, rasac Zlieri wvima mohyva. wvimam miwaze Tovli mTlianad daadno. roca gadaiRo, caze cisartyela gamoCnda.

dedamiwaze mcxovrebma borotma sulebma cisar­tyelaze dadgoma moindomes. Svidfera naxevarrkal­ma maT simZimes ver gauZlo da daimsxvra. misi aTaso­biT wvrili, feradi namsxvrevi ki miwaze Camocvivda da didebul yvavilebad, orqidead, iqca.

rogor mravldeba orqidea?

orqideis Teslebidan axali mcenare rom aRmo­cendes, gansakuTrebuli pirobebi sWirdeba. aRmoC­nda, rom amisTvis mxolod Sesaferisi sinaTle, siT­bo da teni ar aris sakmarisi. am mcenaris Tesli mxo­lod maSin Rvivdeba, rodesac misi dainficireba xdeba erT­erTi iSviaTi saxeobis sokoTi, romelic mcenares ar azianebs.

orqideis gamrav­lebaSi did rols Ta­maSoben mwerebic, ra­dgan swored maTi saSualebiT xdeba yva­

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vilis damtverva.2 kunZul maiorkaze izrdeba ̀ futka­ra orqidea~, romlis yvavilebi Tavisi garegnuli ie­riTa da suniT Tafls waagavs. amis gamo mamr futkrebs isini mdedr futkrebSi erevaT da xSirad stumroben xan erT, xan meore, xan mesame ̀ futkara orqideas~. mo­tyuebul futkrebs sxeulze akruli mtvris tomsike­bi da mtveri erTi yvavilidan meoreze gadaaqvT.

`futkara orqideis~ garda sxva orqideebsac Ta­viseburi `xafangebi~ aqvT mwerebis misazidad.

magaliTad, orqidea falenopsisi (Phalaenopsis) pe­pelas waagavs. is Tavisi garegnobiT it­yuebs pep lebs da Tavs amtverianebinebs.

zogi orqidea mwerebs Tavisi mot kbo surneliT izidavs, zogi – leSis suniT da a.S.

orqideebsa da maTi dammtverianebel mwerebs Soris am unikalur urTierTkavSirs Tanae­volucias uwodeben.

rodis Seajvares pirvelad orqidea?

mebaReebi advilad ajvareben erTi saxeobisa da, Tqven warmoidgineT, sxvadasxva saxeobis orqideeb­sac ki, ris Sedegadac am yvavilis uamravi axali hib­ridi3 iqmneba. maTi umetesoba bolo 100 weliwadSia miRebuli.

2 damtverva – mcenaris yvavilis mtvris marcvlebis moxvedra but­kos dingze. yvavilovan mcenareTa sqesobrivi gamravlebis forma.

3 hibridi – ori sxvadasxva genotipis mqone mSobliuri ujredis Sej varebis Sedegad miRebuli organizmi.

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vilis damtverva.2 kunZul maiorkaze izrdeba ̀ futka­ra orqidea~, romlis yvavilebi Tavisi garegnuli ie­riTa da suniT Tafls waagavs. amis gamo mamr futkrebs isini mdedr futkrebSi erevaT da xSirad stumroben xan erT, xan meore, xan mesame ̀ futkara orqideas~. mo­tyuebul futkrebs sxeulze akruli mtvris tomsike­bi da mtveri erTi yvavilidan meoreze gadaaqvT.

`futkara orqideis~ garda sxva orqideebsac Ta­viseburi `xafangebi~ aqvT mwerebis misazidad.

magaliTad, orqidea falenopsisi (Phalaenopsis) pe­pelas waagavs. is Tavisi garegnobiT it­yuebs pep lebs da Tavs amtverianebinebs.

zogi orqidea mwerebs Tavisi mot kbo surneliT izidavs, zogi – leSis suniT da a.S.

orqideebsa da maTi dammtverianebel mwerebs Soris am unikalur urTierTkavSirs Tanae­volucias uwodeben.

rodis Seajvares pirvelad orqidea?

mebaReebi advilad ajvareben erTi saxeobisa da, Tqven warmoidgineT, sxvadasxva saxeobis orqideeb­sac ki, ris Sedegadac am yvavilis uamravi axali hib­ridi3 iqmneba. maTi umetesoba bolo 100 weliwadSia miRebuli.

