EE4L Computer & Communication Networks Part IV – Wireless networking Dr Costas Constantinou.
Background of Wireless Communication Wireless Communication Technology Wireless Networking and...
-
Upload
bartholomew-craig -
Category
Documents
-
view
276 -
download
6
Transcript of Background of Wireless Communication Wireless Communication Technology Wireless Networking and...
Background of Wireless Communication
Wireless Communication Technology
Wireless Networking and Mobile IP
Wireless Local Area Networks
Wireless Communication Systems
Wireless Communication SystemsWireless Communication Systems
Wireless Personal Area Networks
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
Wireless Wide Area Networks
Overview
Communication Systems Wireless Communications Current Wireless Systems
Wireless LANs Paging Systems Cellular systems Satellite Systems Bluetooth Design challenges 4G Systems Cognitive Radios
Communication Systems
Provide electronic exchange of multimedia Data, Voice, Video, Music, Email, Web pages, etc.
Communication Systems of today are used for Radio, TV broadcasting, Data and Public Switched Telephone Network (voice, fax, modem) Cellular Phones Computer networks (LANs, WANs, and the Internet) Satellite systems (pagers, voice/data, movie broadcasts) Bluetooth (Cable replacement)
Block diagram of a Communication Systems
Transmitter
Carrier
Information to be transmitted
(Baseband signal)
Transmittedsignal
Channel
Receivedsignal
Receiver
Recovery of information
Wireless Communications
Multimedia wireless Communications at any Time and Anywhere
Brief history Ancient Systems: Smoke Signals, Carrier Pigeons Radio invented in the 1880s by Marconi Many sophisticated military radio systems were
developed during and after WW2 Cellular has enjoyed exponential growth since 1988,
with more than 2 billion users worldwide today Ignited the recent wireless revolution, 1980-2003
Current Wireless Systems
Cellular systems Wireless LANs Satellite Systems Paging Systems Bluetooth Ultra Wide Band Systems Zigbee
Cellular Systems: Reuse channels to maximize capacity
Geographic region divided into cells Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated locations. Co-channel interference between same color cells. Base stations/MTSOs coordinate handoff and control functions Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden
BASESTATION
MTSO
Type of Cells
Satellite
MacrocellMicrocell
UrbanIn-Building
Picocell
Global
Suburban
Basic TerminalPDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
Type of Cells
Cell radii can be vary from 10’s of meters in buildings to 100’s of meters in the cities, up to several km’s in the countryside.
Macrocells, provide overall area coverage Microcells, focus on slow moving subscribers moving
between buildings. Picocells, focus on the halls of a theater, or exhibition
centre.
Cellular Phone Networks
BSBS
MTSOPSTN
MTSO
BS
Taxila
LahoreInternet
The Wireless Revolution
Cellular is the fastest growing sector of communication
industry (exponential growth since 1982, with over 2 billion users worldwide today)
Three generations of wireless
First Generation (1G): Analog 25 or 30 KHz FM, voice only, mostly vehicular communication
Second Generation (2G): Narrowband TDMA and CDMA, voice and low bit-rate data, portable units.
2.5G increased data transmission capabilities Third Generation (3G): Wideband TDMA and CDMA, voice and high
bit-rate data, portable units
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range)
Breaks data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Backbone Internet provides best-effort
service Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)
01011011
AccessPoint
0101 1011
Wireless LAN Standards
802.11b (Current Generation) Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz) Frequency hopped spread spectrum 1.6-10 Mbps, 500 ft range
802.11a (Emerging Generation) Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz) OFDM with time division 20-70 Mbps, variable range Similar to HiperLAN in Europe
802.11g (New Standard) Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands OFDM Speeds up to 54 Mbps
Since 2008,all WLAN Cards have all 3 standards
Satellite Systems
Cover very large areas
Different orbit heights GEOs (39000 Km) LEOs (2000 Km)
Optimized for one-way transmission Radio (XM, DAB) and movie (SatTV)
broadcasting
Most two-way systems struggling or bankrupt Expensive alternative to terrestrial system A few ambitious systems on the horizon
Paging Systems
Broad coverage for short messaging
Message broadcast from all base stations
Simple terminals
Optimized for 1-way transmission
Answer-back hard
Overtaken by cellular
Bluetooth
Cable replacement RF technology (low cost)
Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)
2.4 GHz band (crowded)
1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels
Widely supported by telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics companies
Few applications beyond cable replacement
Wireless Comm. Design Challenges
Hardware Design Precise components Small, lightweight, low power Cheap High frequency operations
System Design Converting and transferring information High data rates Robust to noise and interference Supports many users
Network Design Connectivity and high speed Energy and delay constrains
4G Wireless Communication Systems
Evolution to 4G wireless communication systems 4G: New paradigm shift from technology centric to
user centric 4G: Integrated All-IP Architecture Efficient spectrum sharing concept in 4G wireless
networks
Evolution towards to 4G
B. Walke, IEEE 802 System: Protocol, Multihop mesh/relaying, Performance and Spectrum Coexistence, John Wiley and Sons, January 2007
The growth of number of mobile subscribers
M.A. Uusitalo, “ The Wireless World Research Forum - Global Vision of Wireless World,” IWCT2005, Oulu, Finland, June 2005.
