What happened in What happened in England?England?

The development of limited monarchy

(Constitutional Monarchy)

•A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY is a form of government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an hereditary or elected monarch as head of state.•Though the king or queen may be regarded as the government's symbolic head, it is the Prime Minister who actually governs the country. For example: Queen Elizabeth II of England.

Constitutional Monarchy

The Monarch and Parliament

• What was Parliament?

• The representatives of the people.

• Why did England have a Parliament?

• Magna Carta in 1215.

Magna Carta

• 1215 barons had enough & listed their grievances

• List became known as Magna Carta (Great Charter)

• John met barons at Runnymede

• It introduced the idea that even the king must obey some laws!

Magna Carta• The king must not interfere with the Church• When a baron inherits land he should pay the king no

more than £100• The king cannot collect new taxes unless the barons and

bishops agree• No freeman can be put in prison without trial by a jury• Justice will be without delays or bribes• Traders must be able to travel freely without having to

pay tolls• The King’s men must not take anyone’s goods without

paying for them.• As soon as peace is restored, all foreign merchants should

leave the country.

• Henry VIII created Protestant Church in England to divorce first wife

• Had Parliament pass laws ending power of pope in England

• In 1534 Act of Supremacy named king as head of Church of England

Henry and Parliament

• Two prominent members of Tudor dynasty, Henry VIII and daughter Elizabeth I, ruled when absolutism common on European continent

• In England, Parliament placed curbs on absolute monarchy

• Both father, daughter had to learn to work with Parliament to fulfill goals

Henry and Elizabeth

The Tudors and Parliament

Tension

• Tension developed between Parliament, queen

• Parliament pressured her to marry so she would have heir to throne

• Elizabeth refused, knowing marriage would limit her freedom

• Still managed to talk Parliament into approving funds she needed

Edward, Mary, Elizabeth

• After Henry’s death and short reign of son Edward, Mary I became queen

• Often called Bloody Mary, briefly made England Catholic again

• 1558, Mary died; Elizabeth crowned queen

• Returned England to Anglican Church with Parliament’s help

Elizabeth in ChargeMajor reason for Elizabeth’s good relationship with Parliament, her

willingness to let members speak minds without fear of punishment

• Close ties shown in fact that she called Parliament into session 10 times in 45-year reign

• Elizabeth clearly in charge, but had difficulty keeping subjects from questioning her actions

• Earl of Essex rebelled against authority

• Asked publicly, “Cannot princes err? Cannot subjects receive wrong? Is an earthly power or authority infinite?”

• Essex tried, executed as a traitor

• Not the last to question Elizabeth’s authority

How did Parliament interfere with absolute monarchy?

• Parliament wanted to share power with the Monarch.

• James expected to be an absolute monarch and was challenged by Parliament.

• The Tudors’ success with Parliament not repeated

• Relative of the Scotland Tudors succeeded Elizabeth

• James I, first of Stuart dynasty to rule in England

• View of absolute monarchy caused conflict with Parliament

• Previous wars, own spending left him low on funds

James I

• From Scotland, considered outsider

• James rarely got all money he wanted from Parliament

• Puritans wanted reform of Church of England

Clashes with Parliament • Seen as threat to

James’s power; church leadership supported him

• Refused to pass Puritans’ requests for reform

• Did agree to publication of King James Bible

Puritan Reform

The Stuarts and Parliament

England• James I

• Son of Mary Queen of Scots

• Raised by Scottish leaders

• “Divine right of kings”• Royal monopolies • Dissolved Parliament• Lost favor of the people• Puritans' opposition

English monarchs attempted to establish absolute system

• James I (1603-1625) fought with Parliament over his authority.

• Puritans wanted Anglican Church to reflect a Calvinist view.

• James refused to cooperate, except for a new Bible translation.www.bbc.co.uk/history

James I and the clash with Parliament

• James I wanted absolute power when he inherited the throne from Queen Elizabeth

• Elizabeth wanted absolute power too, but was better at flattering parliament to get her way

• Always conflict between the royalty and parliament over $ - royalty wants $ for royal court and foreign wars

James I continued

• Also annoyed people b/c he refused to make Puritan reforms (get rid of Catholic practices).

• Hated when anyone told him what to do (sound familiar?)

• Known for the King James Bible – the Puritan translation of the old Bible

James I

• Reigned 1603-25• The people disliked him• Jamestown & Plymouth, Massachusetts

founded• England went into debt; James demanded

high taxes• Argued with Parliament; wanted absolute

monarchy as in Henry VIII’s day

King James I

When James I died in 1625, his younger son was crowned king as Charles I.

