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Why are the cycles important?How do organisms interact with each other?How can we show trends in populations over time?
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What does it mean when we talk about the ecosystem?
What is Ecology?
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Ecology The study of interactions between
organisms Recall the levels of organization:
Organism Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere
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Energy Flow
Starts at sun Some make food from chemicals, not
sun = chemosynthesis
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Producers- produce their own sugar, gain energy from sun
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Consumers- consume other things to get their energy
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What about mushrooms on a fallen tree?
How are dead deer on the side of the road broken down naturally?
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Detritivores = feed on dead matter
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Decomposers = break down organic matter
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http://media.ebaumsworld.com/picture/kiltedrufus/FoodChain.png
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Food Chain
One organism passing energy to the next, and so on
Straight line Arrow = the way energy is moving
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http://www.dist102.k12.il.us/resources/Science%20Kids/food-chain.jpg
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Food Webs
Many organisms giving and receiving energy
Arrows = energy movement
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http://www.abe.ufl.edu/~owens/age2062/lect/lect_28/40_07.GIF
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Trophic Level
each step in a food chain or food web
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http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm
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Ecological Pyramids
Shows the amount of energy or matter in each trophic level of chain or web
3 types Energy- only 10% of energy is
transferred to next level Biomass-mass of all the organisms in
that level Numbers- how many organisms in that
level
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http://www.freewebs.com/the_grey_pilgrim/energy%20pyramid.bmp
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http://resources.edb.gov.hk/biology/english/images/environment/pyramid.gif
Biomass Pyramid
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http://www.econguru.com/fundamentals_of_ecology/image/ecological_pyramid.gif
Numbers Pyramid
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Water Cycle
Water moving through environments Transpiration- from trees to clouds Evaporation- from body of water to
clouds Precipitation- from clouds to ground Condensation- making clouds Run-off- doesn’t soak into soil Ground water- rivers underground
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Carbon Cycle
Carbon moving through environments
Decomposition- decaying organisms Oil, coal, and fuels come from
compressed decayed organisms
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http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/climate/images/carboncycle.jpg
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Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen moving through environment
Plants need nitrogen to make food
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http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/nitrogen-cycle.gif
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Phosphorous Cycle
Moving phosphorous through the environment
Needed to make DNA and RNA Mostly in rock, minerals, and land
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http://arnica.csustan.edu/carosella/Biol4050W03/figures/phosph1.jpg
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Niche
Place an organism holds in an ecosystem, includes what it eats, when it eats, how it mates, how it gets food, and interaction with other organisms
Species has evolved to fit that niche PERFECTLY
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http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/ysesp/images/niche.jpg
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http://www.fieldstonealliance.org/client/client_images/cartoon-find_niche.jpg
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Habitat
Where a species lives, where it can be found
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Competitive Exclusion Principle No two species can occupy the same
niche in the same habitat at the same time
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Competition
Organisms or species fighting over resources
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Resource
Anything necessary to life: water, sunlight, food, shelter, etc.
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Predation
Predator feeds on prey
http://www.stanford.edu/~siegelr/tz/tz2006/predatorandprey.jpg
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Symbiosis
Relationship in which two species live closely together
http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/JAG/03-PS101-6~Symbiosis-Posters.jpg
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Mutualism
Both benefit
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=65599&rendTypeId=4
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Commensalism
One benefits, other is not helped harmed
http://www.nearctica.com/ecology/anemonefish.jpg
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Parasitism
One benefits, other is harmed
http://www.cbu.edu/~seisen/ExamplesOfParasitism_files/image008.jpg
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Primary Succession
No soil exists, first organism to come along
Happens with volcanoes and rock exposed from glaciers melting
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http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2254/1937932386_03c78fa3e0.jpg?v=1194662963
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Secondary Succession Soil exists, something was once
there, cleared by natural disaster
http://www.prairiefriends.org/image/fire/prescribedBurn1_04..jpg
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Major Biomes
7. Taiga
8. Chaparral
9. Tropical Dry Forest
10.Tundra
11.Deciduous Forest
12.Desert
13.Tropical Rain Forest
1. Estuaries
2. Shrublands
3. Grassland
4. Coral Reef
5. Tropical Savanna
6. Ocean
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Tropical Rain Forest
http://msstrickland.com/eport/Rainforest.jpg
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Tropical Dry Forest
http://www.stanford.edu/group/seasonally_dry/Dryforest_images/watering_hole.jpg
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Tropical Savanna
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94366&rendTypeId=4
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Desert
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/china/environment/pictures/desert2.jpg
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Grasslands
http://grasslands.org.za.dedi539.your-server.de/assets/content_images/Image/Grasslands__SANBI_.JPG
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Shrublands
http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/grassland17_jdg.jpg
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Deciduous Forest
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/50-16f-TempForest.jpg
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Taiga
http://www.worldexposure.com/taiga/images/taiga2b.jpg
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Tundra
http://teachers.sduhsd.k12.ca.us/hherms/herms/METEOROLOGY/climates/P-tundra_alpine_nt.jpg
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Limiting Nutrient
Nutrient in short supply, will run out first
Greatly affects all organisms in the ecosystem