Why mobile subscribers are increasing ?
Movement from the Personal Computing Age (one computing device per person) to Ubiquitous Computing Age (several platforms at user’s disposal whenever and wherever needed)
The convergence of media Numerous demands of multimedia applications arose from
huge number of personal wireless devices, which are small, cheap, more convenient and more powerful.
Road map of wireless communication systems
L.M. Gavrilovska and V. M. Atanasovski, “Interoperability in future wireless communications system: A roadmap to 4G,” Microwave Review, June 2007
Key Concept of 4G
Global wireless communication system All-IP based seamless connectivity 4G is foreseen as an integrator of all existing and future
wireless and wired networks, both terrestrial and satellite. 4G is not a new system design from scratch but 4G is a
concept of integration and convergence
4G systems will deliver
All digital all-IP communication End-to-end QoS guarantees Efficient spectrum sharing and dynamic spectrum allocation Diversified radio access (e.g. cellular, WLAN, ad hoc
networks) Adaptive multimode user terminals (cognitive approach) Seamless and transparent user roaming with fully support of
various handovers.
4G systems will deliver
Support for huge multimedia traffic Integration of navigation and communication system in order
to offer a variety of location/situation/context aware service Increased level of security Increased personalization Quickly deployable user services (anytime, anywhere, and
from any device) in cost effective manner
All-IP based 4G network
L.M. Gavrilovska and V. M. Atanasovski, “Interoperability in future wireless communications system: A roadmap to 4G,” Microwave Review, June 2007
Research Challenge in Future Wireless Communication Systems
Crucial issues needed to be investigated are User terminals issue Mobile Services issue Access network issue Communication issue
Spectrum efficiency and channel capacity Provisioning of ubiquitous coverage Cost-effective solution for high data rates Increased bandwidth usability Efficient spectrum allocation by using cognitive
approach
The Spectrum and Its Management Most governments consider the electromagnetic spectrum
to be a public resource. It is usually allocated by a governmental organization
(FCC, CRTC, ETSI, ARIB, etc.) that defines the spectrum management policy.
Most of the spectrum is currently licensed to users to further the public good, e.g., radio, television, etc.
Examples of licensing TV channels, radio, Cellular service, Unlicensed “free for all”, subject to some constraints
(e.g., 900 Mhz cordless phones, 2.4 Ghz wireless WiFi). Common belief: we are running out of usable radio
frequencies. Is that true?
Current Spectrum Management Policy
Fixed allocation Rigid requirements on how to use Little sharing
Spectrum Usage in Space, Time, & Frequency
Actual measurements by the FCC have shown that many licensed spectrum bands are unused most of the time. In NYC, spectrum occupancy is only 13% between 30 MHZ – 3.0 GHz.
Spectrum Usage
Good quality spectrum is under-utilized. Hence the problem is more a spectrum
management policy issue than a physical scarcity. The problem is begging for a solution based on
dynamic spectrum management or access. There are many possibilities.
Cognitive Radio is a synonym of dynamic spectrum access.
Dynamic Spectrum Sharing
There are 3 ways to share the spectrum dynamically Dynamic Exclusive Access: extension to the current licensing
policy. Flexible licensing. An improvement but not “fast” enough.
Open Sharing Model: horizontal sharing, a generalization of the unlicensed band policy. All users/nodes have equal regulatory status. Based on the huge success of WiFi and other technologies working in the ISM band.
Hierarchical Access Model: vertical sharing. All users do not have equal regulatory status (i.e., primary users and secondary users). Secondary users can opportunistically access the spectrum as long as it does not affect the primary users’ performance. Allows for prioritized spectrum sharing provided no harmful interference caused to primary users.
Harmful Interference What is harmful interference?
Ultimately depends on the application.