2 damtverva – mcenaris yvavilis mtvris marcvlebis moxvedra but­kos dingze. yvavilovan mcenareTa sqesobrivi gamravlebis forma.

3 hibridi – ori sxvadasxva genotipis mqone mSobliuri ujredis Sej varebis Sedegad miRebuli organizmi.

orqideebis saxeobebs Soris pirveli xelovnuri damtverva (Sejvareba) bri­tanelma mebaRem jon dominim ganaxor­ciela da 1856 wels miiRo kidec orqi­deis pirveli xelovnuri hibridi – kalante domini (Calanthe dominii).

dReisaTvis seleqcionerebma4 orqideebis buneb­rivze meti xelovnuri saxeoba gamoiyvanes. isini axladmiRebul mcenares Teslidan zrdian da Semdeg ramdenime weli elodebian mis gayvavilebas.

garda kerZo seleqcionerebisa, msoflioSi arse­bobs didi firmebic, romlebic swored am yvavilis gamravlebasa da misi axali jiSebis gamoyvanaze zru­naven.

zrdasruli orqideis misaRebad xuTi, zogierTi jiSisTvis ki aTi welia saWiro. amitom, msoflio ba­zarze am yvavilis fasic maRalia.

raSi iyeneben orqideas?

jer kidev Zveli Cineli, romaeli, berZeni, iapo­neli eqimebi, aseve actekebis da maias tomis mkurna­lebi iyenebdnen orqideas sxvadasxva daavadebis samkurnalod. iqneboda es anTebiTi procesebi, Tavis tkivili, xvela, kanis daavadeba, revmatizmi Tu sxv.

4 seleqcioneri – is, vinc muSaobs seleqciaze. seleqcia – (laT. selectio – SerCeva) – mecniereba mcenareebisa da cxovelebis axali jiSebis Seqmnis meTodebze. genetikis erT­erTi dargi.

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mas iyenebdnen sakvebadac. mZiviviT acmuli orqi­deis yvavilebs axmobdnen da gaWirvebis dros Wamd­nen. warmoidgineT, TiTo `mZivi~ adamians mTeli dRiT anayrebda.

zulus tomis mamakacebi warmatebis misaRwevad mxar­ze yviTel­wiTellaqebian orqideis furclebs imag­rebdnen. damwvari orqideis kvamls ki SeeZlo Rameuli koSmarebis gafantva.

orqideas dRes farTod iyeneben parfiumeriaSi sxvadasxva saxis sunamoebis dasamzadeblad. misgan aseve amzadeben saxisa Tu tanis movlis saSualebebs da sxv.

orqideisgan mzaddeba weboc.

gagigiaT raime vanilis Sesaxeb?

albaT yvela Tqvengans erTxel mainc moukravs yuri am sityvisTvis dedis Tu be­biebis saubarSi. vanils ku­linariaSi iyeneben. am sur­nelovani fxvnilis gareSe namcxvris Tu tortis ga­moc xoba TiTqmis warmoudgenelia. arsebobs orqi­deis saxeoba: `vanilis orqidea~ (vanilla planifolia).

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is lianebis saxiT izrdeba. amis gamo plantaciebSi dra­cenas xeebs rgaven, an specia­lur sayrdenebs iyeneben, raTa lianam masze Semoxveva da asvla SeZlos.

vanils orqideis ori sa­xeobidan iReben.

vanilis orqideis samSob­lo meqsikaa. mas mxolod meq­sikaSi arsebuli futkris erTi saxeoba melipona da ase­ve mxolod meqsikaSi arsebu­

li erTi saxeobis kolibri amtverianeben.1816 wels holandielebma vanilis orqideis gaxa­

reba scades kunZul iavaze da plantaciac gaaSenes. Tumca uSedegod. mcenare xarobda, magram nayofs ar iZleoda. ase gagrZelda 18 weliwads, sanam gamok­vlevebis Sedegad ar mixvdnen vanilis unayofobis mizezs. kunZul iavaze ar iyo futkris da kolibris is saxeoba, romelic orqideas amtverianebda.