• Popular at first, but married Catholic princess

• Involved England in military adventures overseas

• 1628, summoned Parliament to request money

• Parliament refused until Charles signed Petition of Right

• Petition of Right a direct challenge to absolute monarchy

Issues of Money

• Placed limits on king’s power

• Could not levy taxes without Parliamentary approval

• Parliament later refused to give Charles money again

• He taxed English people on own, forced bankers to lend him money

• Parliament was furious

• Charles dismissed Parliament

• 1629, decided to rule without consulting Parliament again

Petition of Right

Charles I Defies Parliament

England• Charles I

• Son of James I• Revolt in Scotland

• Scottish people did not feel fairly treated

• Imposition of bishops versus presbyters

• War with France• Unable to raise taxes

without Parliament• Long Parliament

• Civil War• Death of the king• Roundheads vs

Cavaliers

Charles I

• 1625, James I dies and his son, Charles I, gets the throne

• Always needed $ for war• When parliament denied $

requests, he dissolved parliament• 1628, parliament gets back

together and asks Charles to sign the Petition of Right

What was the Petition of Right?

• An agreement between Parliament and the King that said the king must:

• Get Parliament’s consent to raise taxes.

• Not imprison subjects without due cause.

• Not have martial law or house soldiers in time of peace.

Petition of Right

• No imprisonment without due cause• No taxation without parliament’s consent• No putting soldiers in private homes• No martial law during peacetime

• Charles I signed the petition and then ignored it – even dissolved parliament again and levied mad taxes on the people

How did the Petition of Right limit the monarchy in England?

• The king had to follow rules.

• Especially important the king had to ask Parliament’s permission to raise taxes

More of Charles I

• The people hated the taxes (obviously)

What did Charles do to limit Parliament’s Power?

• He did not allow them to meet for over ten years.

• When they did meet he tried to arrest Parliament’s leaders

• This started the English Civil War.

Charles loses his head in an argument

• Charles I (1625-1649) pursued an aggressive foreign policy with Spain.

• Continually sought new funds from Parliament, members checked his power by forcing him to sign the Petition of Right, 1628.

• When Charles dissolved Parliament and tried to raise money, civil war resulted.

: www.mdarchives.state.md.us/.../ 01glance/images/charles1.jpg

Parliamentary Parties

• Tories: for a strong king, tended to be Anglicans & landless nobles (who got their titles from the king)

• Whigs: for a strong Parliament, tended to be Anglicans who supported religious freedom, as well as merchants and lawyers; also included Puritans

Conflict Continued

• Conflict continued between king who believed in absolute monarchy, Parliament that saw itself independent

• Conflict led to war, king’s

death Limited King’s Powers

• Having been ignored 11 years, Parliament took opportunity to further limit king’s powers

• Demanded Parliament be called at least every three years

Parliament Reconvened

• 1640, Charles I finally reconvened Parliament to ask for more money

• “Long Parliament” did not disband for several years

Grudging Acceptance

• Parliament also ruled king could no longer dismiss Parliament

• Charles accepted new rules; but awaited right time to overturn

The English Civil War

1642 Civil War

• Erupted because Charles I refused to let Parliament meet from 1629-40. When they finally did meet, refused to give him money unless he agreed to limit his own powers.

• Tories willing to fight nicknamed “Cavaliers” (Fr. Chevalier=knight)

• Puritans flocked to the banner of General Oliver Cromwell; known as “Roundheads” for their closely cropped, plain hair, in contrast with the fashionably long haired Cavaliers

• Puritanism swept the lend; arts and sciences that flourished since Elizabeth went underground

Strategy• Charles’ moment came when radical Puritan group in Parliament moved

to abolish appointment of bishops in Anglican Church

• King, whose power connected to power of church, was outraged

Civil War Begins• Some members of Parliament decided to rise up against king

• Charles I called for support of English people

• 1642, English Civil War began

Charles Tries Power Grab• Charles decided to arrest Puritan leaders for treason

• Led troops into House of Commons, but men had already escaped

• Charles had tipped hand on intentions to take back power

War with Parliament

English Civil War

• Since Charles I ruled over Scotland AND England, there were several religions

• Charles I wanted ONE religion – ended up in Civil War when the Scots rebelled

• War cost $, so Charles needed Parliament. Parliament hated him and wanted to limit his power• Supporters of Charles I = Royalists• The opposition supports Parliament =

