What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians?...

21
What happened to the Christians? David Voas Institute for Social and Economic Research University of Essex

Transcript of What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians?...

Page 1: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

What happened to the Christians? 

David VoasInstitute for Social and Economic Research

University of Essex

Page 2: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Outline

• Measuring religion and religiosity

• Cohort replacement and religious change  

• The Census of Population, 2001 and 2011 

• Small area variation in non‐religion

Page 3: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Religion vs. religiosity

• Religion: identity or affiliation  – (‘having a religion’) 

• Religiosity: degree of religious commitment – (‘being religious’) 

Page 4: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Elements of religiosity

Religiosity

Belief PracticeSelf-report

God

Afterlife

Doctrine

Attendance

Prayer

Has religion

How religious

Importance

In daily life

In life

To identity

Scripture

Page 5: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

What does it mean to be of a certain religion?

• Belief• Practice• Membership• Self‐identification• Ritual initiation

• Cultural affinity• Moral sense• Core values• External perception• Something else

Page 6: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Background

• Many cross‐sectional surveys in Great Britain and elsewhere show age differences in religious affiliation and practice. 

• Possible interpretations: 

– People become more religious with age.  

– Each birth cohort is somewhat less religious than the one before. 

• Generational decline appears to be the best explanation.  

Page 7: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Religious affiliation by decade of birth, 1983‐2011; change is between, not within, generations ... 

Page 8: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? 

• The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. 

• The number of self‐described Christians has gone down by the same amount. 

• The Christian percentage has fallen, according to the census, from 71.7% to 59.3% between 2001 and 2011. 

• A decline of that magnitude can only occur if some people have decided that they don’t have a religion after all.

Page 9: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? 

• Three factors are relevant: replacement, dilution and defection. 

• Old people (who tend to have religious identities) are replaced in the population by a new generation that does not. 

• The Christian proportion declines as the number of Muslims, Hindus, and others rises. 

• Replacement and dilution explain less than half of the fall in the Christian percentage. 

Page 10: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

% Christian by age, minority religious groups excluded (England and Wales, 2001 and 2011 censuses)

Page 11: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

% decline in Christian share by cohort, 2001 to 2011  (minority religious groups excluded)

Page 12: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Accounting for the Christians(England and Wales 2001‐2011, millions)

Christian + Christian -Mortality (5.1m total, 2001-2011) 4.3Children under 10 2.8Net natural change 1.5

Immigration (increase in non-UK born) 1.3Emigration (estimate) 0.5Net migration 0.8

Christian total 4.1Natural change and migration 0.7Net change in self-identification 3.4

Page 13: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? 

• Having accounted for replacement and dilution , we can estimate the amount of drift into no religion.

• I estimate that the net movement between ‘Christian’ and ‘no religion’ in England and Wales between the 2001 and 2011 censuses was about 3,400,000 people, which is much more defection than would have been expected. 

• Note, though, that census figures are now less out of alignment with other national surveys.  

Page 14: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Why did people say one thing in 2001 and another in 2011?

It’s an open question, but some hypotheses include: 

– Religion was less closely linked to ethnicity on the census form. 

– Reactive affiliation declined as anxiety about national/cultural identity eased. 

– Reactive tendencies expressed by ‘no religion’.

– Positive connotations of ‘Christian’ are weaker. 

Page 15: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Local variation in levels of religious affiliation

• There is a great deal of variation at neighbourhood level in claiming a religion or no religion. 

• Consider 8,570 wards in England and Wales, average population 6,500 ... 

• ‘No religion’ ranges from virtually nil to more than half.  

Page 16: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

English wards (2011) No religion (%)(base includes all religious groups)

Page 17: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

What explains these differences? 

• Population composition: 

– Relative size of minority groups

– Proportion of men / women

– Age structure 

– Other observable demographic and socio‐economic characteristics

• But such factors account for little of the variation 

Page 18: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

English wards (2011) No religion (%)(base excludes minority religious groups)

Page 19: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

Variation in level of ‘no religion’

• Even restricting the analysis to the Christian‐heritage population, the no‐religion group ranges from below 10 to above 50 percent 

• And even removing the most extreme 10% of areas, the level of no religion varies from 19 to 36% at ward level

• Age structure will explain some of the variation, but only a small amount (judging from 2001) 

Page 20: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

The role of history and local culture

• The five wards with the highest levels of no religion are all in Brighton. 

• Wales contributes 45 of the 75 least religious wards, with Gilfach Goch (How Green was my Valley) in second position. 

• Of the five wards with the lowest levels of no religion, four are in Merseyside.

Page 21: What happened to the Christians? - UK Data Service · Census 2011: What happened to the Christians? •The total population of England and Wales has gone up by four million. •The

The problem (for future research!)

• Is unobserved heterogeneity in ward composition responsible for these differences? 

• Or are local environments so distinctive that your willingness to identify with a religion depends on where you live?

• Composition and context shape each other, and are reinforced by selective migration and ideological diffusion.