There are generally two broad approaches to avoid harmful interference:
Interference avoidance (spectrum overlay) Interference control (spectrum underlay) Of course they can be combined
(overlay) (underlay)
Spectrum Overlay: Interference Avoidance Spectrum overlay approach impose restrictions on when and where the secondary
users may transmit. Secondary users have to identify and exploit the spectrum holes defined in space, time, and frequency.
Compatible with the existing spectrum allocation –legacy systems can continue to operate without being affected by the secondary users.
Regulatory policies define basic etiquettes for secondary users to ensure compatibility with legacy systems.
In principle, interference avoidance involves only two steps: Look for holes in spectrum/time. Transmit only in those bands at those times.
Sounds a lot easier than it is. Detection of spectral holes is difficult due to the large range of
potential modulation/coding schemes: careful measurements based on actual primary signal statistics and signatures is needed.
Hidden terminal problem: we have to protect the primary receivers (but where are they?).
Fast detection time needed.
How to Use frequency gaps? Suppose that after some sophisticated signal processing, we determine that
spectrum occupancy is:
How do we use these (non-contiguous) holes? OFDM based approach solves the problem naturally. OFDM has the advantages that
It is low complexity (FFT and IFFT based) Can be naturally adjusted to fit almost any configuration of
spectral holes. Is growing in popularity (802.11a, 802.16, 802.22)
Spectrum Underlay: Interference Control
Interference avoidance is worst-case design In practice, this may be too “soft” and overly limit throughput of secondary
users. Spectrum underlay approach constraints the transmission power of secondary users so that
they operate below the interference temperature limit of primary users (i.e., the receivers). Interference temperature introduces new opportunities at a cost:
Additional difficulties Secondary user needs to measure/know temp. at primary receivers.
Secondary measurements Feedback from primary Treats interference as noise.
Spectrum Opportunity
Channel is available at A (tx) if no primary rx nearby. Channel is available at B (rx) if no primary tx nearby. Channel is an opportunity if available at both A and B.
A Definition of Cognitive Radio (CR)
A cognitive radio is an unlicensed communication system that is aware of its environment learns from its environment adapts to the statistical variations of its environment
and uses these to achieve reliable communication and spectral efficiency
by employing spectral holes or opportunities and does not generate harmful interference to the incumbents.
Cognitive Radios will be complex devices.
Some Examples Two examples of star networks with cognitive
features:
IEEE 802.16h (WiMAX) provides extensions to support unlicensed co-existence
IEEE 802.22 is an explicit cognitive WRAN that will exploit vacant TV broadcast bands
집
집
집 집
집
집
TV TransmitterWRAN
Base Station
집
: CPE집
집
집
집
집
집
: WRAN Base Station
집
집
Typical ~33kmMax. 100km
집
집
집
집
집
집
집
집
집
집
A little more about IEEE 802.22
IEEE 802.22 has the following interesting characteristics:
Has a complex architecture to detect primary users.
Follows the spectrum overlay approach (avoids interfering with primary users altogether)
Is OFDM based
Spectrum sharing of cognitive radios
L.M. Gavrilovska and V. M. Atanasovski, “Interoperability in future wireless communications system: A roadmap to 4G,” Microwave Review, June 2007
Emerging paradigm of cognitive network
L.M. Gavrilovska and V. M. Atanasovski, “Interoperability in future wireless communications system: A roadmap to 4G,” Microwave Review, June 2007
IEEE 802.21 framework of Multimedia Independent Handover- Network
Network controlled handover
L.M. Gavrilovska and V. M. Atanasovski, “Interoperability in future wireless communications system: A roadmap to 4G,” Microwave Review, June 2007
IEEE 802.21 framework of Multimedia Independent Handover - User
L.M. Gavrilovska and V. M. Atanasovski, “Interoperability in future wireless communications system: A roadmap to 4G,” Microwave Review, June 2007
4G Summary
The 4G paradigm is already on the road. 4G wireless system provide high speed, high
capacity, low cost per bits. 4G is IP-based services for broadband multimedia. Concept of 4G is all about an integrated, global
network based on open system approach. 4G wireless systems utilize spectrum efficiently
via cognitive approach, and optimize the choice of radio access technology.
Cognitive radio and networking will become the key in reconfigurable wireless system.
Network Simulation Platforms
NS-3 http://www.nsnam.org/tutorials/simutools08/ns-3-
tutorial-slides.ppt OMNeT++ 4.0
http://www.omnest.com/webdemo/ide/demo.html
Q&A
?
Assignment #3
Answer the questions given on Slide No. 7 Send your assignments in Word Document Format to
[email protected] or [email protected] Last date of submission of assignment is 14th April
2009.