Roundheads

• Without Parliament’s funding, king relied on contributions to pay army

• Wealthy nobles called Royalists for allegiance to Charles

• Parliament could back its army by voting for funding

• Supporters of Parliament called Roundheads for short, bowl-shaped haircuts

• Roundheads included Puritans, merchants, some from upper classes

• Parliament member Oliver Cromwell led Roundhead forces

• Rose to leadership as army general

• 1644, led victory in which 4,000 of king’s soldiers died

• Cromwell soon became commander of Parliament’s army

Roundhead Forces• Royalist army outmatched by

Cromwell’s troops

• 1646, king surrendered

• Cromwell dismissed members of Parliament who disagreed with him

• Those left made up what was called the Rump Parliament

King Surrenders

Royalists and Roundheads

More Civil War

• Under leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the puritan roundheads finally won (1646)

• Took Charles I hostage, tried him in front of the public and executed him

• The decapitation -

Trial and Execution

Eventually Rump Parliament charged king with treason, put him on trial

• During trial, Charles defended self with great eloquence, refused to even recognize Parliament’s authority to try him

• In the end, Charles sentenced to death for treason

• January 30, 1649, publicly beheaded in front of own palace

• To some he was martyr; to others tyrant who got what he deserved

Results of the English Civil War

• Charles I lost and was tried and executed (Beheaded).

• England was ruled by a military dictatorship for 9 years.

• The Restoration lasted for 28 years.

• Glorious Revolution changed kings without violence.

Oliver Cromwell defeats king’s forces and became Lord Protector

• Charles executed for treason.

• On paper, England was a republic but in practice a dictatorship.

• Cromwell suppressed revolt in Ireland.

• Imposed Puritan ideals on English.

http://www.graham.day.dsl.pipex.com/civilwar-cromwell.gif

Oliver Cromwell

• 1649 he got rid of the monarchy and established a republican form of government

• Sent most of the Parliamentary members home and eventually established a military dictatorship (he tore up the first constitution that his associate produced)

• Since Ireland was under English rule, the Irish revolted against Cromwell and failed – 616,000 Irish were killed by war, plague and famine

Commonwealth• England’s government changed completely for the next 11 years

• House of Commons abolished House of Lords, outlawed monarchy

• Became commonwealth, government based on common good of all people

Foreign Issues• Cromwell also had to deal with foreign issues

• Led military expeditions to Scotland, Ireland

• Economic policies led to war with Dutch over trade; also warred on Spain

Lord Protector• 1653, Cromwell given title Lord Protector of England, Scotland, Ireland

• Skilled leader, but demanded complete obedience

• Clamped down on social life, closed theaters, limited other entertainment

England under Cromwell

Puritan Morality

• Cromwell and the Puritans wanted to improve England’s morality

• Abolished all “sinful” things – like theater

• Cromwell was tolerant of other religions despite his deep Puritan beliefs (EXCEPT CATHOLICS)

• In Leviathan, Hobbes described humans as being naturally selfish, fearful

• Hobbes argued that people needed all-powerful monarch to tell them how to live

• Views sparked controversy when England trying to find balance in government

Leviathan• Cromwell, the king’s death, war

troubled many English people

• One was Thomas Hobbes, Royalist who fled to France during Cromwell’s rule

• Hobbes wrote classic work of political science, Leviathan

Questions of Rule

A Defender of Absolutism

Interregnum

• Latin for “between kings,” 1649-60• England became a “Protectorate” instead of a

commonwealth with Cromwell as “Lord Protector”

• Scotland & Ireland conquered (hence Ireland’s anti-Protestant attitude

• Oliver dies in 1658, his son Richard now Lord Protector

• Richard proves to be inept, so people overthrow him in 1660, ask for monarchy

Pepys: “Great joy all yesterday at London, and at night more bonfires that ever, and ringing of bells…every body seems to be very joyfull in the

business…”

Hobbes’s ideas reflected the fact that many people were unhappy under Cromwell, especially when he dismissed Parliament to rule alone—like a king. Attitudes were changing so much that a return to monarchy became possible.

• 1658, Cromwell died; son took place; Richard Cromwell lacked father’s leadership abilities

• His government collapsed• Eventually Parliament

reconvened, voted to bring back monarchy—event known as the Restoration

The Restoration

The Monarchy Returns

• Spring 1660, Parliament invited son of Charles I to be new king

• Parliament laid out certain conditions which Charles accepted

• Was crowned as Charles II

• People shouted their good wishes

The New King

Great Chain of Being

• May explain why English wanted a monarch again.