vanilis plantaciebSi mtveri yvavilidan yvavil­ze xeliT, funjis saSualebiTac gadaaqvT. amas Zi­riTadad bavSvebi akeTeben. isini dReSi 1000­mde yva­

vils amuSaveben. vanili sicocxlis mesame wels yvavis da isic mxolod erTi dRiT – SuadRidan Ramemde. amis Semdeg war­

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moiqmneba grZeli parkebi, romlebSic wvrili Savi Teslia. nayofs damwifebamde wyveten, maSin, rodes­ac mas jer surneli ar aqvs. imisaTvis, rom nayofi

surnelovani gaxdes, didi Sromaa saWiro.

Tavdapirvelad parkebs 20 wamiT 80­850C­mde gacxele­bul wyalSi aTavseben, mere Salis qsovilSi axveven da 600C temperaturaze inaxaven.

ramdenime dRis Semdeg zustad erTi saaTiT gamoaqvT mzeze. momdevno dRes – zustad 10 wuTiT metxans uma­teben. Semdeg dRes – kidev zustad 10 wuTiT metxans da ase grZel deba erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

vanili TandaTan iZens motkbo, msubuq surnels, momwaro gemosa da yavisfer Seferilobas.

amis Semdeg parkebi gamoaqvT Ria adgilas, Crdil­Si da manamde aSroben, sanam TeTri fena ar daedeba.

marTalia, mTeli am procesis ganmavlobaSi vani­li wonis 2/3­s kargavs, magram, samagierod, iZens yve­la saWiro Tvisebas.

vanilis orqideis yvelaze didi plantaciebi ma­dagaskarSi, indoneziasa da CineTSia, gvxvdeba laTi­nur amerikaSic.

orqideebis saerTaSoriso gamofena

orqidea Tavisi mravalferovnebis da uCveulo formebis gamo karg sakoleqcio mcenaredac iTvle­ba. miuxedavad maRali fasisa, koleqcionerebi mzad

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arian, nebismieri Tanxa gadaixadon, raTa kidev erTi mSvenieri orqidea Sematon TavianT koleqcias.

yovel sam weliwadSi erTxel msoflios sxvadasx­va qalaqSi imarTeba orqideebis saerTaSoriso gamo­fena. pirvelad igi 1954 wels Catarda `britaneTis mebaReTa samefo sazogadoebis~ da `amerikis orqi­deis sazogadoebis~ TaosnobiT. gamofenaze Tavs iyrian mebaReebi, seleqcionerebi, botanikosebi, bunebis damcvelebi, biznesmenebi, koleqcionerebi Tu ubralod orqideis moyvarulebi. isini aTvalie­reben aTasobiT sxvadasxva Seferilobisa da moyva­nilobis yvavils da didi interesiT elodebian se­leqcionerebis mier gamoyvanil axal saxeobebs So­ris saukeTesos gamovlenas.

ratom interesdebian adamianebi orqideiT?

garda imisa, rom orqideas sxvadasxva daniSnule­biT iyeneben, is Zalian mravalferovani, ucxo da uCveulo yvavilis mqone mcenarea. SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvarad amoucnobic.

sainteresoa isic, rom misi Tvisebebi didad aris damokidebuli jiSze. magaliTad, erTi jiSis orqi­

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dea surnels mxolod dRisiT gamoscems, meore – mxolod Ra­miT, mesame – dRisiT sxvagvar surnels afrqvevs, RamiT – gansxvavebuls da a.S.

orqideis yvaviloba sami kviridan sam Tvemde gr­Zeldeba, is am mxrivac gansxvavdeba sxva yvavilebis­gan. 2001 wels aRmoaCines orqidea, romelic mxo­lod erTxel da isic erTi RamiT yvavis.

