1. 1. WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS SeCOND EDITION Williant Stallings Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS SeCOND EDITION Williant Stallings Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
2. 2. - Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: MarciaJ Horton Publisher: Alan Apt Associate Editor: TOni D. Holm Editorial Assistant: Patrick Lindner Vice President and Director of Production and Manufacturing, ESM: David W Riccardi Executive Managing Editor: Vince OJBrien Managing Editor: Camille Trentacoste Production Editor: Rose Kernan Cover Photo: Brand X Pictures Director of Creative Services: Paul Belfanti Art Director: Heather Scott Cover Designer: Tamara Newnam Managing Editor,AV Management and Production: Patricia Burns Art Editor: Gregory Dulles Manufacturing Manager: Trudy Pisdotti Manufacturing Buyer: Lynda Castillo Marketing Manager: Pamela Hersperger Marketing Assistant: Barrie Reinhold . . 2005,2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Pearson Prentice Hall is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book.These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness.The author and publisher make no warranty ofany kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book.The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. Printed in the United States ofAmerica 10987654321 ISBN: 0-13-191835-4 Pearson Education Ltd., London Pearson Education Australia Pty. Ltd., Sydney Pearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong Kong Pearson Education Canada, Inc., TOronto Pearson EducaCion de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education~apan,TOkyo Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NewJersey
3. 3. As always) for my loving wife and her constant companions Geoffroi and Helma
4. 4. CONTENTS Preface xi Chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Introduction 1 Wireless Comes ofAge 2 The Cellular Revolution 3 The Global Cellular Network 4 Broadband 5 Future Trends 5 The Trouble with Wireless 7 Outline of the Book 7 Internet and Web Resources 10 PART ONE TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 13 Chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Transmission Fundamentals 14 Signals for Conveying Information 15 Analog and Digital Data Transmission 22 Channel Capacity 27 Transmission Media 31 Multiplexing 36 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 40 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 41 Appendix 2A Decibels and Signal Strength 43 Communication Networks 46 LANs,MANs,andWANs 47 Switching Techniques 49 Circuit Switching 50 Packet Switching 54 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 60 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 65 key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 66 Protocols and the TCPlIP Suite 69 The Need for a Protocol Architecture 70 The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture 71 The OSI Model 75 Internetworking 77 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 83 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 83 Appendix 4A Internet Protocol 85 Appendix 4B Transmission Control Protocol 88 Appendix 4C User Datagram Protocol 92 --VII
5. 5. - ...Vlll CONTENTS PART TWO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 94 Chapter 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Chapter 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Chapter 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Chapter 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Antennas and Propagation 95 Antennas 96 Propagation Modes 101 Line-of-Sight Transmission 105 Fading in the Mobile Environment 115 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 122 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 123 Signal Encoding Techniques 127 Signal Encoding Criteria 129 Digital Data, Analog Signals 131 Analog Data, Analog Signals 142 Analog Data, Digital Signals 148 Recommended Readings 155 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 155 Spread Spectrum 159 The Concept of Spread Spectrum 160 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 161 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 166 Code Division Multiple Access 170 Generation of Spreading Sequences 173 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 186 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 186 Coding and Error Control 192 Error Detection 193 Block Error Correction Codes 200 Convolutional Codes 216 Automatic Repeat Request 223 Recommended Readings 230 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 231 PART THREE WIRELESS NETWORKING 236 Chapter 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Chapter 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Satellite Communications 237 Satellite Parameters and Configurations 238 Capacity Allocation-Frequency Division 250 Capacity Allocation-Time Division 256 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 261 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 262 Cellular Wireless Networks 264 Principles of Cellular Networks 265 First-Generation Analog 282 Second-Generation TDMA 285 Second-Generation CDMA 298 Third-Generation Systems 304
6. 6. 10.6 10.7 Chapter 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Chapter 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 .CONTENTS IX Recommended Readings and Web Sites 311 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 314 Cordless Systems and Wireless Local Loop 317 Cordless Systems 318 Wireless Local Loop 329 WiMAX and IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Standards 342 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 354 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 355 Appendix llA Linear Predictive Filters 356 Mobile IP and Wireless Access Protocol 358 Mobile IP 359 Wireless Application. Protocol 373 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 394 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 396 Appendix 12A Internet Control Message Protocol 397 Appendix 12B Message Authentication 401 Appendix 12C Service Primitives and Parameters 402 PART FOUR WIRELESS LANS 404 Chapter 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Chapter 14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Chapter 15 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 Wireless Lan Technology 405 Overview 406 Infrared LANs 413 Spread Spectrum LANs 417 Narrowband Microwave LANs 418 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 419 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 419 Wi-Fi and the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Lan Standard 421 IEEE 802 Protocol Architecture 422 IEEE 802.11 Architecture and Services 428 IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control 433 IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer 442 Other IEEE 802.11 Standards 451 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 458 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 459 Appendix 14A Scrambling 460 Bluetooth and IEEE 802.15 463 Overview 464 Radio Specification 471 Baseband Specification 472 Link Manager Protocol 491 Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol 495 IEEE 802.15 501 Recommended Readings and Web Sites 508 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 509
7. 7. X CONTENTS APPENDICES 511 Appendix A Traffic Analysis 511 A.l Basic Traffic Concepts 512 A.2 Multiserver Models 513 A.3 Recommended Reading 519 Appendix B Fourier Analysis 520 B.l Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals 521 B.2 Fourier Transform Representation ofAperiodic Signals 522 B.3 Recommended Readings 525 Appendix C Data Link Control Protocols 526 C.l High-Level Data Link Control 527 Glossary 533 References 540 Index 547
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