• A way of looking at the universe and how it works

• All beings and objects arranged in a hierarchy with God at the top and mere dust at the bottom

• By killing the king, the chain is disrupted and chaos ensues

Monarchy Restored

• When Cromwell died, so did his government.

• English invited Charles II (1660-

1685) to restore monarchy.

• Reign was a period of calm marked by court decadence.

Restoration and Revolution

• English get sick of military rule and after Cromwell dies, they ask the older son of Charles I (Charles II) to rule England

• Restoration of monarch = restoration• Allowed the return of theater and sports• Passed important guarantee of freedom:

Habeas Corpus• “to have the body”• People need to know why they’re arrested• Could not be held indefinitely without trial

Positive and Negative • Charles reopened theaters, flowering of English drama resulted• Habeas Corpus Act passed, guaranteeing someone accused of a

crime had right to appear in court to determine if should be held, released

• 1665, bubonic plague returned; following year Great Fire of London• After fire, Charles supported public construction projects

The Reign of Charles II• Charles had to address many issues—conflict with Dutch

continued; religious tensions remained; role of Parliament still being developed

• Charles supported religious toleration for Catholics, but Parliament insisted on laws to strengthen the Church of England

• Restoration years, mixture of positive, negative events

Monarchy In Crisis

• On Charles’ death, brother became king.

• James II (1685-1688) was pro-Catholic, which angered many.

• When his young wife produced an heir, Parliament feared a renewed period of turmoil and removed king from power.

www.bbc.co.uk/.../monarchs_leaders/ images/james_2_full.jpg

Later in Charles’s reign the question of who would succeed him remained. His brother James was next in

line, but he was a Catholic.

• James married to Catholic princess, whose Catholic son would outrank James’s Protestant daughters from first marriage

• 1685, Charles died, James crowned king

• Many wondered if another destructive war would follow

• James not popular; believed in right to rule as absolute monarch

• English did not tolerate that belief

Not Popular

• 1688, group of nobles invited James’s daughter Mary, husband William to become king, queen

• William and Mary both Protestants, lived in Netherlands

• James fled to France

• Parliament gave throne to William III, Mary II as joint rulers; transfer became known as the Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution

James II

James II and the Glorious Revolution

• James II got the throne after Charles II died

• Everyone hated James b/c he was flamboyantly Catholic and gave his Catholic friends good jobs

• James was eventually peacefully overthrown by his own daughter and her husband (protestants)

• William and Mary then ruled England

The Glorious RevolutionWilliam and Mary Restore English Monarchy

• Parliament invited Mary, daughter of Charles I, and a Protestant, to jointly rule with her husband, William of Orange. (1689-1702)

• Both agreed to follow Parliamentary laws and accepted English Bill of Rights.

• England became the only limited monarchy in Europe. Parliament in control.

www.camelotintl.com/heritage/ rulers/images/willmary.gif

What were the results of the Glorious Revolution?

• William and Mary ruled with Parliament = Constitutional Monarchy.

• They agreed to a Bill of Rights that limited government’s (monarch’s) power

• Cabinet system developed with the Prime Minister as leader.

• Bill of Rights central to England’s growth as Constitutional Monarchy, term for monarchy limited by law

• Document’s approval came after decades of dramatic changes in English government

• England had rejected concept of absolute monarch who ruled by divine right, for monarchy ruled by law

Constitutional Monarchy• With Glorious Revolution,

Parliament had essentially crowned new king, queen

• More important, a document William and Mary had to sign before taking throne—the English Bill of Rights

• Document prevented monarch from levying taxes without consent of Parliament, among other provisions

• U.S. Bill of Rights based on this document

Bill of Rights

Changes in Government

Political Changes

• First Constitutional Monarchy where laws limited the ruler’s power

• Bill of Rights:• No suspension of Parliament’s laws• No taxes w/o Parliament’s consent• Freedom of speech in Parliament• No penalty for complaining about the

King

Political Changes Continued

• Established a Cabinet• Cabinet was a link b/w the majority

party in Parliament and the King• Became center of power and

policymaking• Still exists today• Leader of Cabinet = Prime Minister

1707 Act of Union• Unifies Scotland & England

• Ireland is a subject nation

• Nation known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland