"Nothing more excellent or

valuable than wine was ever

granted by the Gods to man." Plato

What is in Wine?

Caloric content dependent upon alcohol and sugar content

How is wine made?

After harvesting

The grapes are transported to the winery where they

undergo destemming and crushing.

There are a variety of presses that are used to produce the juice,

which is called “must”.

Crusher

Small Bladder Press

How is wine made?

The sugar in the wine is used by the yeast to

produce ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide gas, thus

making wine.

The type of yeast can affect the qualities of the wine as will other

compounds in the wine - some naturally

occurring and some that are byproducts of the winemaking process.

Large Rotary Press

How is wine made?

Fermentation and Aging

After crushing and pressing the must is transferred to

large, refrigerated stainless steel tanks where it is

fermented to produce wine.

Once fermentation is complete, the wine can be transferred to barrels for aging for 6 to 24 months.

Fermentation Tanks

Barrel filling

Barrel aging

Active Yeast Cells

How is wine made?

Fermentation and Aging:

The barrels are usually made from Oak (??)

Some wine is aged in old barrels and some in new

to produce different characteristics, as well.

Fermentation Tanks

Barrel filling

Barrel aging

Active Yeast Cells

How is wine made?

Bottling and Cellaring:

After the wine is complete it is transferred to bottles.

Most wine is consumed within three years of bottling.

Bottling line

Bottles being filled

Large Commercial Cellar

Small in-home cellar

How is wine made?

Bottling and Cellaring:

Some fine wines gain added flavor and bouquet with time in the bottle if it is stored at 50 to 60 F. But, humidity is also important so that the corks do not dry out, which spoils the wine.

The wines commonly

aged in the bottle are: Cabernet Sauvignon (Red)

Pinot Noir (Red)

Chardonnay (White)

Champagne (White Sparkling)

Port

Sherry

Bottling line

Bottles being filled

Large Commercial Cellar

Small in-home cellar

Differences in making red & white wine White Wine:

Grapes for white wine are harvested and pressed.

The must is fermented in stainless steel tanks.

Some white wines, such as Chardonnay, is aged in oak barrels.

The wine is bottled

Most white wines are not bottle aged but consumed with in 3 years of bottling.

However, an exception is particularly fine wines made from Chardonnay and Champagne.

Red Wine: Grapes for red wine are

harvested, crushed.

The must is left with the skins during fermentation to produce the red color.

Red wine is commonly aged in oak barrels for 6 to 24 months.

The wine is bottled.

Many red wines are ready to drink after bottling.

However, some red wines, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, will benefit with some bottle age.

Sparkling wines

Champagne (Sparking) Wine:

Grapes for sparking wine are harvested and pressed.

It is fermented like a white wine.

More sugar and yeast is added to the wine.

The wine is bottled.

The additional sugar and yeast produce carbon dioxide, which carbonates the wine.

The second fermentation is stopped.

Most sparkling wines are made to drink young. But, fine Champagne will benefit with additional bottle age.

Summary

Wine grapes are harvested either manually or mechanically.

Manually harvested grapes are usually preferred.

After harvesting, grapes are destemmed, crushed (or pressed) to produce the juice, referred to as “must”.

The must is fermented and sometimes aged in oak to add flavor and aroma in some wines before bottling.

Sparkling wines such as Champagne are made by imposing a secondary fermentation in the bottle to produce carbonation.

Most wine is made to be consumed within 3 years of production.

However, some fine wines may gain special qualities by further bottle aging.

Why smelling, not only tasting?

Men can perceive only 4 kinds by

tasting…

But, can perceive hundreds of by

smelling!

Tasting Wine

• Watching

• Smell

• Tasting

Consumption of Wine in World

France, Italy, Portuguese

60 liters per person

Belgium, Germany, Austria

20 liters per person

Turkey

1 liter per person

annually