garda silamazisa da ucnauri, mravalferovani formebisa, es yvavili mkveTri ferebiT, saocari surnelebiTa da TvisebebiT gamoirCeva.

iqneb swored am uamravi Tvisebis bralia, rom orqi­deiT yovelTvis gansakuTrebiT interesdebodnen da dResac interesdebian ara mxolod botanikosebi.

didi xnis win mis mosapoveblad adamianebi ara­fers eridebodnen: awyobdnen laSqrobebs da am laS­qrobebis dros, Waobebsa da tyeebSi xSirad iRupe­bodnen kidec. auqcionebze es yvavilebi yvelaze Zvirad iyideboda. iyo SemTxvevebi, roca orqideis xelSi Casagdebad mkvlelobebic ki CaudeniaT.

mokled, orqideaze didi nadiroba iyo gamocxa­debuli, ris gamoc tropikuli tyeebi TandaTan icleboda bunebis am saswaulisgan da mcenares ga­daSeneba emuqreboda.

saukuneebis manZilze mebaReebi Zalian bevrs mu­Saobdnen, raTa, erTi mxriv, gadaerCinaT is da, meore mxriv, misi Sejvarebis, saTburebSi moyvanisa da ga­xarebis teqnologia daexvewaT.

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ucnauri orqideebi

ukve gavigeT, rom orqideebs sul sxvadasxva Se­ferilobis da formis yvavilebi aqvT da maTi Ti­Toeuli yvavili daxvewilobiT gamoirCeva.

Tumca arseboben ucnauri formis orqideebic.

Tu yuradRebiT daakvirde­biT, SeamCnevT, rom orqideis es yvavilebi frTagaSlil Ci­tebs hgvanan.

sanam yvavilebs gamoiRebs, es or­qidea qalis tuCebs mogvagonebs.

es – safenebSi gaxveul Cvils.

es orqidea ki ara, namdvi­li balerinaa. TiTqos solo partias cekvavs.

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eseni gafrenil ixvebs hgva­nan. netav, sad mifrinaven?

es xelgaSlil kacunas hgavs, SeiZleba cxovelsac.

ai, eseni ki vis hgvanan, Ta­vad mixvdiT.

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sulac ar mikvirs, rom maT `maimun orqi­deebs~ uwodeben. mgo­ni, arc Tqven gagik­virdebaT.

am orqideis danaxvam SeiZ leba SegaSinoT kidec. tyulubralod ar Searqves mas `orqidea­drakula~.

rogor movuaroT orqideas?

Tu gsurT, saxlSi orqidea gqondeT, girCevT, Sei­ZinoT misi saxeoba – falenopsisi (orqidea, romelic peplebs ityuebs). mas gansakuTrebuli movla ar sWirdeba da didxans yvavilobs. falenopsiss arc gamorCeuli ganaTeba sWirdeba. roca ayvavdeba, in­terieris gasalamazeblad SegiZliaT oTaxis siR­rmeSic gadadgaT. oRond yvavilobis Semdeg au­cileb lad Tavis adgilas unda daabrunoT.

orqideas ar uyvars mzis gulze yofna. is advilad itans 180C­dan 280C­mde temperaturas. 300C­ze maRali temperaturis dros ki saswrafod CrdilSi, gril adgilas unda gadaitanoT. saerTod ki sasurvelia, im adgilas, sadac orqidea gaqvT, temperatura mkveT rad ar icvlebodes.

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falenopsisi daaxloebiT or kviraSi erTxel unda morwyaT. morwyva mxolod mas Semdeg unda, roca fesvebi mTlianad gauSreba. kargad gaSreba qoTnis kedlebic da qoTani simSralisgan Semsubuq­deba. unda morwyaT oTaxis temperaturis onkanis an gafiltruli wyliT. sasurvelia SuadRemde, rom misma fesvebma daRamebamde moas w ros gaSroba. albaT mixvdiT, rom falenopsisisTvis fesvebis simSrale sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania.

am yvavils ar uyvars Sewuxeba, amitom iSviaTad sWirdeba gadargva, isic mxolod maSin, Tu fesvebi qoTanSi aRar eteva.